Diagnostic Procedures for the Respiratory System

General Evaluation of the Patient with Respiratory Disease

1. Roudebush P, Ryan J. 1989. Breath sound terminology in the veterinary literature. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1415. PUBMED Abstract
2. Murphy RL. 1985. Discontinuous adventitious lung sounds. Semin Respir Med 6:210-219.
3. Hammer EJ, Tulleners EP, Parente EJ, et al. 1998. Videoendoscopic assessment of dynamic laryngeal function during exercise in horses with grade-III left laryngeal hemiparesis at rest: 26 cases (1992-1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:399. PUBMED Abstract
4. Sweeney CR, Weiher J, Baez JL, et al. 1992. Bronchoscopy of the horse. Am J Vet Res 10:1953. PUBMED Abstract
5. Allen KJ, Franklin SH. 2010. Assessment of the exercise tests used during overground endoscopy in UK thoroughbred racehorses and how these may affect the diagnosis of dynamic upper respiratory tract obstructions. Equine Vet J 42:587.
6. Darien BJ, Brown CM, Walker RD, et al. 1990. A tracheoscopic technique for obtaining uncontaminated lower airway secretions for bacterial culture in the horse. Equine Vet J 22:170. PUBMED Abstract
7. Hoffman AM, Viel L, Staempfli HR, et al. 1993. Sensitivity and specificity of bronchoalveolar lavage and protected catheter brush methods for isolating bacteria from foals with experimentally induced pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Am J Vet Res 54:1803. PUBMED Abstract
8. Sweeney CR, Humber KA, Roby KAW. 1992. Cytologic findings of tracheobronchial aspirates from 66 thoroughbred racehorses. Am J Vet Res 53:1172. PUBMED Abstract
9. Martin BB, Beech J, Parente EJ. 1999. Cytologic examination of specimens obtained by means of tracheal washes performed before and after high-speed treadmill exercise in horses with a history of poor performance. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:673. PUBMED Abstract
10. Nelson NC, Zekas LJ, Reese DJ. 2012. Digital radiography for the equine practitioner: basic principles and recent advances. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 28:483. PUBMED Abstract
11. Textor JA, Puchalski SM, Affolter VK, et al. 2012. Results of computed tomography in horses with ethmoid hematoma: 16 cases (1993-2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 240:1338. PUBMED Abstract
12. Garrett KS, Woodie JB, Embertson RM, et al. 2009. Diagnosis of laryngeal dysplasia in five horses using magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography. Equine Vet J 41:766. PUBMED Abstract
13. Lee KJ, Kishamoto M, Shimizu J, et al. 2011. Use of contrast enhanced computed tomography in the diagnosis of abscesses in cattle. J Vet Med Sci 73:113. PUBMED Abstract
14. Adolf J, Dykes N, Semevolos S. 2001. The diagnosis and treatment of an abscess in an alpaca. Aust Vet J 79:675. PUBMED Abstract
15. Wion L, Perkins G, Ainsworth SM, et al. 2001. Use of computed tomography to diagnose a Rhodococcus equi mediastinal abscess causing severe respiratory distress in a foal. Equine Vet J 33:523. PUBMED Abstract
16. Reef VB, Boy MG, Reid CF, et al. 1991. Comparison between diagnostic ultrasonography and radiography in the evaluation of horses and cattle with thoracic disease: 56 cases (1984-1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:2112. PUBMED Abstract
17. Reimer JM, Reef VB, Spencer PA. 1989. Ultrasonography as a diagnostic aid in horses with anaerobic bacterial pleuropneumonia and/or pulmonary abscessation: 27 cases (1984-1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:278. PUBMED Abstract
18. Jean D, Laverty S, Halley J, et al. 1999. Thoracic trauma in newborn foals. Equine Vet J 31:149. PUBMED Abstract
19. O'Callaghan MW, Hornof WJ, Fisher PE, et al. 1987. Ventilation imaging in the horse with (99m)technetium-DTPA radioaerosol. Equine Vet J 19:19. PUBMED Abstract
20. Rush BR, Hoskinson JJ, Davis EG, et al. 1999. Pulmonary distribution of aerosolized technetium Tc99m pentetate after administration of a single dose of aerosolized albuterol sulfate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res 60:764. PUBMED Abstract
21. Reference deleted in pages. PUBMED Abstract
22. Willoughby RA, Ecker GL, McKee SL, et al. 1991. Use of scintigraphy for the determination of mucociliary clearance rates in normal, sedated, diseased and exercised horses. Can J Vet Res 55:315. PUBMED Abstract
23. Looney AL, Ludders J, Erb HN, et al. 1998. Use of a handheld device for analysis of blood electrolyte concentrations and blood gas partial pressures in dogs and horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:526. PUBMED Abstract
24. Peiró JR, Borges AS, Gonçalves RC, et al. 2011. Evaluation of a portable clinical analyzer for the determination of blood gas partial pressures, electrolyte concentrations and hematocrit in venous blood samples collected from cattle, horses and sheep. Am J Vet Res 71:515.
25. West JB. 1982. Pulmonary pathophysiology: the essentials, ed 2, p 22. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
26. Bernard GR, Artigas A, Bringham KL, et al. 1994. The European-American Consensus Committee on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Critical Care Med 149:818.
27. Wilkins PA, Otto CM, Dunkel B, et al. 2007. Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndromes (ARDS) in veterinary medicine: consensus definitions. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 17:433.
28. Lascola KM, Hoffman AM, Mazan MR, et al. 2007. Respiratory mechanics in sedated and nonsedated adult llamas. Am J Vet Res 68:676. PUBMED Abstract
29. Pacheco AP, Bedenice D, Mazan MR, et al. 2012. Respiratory mechanics and results of cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in healthy adult alpacas. Am J Vet Res 73:146. PUBMED Abstract
30. Hoffman AM, Mazan AR. 2005. How to test for airway hyper-reactivity: toward a better diagnosis of inflammatory airway disease. Proceedings of the 51st Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), Seattle, WA. Available from International Veterinary Information Service (www.ivis.org), 2005; document no. P2643.1205.
31. Nolen-Walston RD, Kuehn H, Boston RC, et al. 2009. Reproducibility of airway responsiveness in horses using flowmetric plethysmography and histamine bronchoprovocation. J Vet Intern Med 23:631. PUBMED Abstract
32. Hoffman AM, Couëtil LL, Miller CJ. 1999. Airway responses to histamine aerosol in clinically normal foals. Am J Vet Res 60:965. PUBMED Abstract
33. Couëtil LL, Hoffman AM, Hodgson J, et al. 2007. Inflammatory airway disease of horses. J Vet Intern Med 21:356. PUBMED Abstract
34. Jean DJ, Vrins A, Lavoie J. 1999. Monthly, daily, and circadian variations of measurements of pulmonary mechanics in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Vet Res 60:1341. PUBMED Abstract
35. Rush BR, Raub ES, Rhoads WS, et al. 1998. Pulmonary function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively. Am J Vet Res 59:1039. PUBMED Abstract
36. Derksen FJ, Olszewski MA, Robinson NE, et al. 1999. Aerosolized albuterol sulfate used as a bronchodilator in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res 60:689. PUBMED Abstract
37. Hoffman AM. 2008. Bronchoalveolar lavage: sampling technique and guidelines for cytologic preparation and interpretation. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 24:423. PUBMED Abstract
38. Pringle JK, Viel L, Shewen PE, et al. 1998. Bronchoalveolar lavage of cranial and caudal lung regions in selected normal calves: cellular, microbiological, immunoglobulin, serological and histological variables. Can J Vet Res 52:239.
39. Brumbaugh GW, Benson PA. 1990. Partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, pH, and concentrations of bicarbonate, lactate, and glucose in pleural fluid from horses. Am J Vet Res 51:1032. PUBMED Abstract
40. Schott HC, Mansmann RA. 1990. Thoracic drainage in horses. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 12:251.
41. Brown VA, Wilkins PA. 2006. Advanced techniques in the diagnosis and management of infectious pulmonary diseases in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 22:633. PUBMED Abstract

Pulmonary Function Testing

1. Hoffman A. 2002. Clinical application of pulmonary function testing in horses. In Lekeux P (ed), Equine respiratory diseases. International Veterinary Information Service, Ithaca NY.
2. West J. 1982. Pulmonary pathophysiology. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
3. Amis TC, Jones HA. 1984. Measurement of functional residual capacity and pulmonary carbon monoxide uptake in conscious greyhounds. Am J Vet Res 45:1447. PUBMED Abstract
4. Robinson NE, Olszewski MA, Boehler D, et al. 2000. Relationship between clinical signs and lung function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) during a bronchodilator trial. Equine Vet J 32:393. PUBMED Abstract
5. Couëtil LL, Rosenthal FS, DeNicola DB, et al. 2001. Clinical signs, evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and assessment of pulmonary function in horses with inflammatory respiratory disease. Am J Vet Res 62:538. PUBMED Abstract
6. Derksen FJ, Robinson NE, Armstrong PJ, et al. 1985. Airway reactivity in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). J Appl Physiol 58:598. PUBMED Abstract
7. Klein HJ, Deegen E. 1986. Histamine inhalation provocation test: method to identify nonspecific airway reactivity in equids. Am J Vet Res 47:1796. PUBMED Abstract
8. Dubois A, Brody A, Lewis D, et al. 1956. Oscillation mechanics of lungs and chest in man. J Appl Physiol 8:587. PUBMED Abstract
9. Mazan MR, Hoffman AM, Manjerovic N. 1999. Comparison of forced oscillation with the conventional method for histamine bronchoprovocation testing in horses. Am J Vet Res 60:174. PUBMED Abstract
10. Hayden MJ, Petak F, Hantos Z, et al. 1998. Using low-frequency oscillation to detect bronchodilator responsiveness in infants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 157:574. PUBMED Abstract
11. Lutchen KR, Jensen A, Atileh H, et al. 2001. Airway constriction pattern is a central component of asthma severity: the role of deep inspirations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:207. PUBMED Abstract
12. Klein C, Smith HJ, Reinhold P. 2006. The use of impulse oscillometry for separate analysis of inspiratory and expiratory impedance parameters in horses: effects of sedation with xylazine. Research in veterinary science 80:201. PUBMED Abstract
13. Obel N, Schimiterlow C. 1948. The action of histamine and other drugs on the bronchial tree in horses suffering from alveolar emphysema (heaves). Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 4:71. PUBMED Abstract
14. Hoffman AM, Mazan MR, Ellenberg S. 1998. Association between bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic features and airway reactivity in horses with a history of exercise intolerance. Am J Vet Res 59:176. PUBMED Abstract
15. Cohen KP, Panescu D, Booske JH, et al. 1994. Design of an inductive plethysmograph for ventilation measurement. Physiol Meas 15:217. PUBMED Abstract
16. Cohn MA, Rao AS, Broudy M, et al. 1982. The respiratory inductive plethysmograph: a new non-invasive monitor of respiration. Bull Eur Physiopath Respir 18:643. PUBMED Abstract
17. Hoffman A, Kuhn H, Riedelberger K, et al. 2001. Flow-metric comparison of respiratory inductance plethysmography and pneumotachography in horses. J Appl Physiol 91:2767. PUBMED Abstract
18. Abraham WM, Watson H, Schneider A, et al. 1981. Noninvasive ventilatory monitoring by respiratory inductive plethysmography in conscious sheep. J Appl Physiol 51:1657. PUBMED Abstract
19. Bedenice D, Mazan MR, Kuehn H, et al. 2002. Diaphragmatic paralysis due to phrenic nerve degeneration in a llama. J Vet Intern Med 16:603. PUBMED Abstract
20. Schramel J, van den Hoven R, Moens Y. 2012. In vitro validation of a new respiratory ultrasonic plethysmograph. Vet Anaesth Analg 39:366. PUBMED Abstract
21. Couëtil LL, Rosenthal FS, Simpson CM. 2000. Forced expiration: a test for airflow obstruction in horses. J Appl Physiol 88:1870. PUBMED Abstract

Equine Respiratory System

Disorders of the Lungs

Bacterial Pneumonia and Pleuropneumonia in Adult Horses

1. Bailey GD, Love DN. 1991. Oral associated bacterial infection in horses: studies on the normal anaerobic flora from the pharyngeal tonsillar surface and its association with lower respiratory tract and paraoral infections. Vet Microbiol 26:367. PUBMED Abstract
2. Hoquet F, Higgins R, Lessard P, et al. 1985. Comparison of the bacterial and fungal flora in the pharynx of normal horses and horses affected with pharyngitis. Can Vet J 26:342. PUBMED Abstract
3. Sweeney CR, Holcombe SJ, Barningham SC, et al. 1991. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from horses with pneumonia or pleuropneumonia and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the aerobes. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:839. PUBMED Abstract
4. Wood JL, Newton JR, Chanter N, et al. 2005. Association between respiratory disease and bacterial and viral infections in British racehorses. J Clin Microbiol 43:120. PUBMED Abstract
5. Blunden AS, Hannant D, Livesay G, et al. 1994. Susceptibility of ponies to infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae (capsular type 3). Equine Vet J 26:22. PUBMED Abstract
6. Sweeney CR, Divers TJ, Benson CE. 1985. Anaerobic bacteria in 21 horses with pleuropneumonia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:721. PUBMED Abstract
7. Wood JL, Newton JR, Chanter N, et al. 2005. Inflammatory airway disease, nasal discharge and respiratory infections in young British racehorses. Equine Vet J 37:236. PUBMED Abstract
8. Christley RM, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, et al. 2001. A case-control study of respiratory disease in Thoroughbred racehorses in Sydney, Australia. Equine Vet J 33:256. PUBMED Abstract
9. Wood JL, Chanter N, Newton JR, et al. 1997. An outbreak of respiratory disease in horses associated with Mycoplasma felis infection. Vet Rec 140:388. PUBMED Abstract
10. Hoffman AM, Baird JD, Kloeze HJ, et al. 1992. Mycoplasma felis pleuritis in two show-jumper horses. Cornell Vet 82:155. PUBMED Abstract
11. Ogilvie TH, Rosendal S, Blackwell TE, et al. 1983. Mycoplasma felis as a cause of pleuritis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1374. PUBMED Abstract
12. Austin SM, Foreman JH, Hungerford LL. 1995. Case-control study of risk factors for development of pleuropneumonia in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:325. PUBMED Abstract
13. Raphel CF, Beech J. 1982. Pleuritis secondary to pneumonia or lung abscessation in 90 horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:808. PUBMED Abstract
14. Mair TS, Lane JG. 1989. Pneumonia, lung abscesses and pleuritis in adult horses: a review of 51 cases. Equine Vet J 21:175. PUBMED Abstract
15. Raidal SL, Love DN, Bailey GD. 1997. Effect of a single bout of high intensity exercise on lower respiratory tract contamination in the horse. Aust Vet J 75:293. PUBMED Abstract
16. Raidal SL, Love DN, Bailey GD. 1995. Inflammation and increased numbers of bacteria in the lower respiratory tract of horses within 6 to 12 hours of confinement with the head elevated. Aust Vet J 72:45. PUBMED Abstract
17. Racklyeft DJ, Love DN. 1990. Influence of head posture on the respiratory tract of healthy horses. Aust Vet J 67:402. PUBMED Abstract
18. Raidal SL, Taplin RH, Bailey GD, et al. 1997. Antibiotic prophylaxis of lower respiratory tract contamination in horses confined with head elevation for 24 or 48 hours. Aust Vet J 75:126. PUBMED Abstract
19. Isawa T, Teshima T, Anazawa Y, et al. 1991. Effect of respiratory phases and gravity on mucociliary transport in the normal lungs. Sci Rep Res Inst Tohoku Univ Med 38:43. PUBMED Abstract
20. Asmundsson T, Kilburn KH. 1970. Mucociliary clearance rates at various levels in dog lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis 102:388. PUBMED Abstract
21. Raidal SL, Love DN, Bailey GD. 1996. Effects of posture and accumulated airway secretions on tracheal mucociliary transport in the horse. Aust Vet J 73:45. PUBMED Abstract
22. Raidal SL, Bailey GD, Love DN. 1997. Effect of transportation on lower respiratory tract contamination and peripheral blood neutrophil function. Aust Vet J 75:433. PUBMED Abstract
23. Traub-Dargatz JL, McKinnon AO, Bruyninckx WJ, et al. 1988. Effect of transportation stress on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid analysis in female horses. Am J Vet Res 49:1026. PUBMED Abstract
24. Willoughby R, Ecker G, McKee S, et al. 1992. The effects of equine rhinovirus, influenza virus and herpesvirus infection on tracheal clearance rate in horses. Can J Vet Res 56:115. PUBMED Abstract
25. Anderson NV, DeBowes RM, Nyrop KA, et al. 1985. Mononuclear phagocytes of transport-stressed horses with viral respiratory tract infection. Am J Vet Res 46:2272. PUBMED Abstract
26. Crisman MV, Hodgson DR, Bayly WM, et al. 1992. Effects of transport on constituents of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from horses. Cornell Vet 82:233. PUBMED Abstract
27. Racklyeft DJ, Raidal S, Love DN. 2000. Towards an understanding of equine pleuropneumonia: factors relevant for control. Aust Vet J 78:334. PUBMED Abstract
28. Horohov DW. 2003. Is exercise bad for the immune system? Equine Vet J 35:113. PUBMED Abstract
29. Raidal SL, Love DN, Bailey GD, et al. 2000. The effect of high intensity exercise on the functional capacity of equine pulmonary alveolar macrophages and BAL-derived lymphocytes. Res Vet Sci 68:249. PUBMED Abstract
30. Raidal SL, Love DN, Bailey GD, et al. 2000. Effect of single bouts of moderate and high intensity exercise and training on equine peripheral blood neutrophil function. Res Vet Sci 68:141. PUBMED Abstract
31. Raidal SL, Rose RJ, Love DN. 2001. Effects of training on resting peripheral blood and BAL-derived leucocyte function in horses. Equine Vet J 33:238. PUBMED Abstract
32. Folsom RW, Littlefield-Chabaud MA, French DD, et al. 2001. Exercise alters the immune response to equine influenza virus and increases susceptibility to infection. Equine Vet J 33:664. PUBMED Abstract
33. Horohov DW, Dimock A, Guirnalda P, et al. 1999. Effect of exercise on the immune response of young and old horses. Am J Vet Res 60:643. PUBMED Abstract
34. Nesse LL, Johansen GI, Blom AK. 2002. Effects of racing on lymphocyte proliferation in horses. Am J Vet Res 63:528. PUBMED Abstract
35. Carr EA, Carlson GP, Wilson WD, et al. 1997. Acute hemorrhagic pulmonary infarction and necrotizing pneumonia in horses: 21 cases (1967-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:1774. PUBMED Abstract
36. Sweeney CR, Habecker PL. 1999. Pulmonary aspergillosis in horses: 29 cases (1974-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:808. PUBMED Abstract
37. Rossier Y, Sweeney CR, Ziemer EL. 1991. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytologic findings in horses with pneumonia or pleuropneumonia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1001. PUBMED Abstract
38. Darien BJ, Brown CM, Walker RD, et al. 1990. A tracheoscopic technique for obtaining uncontaminated lower airway secretions for bacterial culture in the horse. Equine Vet J 22:170. PUBMED Abstract
39. Christley RM, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, et al. 1999. Comparison of bacteriology and cytology of tracheal fluid samples collected by percutaneous transtracheal aspiration or via an endoscope using a plugged, guarded catheter. Equine Vet J 31:197. PUBMED Abstract
40. Sweeney CR, Humber KA, Roby KA. 1992. Cytologic findings of tracheobronchial aspirates from 66 thoroughbred racehorses. Am J Vet Res 53:1172. PUBMED Abstract
41. Reimer JM, Reef VB, Spencer PA. 1989. Ultrasonography as a diagnostic aid in horses with anaerobic bacterial pleuropneumonia and/or pulmonary abscessation: 27 cases (1984-1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:278. PUBMED Abstract
42. Wagner AE, Bennett DG. 1982. Analysis of equine thoracic fluid. Vet Clin Pathol 11:13. PUBMED Abstract
43. Brumbaugh GW, Benson PA. 1990. Partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, pH, and concentrations of bicarbonate, lactate, and glucose in pleural fluid from horses. Am J Vet Res 51:1032. PUBMED Abstract
44. Schott HC, Mansmann RA. 1990. Thoracic drainage in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:251.
45. Vachon AM, Fischer AT. 1998. Thoracoscopy in the horse: diagnostic and therapeutic indications in 28 cases. Equine Vet J 30:467. PUBMED Abstract
46. Credille BC, Giguère S, Berghaus LJ, et al. 2012. Plasma and pulmonary disposition of ceftiofur and its metabolites after intramuscular administration of ceftiofur crystalline free acid in weanling foals. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 35:259. PUBMED Abstract
47. Giguère S, Sturgill TL, Berghaus LJ, et al. 2011. Effects of two methods of administration on the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur crystalline free acid in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 34:193. PUBMED Abstract
48. Ensink JM, Smit JA, van Duijkeren E. 2003. Clinical efficacy of trimethoprim/sulfadiazine and procaine penicillin G in a Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection model in ponies. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 26:247. PUBMED Abstract
49. Ensink JM, Bosch G, van Duijkeren E. 2005. Clinical efficacy of prophylactic administration of trimethoprim/sulfadiazine in a Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection model in ponies. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 28:45. PUBMED Abstract
50. Nix DE, Goodwin SD, Peloquin CA, et al. 1991. Antibiotic tissue penetration and its relevance: impact of tissue penetration on infection response. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35:1953. PUBMED Abstract
51. Baldwin DR, Honeybourne D, Wise R. 1992. Pulmonary disposition of antimicrobial agents: in vivo observations and clinical relevance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36:1176. PUBMED Abstract
52. McKenzie HC. 2003. Characterization of antimicrobial aerosols for administration to horses. Vet Ther 4:110. PUBMED Abstract
53. McKenzie HC III, Murray MJ. 2000. Concentrations of gentamicin in serum and bronchial lavage fluid after intravenous and aerosol administration of gentamicin to horses. Am J Vet Res 61:1185.
54. McKenzie HC III, Murray MJ. 2004. Concentrations of gentamicin in serum and bronchial lavage fluid after once-daily aerosol administration to horses for seven days. Am J Vet Res 65:173. PUBMED Abstract
55. Chaffin MK, Carter GK, Byars TD. 1994. Equine bacterial pleuropneumonia. Part III. Treatment, sequelae, and prognosis. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 15:1585.
56. Singh G, Pitoyo CW, Nasir AU, et al. 2012. Update on the role of intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy in the management of complicated parapneumonic effusions and empyema. Acta Med Indones 44:258. PUBMED Abstract
57. Maskell NA, Davies CW, Nunn AJ, et al. 2005. U.K. Controlled trial of intrapleural streptokinase for pleural infection. N Engl J Med 352:865. PUBMED Abstract
58. Misthos P, Sepsas E, Konstantinou M, et al. 2005. Early use of intrapleural fibrinolytics in the management of postpneumonic empyema. A prospective study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 28:599. PUBMED Abstract
59. Gervais DA, Levis DA, Hahn PF, et al. 2008. Adjunctive intrapleural tissue plasminogen activator administered via chest tubes placed with imaging guidance: effectiveness and risk for hemorrhage. Radiology 246:956. PUBMED Abstract
60. Thommi G, Nair CK, Aronow WS, et al. 2007. Efficacy and safety of intrapleural instillation of alteplase in the management of complicated pleural effusion or empyema. Am J Ther 14:341. PUBMED Abstract
61. Simpson G, Roomes D, Reeves B. 2003. Successful treatment of empyema thoracis with human recombinant deoxyribonuclease. Thorax 58:365. PUBMED Abstract
62. Hilton H, Pusterla N. 2009. Intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy in the management of septic pleuropneumonia in a horse. Vet Rec 164:558. PUBMED Abstract
63. Rendle DI, Armstrong SK, Hughes KJ. 2012. Combination fibrinolytic therapy in the treatment of chronic septic pleuropneumonia in a Thoroughbred gelding. Aust Vet J 90:358. PUBMED Abstract
64. Peroni JF, Horner NT, Robinson NE, et al. 2001. Equine thoracoscopy: normal anatomy and surgical technique. Equine Vet J 33:231. PUBMED Abstract
65. Hilton H, Aleman M, Madigan J, et al. 2010. Standing lateral thoracotomy in horses: indications, complications, and outcomes. Vet Surg 39:847. PUBMED Abstract
66. Byars TD, Dainis CM, Seltzer KL, et al. 1991. Cranial thoracic masses in the horse: a sequel to pleuropneumonia. Equine Vet J 23:22. PUBMED Abstract
67. Sanchez LC, Murphy DJ, Bryant JE, et al. 2002. Use of diagnostic thoracoscopy and partial pneumonectomy for the treatment of a pulmonary abscess and bronchopleural fistula in a thoroughbred filly. Equine Vet Educ 4:375.
68. Ainsworth DM, Erb HN, Eicker SW, et al. 2000. Effects of pulmonary abscesses on racing performance of horses treated at referral veterinary medical teaching hospitals: 45 cases (1985-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:1282. PUBMED Abstract
69. Collins MB, Hodgson DR, Hutchins DR. 1994. Pleural effusion associated with acute and chronic pleuropneumonia and pleuritis secondary to thoracic wounds in horses: 43 cases (1982-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:1753. PUBMED Abstract
70. Byars TD, Becht JL. 1991. Pleuropneumonia. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 7:63. PUBMED Abstract
71. Seltzer KL, Byars TD. 1996. Prognosis for return to racing after recovery from infectious pleuropneumonia in thoroughbred racehorses: 70 cases (1984-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:1300. PUBMED Abstract

Rhodococcus equi Infections

1. Donisi A, Suardi MG, Casari S, et al. 1996. Rhodococcus equi infection in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 10:359. PUBMED Abstract
2. Harvey RL, Sunstrum JC. 1991. Rhodococcus equi infection in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Rev Infect Dis 13:139. PUBMED Abstract
3. Chaffin MK, Cohen ND, Martens RJ, et al. 2011. Evaluation of the efficacy of gallium maltolate for chemoprophylaxis against pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi infection in foals. Am J Vet Res 72:945. PUBMED Abstract
4. Slovis NM, McCracken JL, Mundy G. 2005. How to use thoracic ultrasound to screen foals for Rhodococcus equi at affected farms. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 51:274.
5. Venner M, Kerth R, Klug E. 2007. Evaluation of tulathromycin in the treatment of pulmonary abscesses in foals. Vet J 174:418. PUBMED Abstract
6. Venner M, Astheimer K, Lammer M, et al. 2013. Efficacy of mass antimicrobial treatment of foals with subclinical pulmonary abscesses associated with Rhodococcus equi. J Vet Intern Med 27:171. PUBMED Abstract
7. Chaffin MK, Cohen ND, Blodgett GP, et al. 2012. Evaluation of ultrasonographic screening methods for early detection of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. J Equine Vet Sci 32:S20.
8. Reuss SM, Chaffin MK, Cohen ND. 2009. Extrapulmonary disorders associated with Rhodococcus equi infection in foals: 150 cases (1987-2007). J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:855. PUBMED Abstract
9. Zink MC, Yager JA, Smart NL. 1986. Corynebacterium equi infections in horses, 1958-1984: a review of 131 cases. Can J Vet Res 27:213. PUBMED Abstract
10. Baldwin JL, Bertone JJ, Sommer MM, et al. 1992. Rhodococcus equi enteritis, colonic lymphadenitis, and peritonitis in three foals with nonresponsive Rhodococcus equi bronchopneumonia. Equine Pract 14:15.
11. Madison JB, Scarratt WK. 1988. Immune-mediated polysynovitis in four foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:1581. PUBMED Abstract
12. Sweeney CR, Sweeney RW, Divers TJ. 1987. Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in 48 foals: response to antimicrobial therapy. Vet Microbiol 14:329. PUBMED Abstract
13. Kenney DG, Robbins SC, Prescott JF, et al. 1994. Development of reactive arthritis and resistance to erythromycin and rifampin in a foal during treatment for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. Equine Vet J 26:246. PUBMED Abstract
14. Giguère S, Hondalus MK, Yager JA, et al. 1999. Role of the 85-kilobase plasmid and plasmid-encoded virulence-associated protein A in intracellular survival and virulence of Rhodococcus equi. Infect Immun 67:3548. PUBMED Abstract
15. Chaffin MK, Honnas CM, Crabill MR, et al. 1995. Cauda equina syndrome, diskospondylitis, and a paravertebral abscess caused by Rhodococcus equi in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:215. PUBMED Abstract
16. Giguère S, Lavoie JP. 1994. Rhodococcus equi vertebral osteomyelitis in 3 Quarter Horse colts. Equine Vet J 26:74. PUBMED Abstract
17. Olchowy TW. 1994. Vertebral body osteomyelitis due to Rhodococcus equi in two Arabian foals. Equine Vet J 26:79. PUBMED Abstract
18. Janicek JC, Kramer J, Coates JR, et al. 2006. Intracranial abscess caused by Rhodococcus equi infection in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:251. PUBMED Abstract
19. Johns IC, Desrochers A, Wotman KL, et al. 2011. Presumed immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in two foals with Rhodococcus equi infection. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 21:273. PUBMED Abstract
20. Freestone JF, Hietala S, Moulton J, et al. 1987. Acquired immunodeficiency in a seven-year-old horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:689. PUBMED Abstract
21. Fitzgerald SD, Yamini B. 1995. Rhodococcal abortion and pneumonia in an equine fetus. J Vet Diagn Invest 7:157. PUBMED Abstract
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23. Madarame H, Yaegashi R, Fukunaga N, et al. 1998. Pathogenicity of Rhodococcus equi strains possessing virulence-associated 15- to 17-kDa and 20-kDa antigens: experimental and natural cases in pigs. J Comp Pathol 119:397. PUBMED Abstract
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165. Giguère S, Jacks S, Roberts GD, et al. 2004. Retrospective comparison of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin for the treatment of foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. J Vet Intern Med 18:568. PUBMED Abstract
166. Nordmann P, Ronco E. 1992. In-vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of Rhodococcus equi. J Antimicrob Chemother 29:383. PUBMED Abstract
167. Giguère S, Lee EA, Guldbech KM, et al. 2012. In vitro synergy, pharmacodynamics, and postantibiotic effect of 11 antimicrobial agents against Rhodococcus equi. Vet Microbiol 160:207. PUBMED Abstract
168. Berghaus LJ, Giguère S, Sturgill TL, et al. 2012. Plasma pharmacokinetics, pulmonary distribution, and in vitro activity of gamithromycin in foals. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 35:59. PUBMED Abstract
169. Jacks S, Giguère S, Nguyen A. 2003. In vitro susceptibilities of Rhodococcus equi and other common equine pathogens to azithromycin, clarithromycin and 20 other antimicrobials. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:1742. PUBMED Abstract
170. Prescott JF, Nicholson VM. 1984. The effects of combinations of selected antibiotics on the growth of Corynebacterium equi. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 7:61. PUBMED Abstract
171. Lakritz J, Wilson WD, Marsh AE, et al. 2000. Effects of prior feeding on pharmacokinetics and estimated bioavailability after oral administration of a single dose of microencapsulated erythromycin base in healthy foals. Am J Vet Res 61:1011. PUBMED Abstract
172. Davis JL, Gardner SY, Jones SL, et al. 2002. Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in foals after I.V. and oral dose and disposition into phagocytes. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 25:99. PUBMED Abstract
173. Jacks S, Giguère S, Gronwall PR, et al. 2001. Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin and concentration in body fluids and bronchoalveolar cells in foals. Am J Vet Res 62:1870. PUBMED Abstract
174. Womble A, Giguère S, Murthy YV, et al. 2006. Pulmonary disposition of tilmicosin in foals and in vitro activity against Rhodococcus equi and other common equine bacterial pathogens. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 29:561. PUBMED Abstract
175. Drusano GL. 2005. Infection site concentrations: their therapeutic importance and the macrolide and macrolide-like class of antibiotics. Pharmacotherapy 25:150S. PUBMED Abstract
176. Kiem S, Schentag JJ. 2008. Interpretation of antibiotic concentration ratios measured in epithelial lining fluid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:24. PUBMED Abstract
177. Suarez-Mier G, Giguère S, Lee EA. 2007. Pulmonary disposition of erythromycin, azithromycin, and clarithromycin in foals. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 30:109. PUBMED Abstract
178. Peters J, Block W, Oswald S, et al. 2011. Oral absorption of clarithromycin is nearly abolished by chronic comedication of rifampicin in foals. Drug Metab Dispos 39:1643. PUBMED Abstract
179. Venner M, Peters J, Hohensteiger N, et al. 2010. Concentration of the macrolide antibiotic tulathromycin in broncho-alveolar cells is influenced by comedication of rifampicin in foals. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 381:161. PUBMED Abstract
180. Giguère S, Jordan LM, Glass K, et al. 2012. Relationship of mixed bacterial infection to prognosis in foals with pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi. J Vet Intern Med 26:1443. PUBMED Abstract
181. Venner M, Rodiger A, Laemmer M, et al. 2012. Failure of antimicrobial therapy to accelerate spontaneous healing of subclinical pulmonary abscesses on a farm with endemic infections caused by Rhodococcus equi. Vet J 192:293. PUBMED Abstract
182. Stratton-Phelps M, Wilson WD, Gardner IA. 2000. Risk of adverse effects in pneumonic foals treated with erythromycin versus other antibiotics: 143 cases (1986-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:68. PUBMED Abstract
183. Gustafsson A, Baverud V, Gunnarsson A, et al. 1997. The association of erythromycin ethylsuccinate with acute colitis in horses in Sweden. Equine Vet J 29:314. PUBMED Abstract
184. Baverud V, Franklin A, Gunnarsson A, et al. 1998. Clostridium difficile associated with acute colitis in mares when their foals are treated with erythromycin and rifampicin for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. Equine Vet J 30:482. PUBMED Abstract
185. Scheuch E, Spieker J, Venner M, et al. 2007. Quantitative determination of the macrolide antibiotic tulathromycin in plasma and broncho-alveolar cells of foals using tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 850:464. PUBMED Abstract
186. Carlson K, Kuskie K, Chaffin K, et al. 2010. Antimicrobial activity of tulathromycin and 14 other antimicrobials against virulent Rhodococcus equi in vitro. Vet Ther 11:E1. PUBMED Abstract
187. Takai S, Takeda K, Nakano Y, et al. 1997. Emergence of rifampin-resistant Rhodococcus equi in an infected foal. J Clin Microbiol 35:1904. PUBMED Abstract
188. Fines M, Pronost S, Maillard K, et al. 2001. Characterization of mutations in the rpoB gene associated with rifampin resistance in Rhodococcus equi isolated from foals. J Clin Microbiol 39:2784. PUBMED Abstract
189. Asoh N, Watanabe H, Fines-Guyon M, et al. 2003. Emergence of rifampin-resistant Rhodococcus equi with several types of mutations in the rpoB gene among AIDS patients in northern Thailand. J Clin Microbiol 41:2337. PUBMED Abstract
190. Giguère S, Lee E, Williams E, et al. 2010. Determination of the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance to macrolide antimicrobials or rifampin in Rhodococcus equi isolates and treatment outcome in foals infected with antimicrobial-resistant isolates of R. equi. J Am Vet Med Assoc 237:74. PUBMED Abstract
191. Womble A, Giguère S, Lee EA. 2007. Pharmacokinetics of oral doxycycline and concentrations in body fluids and bronchoalveolar cells of foals. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 30:187. PUBMED Abstract
192. Nordmann P, Kerestedjian JJ, Ronco E. 1992. Therapy of Rhodococcus equi disseminated infections in nude mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 36:1244. PUBMED Abstract
193. Hoffman AM, Viel L. 1992. A percutaneous transtracheal catheter system for improved oxygenation in foals with respiratory distress. Equine Vet J 24:239. PUBMED Abstract
194. Valdes A, Johnson JR. 2005. Septic pleuritis and abdominal abscess formation caused by Rhodococcus equi in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:960, 919. PUBMED Abstract
195. Elissalde GS, Renshaw HW, Walberg JA. 1980. Corynebacterium equi: an interhost review with emphasis on the foal. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 3:433. PUBMED Abstract
196. Chaffin MK, Martens RJ. 1997. Extrapulmonary disorders associated with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals: retrospective study of 61 cases (1988-1996). Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:79.
197. Venner M, Reinhold B, Beyerbach M, et al. 2009. Efficacy of azithromycin in preventing pulmonary abscesses in foals. Vet J 179:301. PUBMED Abstract
198. Bernard B, Dugan J, Pierce S, et al. 1991. The influence of foal pneumonia on future racing performance. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 37:17.
199. Giguère S, Cohen ND, Keith CM, et al. 2011. Diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention of infections caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals. J Vet Intern Med 25:1209.
200. Prescott JF, Machang'u R, Kwiecien J, et al. 1989. Prevention of foal mortality due to Rhodococcus equi pneumonia on an endemically affected farm. Can Vet J 30:871. PUBMED Abstract
201. Cohen ND, Chaffin MK, Martens RJ. 2000. Control and prevention of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 22:1062.
202. Cohen ND, Chaffin MK, Vandenplas ML, et al. 2005. Study of serum amyloid A concentrations as a means of achieving early diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. Equine Vet J 37:212. PUBMED Abstract
203. Chaffin MK, Cohen ND, Blodgett GP, et al. 2012. Evaluation of hematologic screening methods for early detection of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. J Equine Vet Sci 32:S20.
204. McCracken JL, Slovis NM. 2009. Use of thoracic ultrasound for the prevention of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia on endemic farms. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 55:38.
205. Martens RJ, Martens JG, Fiske RA, et al. 1989. Rhodococcus equi foal pneumonia: protective effects of immune plasma in experimentally infected foals. Equine Vet J 21:249. PUBMED Abstract
206. Higuchi T, Arakawa T, Hashikura S, et al. 1999. Effect of prophylactic administration of hyperimmune plasma to prevent Rhodococcus equi infection on foals from endemically affected farms. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 46:641. PUBMED Abstract
207. Hurley JR, Begg AP. 1995. Failure of hyperimmune plasma to prevent pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals. Aust Vet J 72:418. PUBMED Abstract
208. Madigan JE, Hietala S, Muller N. 1991. Protection against naturally acquired Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals by administration of hyperimmune plasma. J Reprod Fertil Suppl 44:571-8:571. PUBMED Abstract
209. Chaffin MK, Cohen ND, Martens RJ, et al. 2003. Foal-related risk factors associated with development of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia on farms with endemic infection. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1791. PUBMED Abstract
210. Chaffin MK, Martins RJ, Martens JG. 1991. Therapeutic effects of immune plasma in foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. Equine Vet J 12(suppl):23.
211. Martens RJ, Martens JG, Fiske RA. 1991. Failure of passive immunisation by colostrum from immunised mares to protect foals against Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. Equine Vet J 12(suppl):19.
212. Cauchard J, Sevin C, Ballet JJ, et al. 2004. Foal IgG and opsonizing anti-Rhodococcus equi antibodies after immunization of pregnant mares with a protective VapA candidate vaccine. Vet Microbiol 104:73. PUBMED Abstract
213. Oliveira AF, Ruas LP, Cardoso SA, et al. 2010. Vaccination of mice with Salmonella expressing VapA: mucosal and systemic Th1 responses provide protection against Rhodococcus equi infection. PLoS One 5:e8644. PUBMED Abstract
214. Porto ACRC, Oliveira AF, Fernandes WR, et al. 2012. Oral administration in foals of a live attenuated Salmonella vaccine strain expressing vapA antigen, p 81. Proceedings of the 5th Havemeyer Workshop on Rhodococcus equi, Jul 9-12, Deauville, France.
215. Haghighi HR, Prescott JF. 2005. Assessment in mice of vapA-DNA vaccination against Rhodococcus equi infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 104:215. PUBMED Abstract
216. Lopez AM, Hines MT, Palmer GH, et al. 2003. Analysis of anamnestic immune responses in adult horses and priming in neonates induced by a DNA vaccine expressing the vapA gene of Rhodococcus equi. Vaccine 21:3815. PUBMED Abstract
217. Lopez AM, Townsend HG, Allen AL, et al. 2008. Safety and immunogenicity of a live-attenuated auxotrophic candidate vaccine against the intracellular pathogen Rhodococcus equi. Vaccine 26:998. PUBMED Abstract
218. Hines SA, Stone DM, Hines MT, et al. 2003. Clearance of virulent but not avirulent Rhodococcus equi from the lungs of adult horses is associated with intracytoplasmic gamma interferon production by CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 10:208. PUBMED Abstract
219. Pei Y, Nicholson V, Woods K, et al. 2007. Immunization by intrabronchial administration to 1-week-old foals of an unmarked double gene disruption strain of Rhodococcus equi strain 103+. Vet Microbiol 125:100. PUBMED Abstract
220. Chaffin MK, Cohen ND, Martens RJ. 2008. Chemoprophylactic effects of azithromycin against Rhodococcus equi-induced pneumonia among foals at equine breeding farms with endemic infections. J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1035. PUBMED Abstract
221. Harrington JR, Martens RJ, Cohen ND, et al. 2006. Antimicrobial activity of gallium against virulent Rhodococcus equi in vitro and in vivo. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 29:121. PUBMED Abstract
222. Martens RJ, Miller NA, Cohen ND, et al. 2007. Chemoprophylactic antimicrobial activity of gallium maltolate against intracellular Rhodococcus equi. J Equine Vet Sci 27:341.
223. Martens RJ, Mealey K, Cohen ND, et al. 2007. Pharmacokinetics of gallium maltolate after intragastric administration in neonatal foals. Am J Vet Res 68:1041. PUBMED Abstract
224. Martens RJ, Harrington JR, Cohen ND, et al. 2006. Gallium therapy: a novel metal-based antimicrobial strategy for potential control of Rhodococcus equi foal pneumonia. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 52:219.
225. Womble AY, Giguère S, Lee EA, et al. 2006. Pharmacokinetics of clarithromycin and concentrations in body fluids and bronchoalveolar cells of foals. Am J Vet Res 67:1681. PUBMED Abstract
226. Lakritz J, Wilson WD, Mihalyi JE. 1999. Comparison of microbiologic and high-performance liquid chromatography assays to determine plasma concentrations, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability of erythromycin base in plasma of foals after intravenous or intragastric administration. Am J Vet Res 60:414. PUBMED Abstract
227. Lakritz J, Wilson WD, Marsh AE, et al. 2000. Pharmacokinetics of erythromycin estolate and erythromycin phosphate after intragastric administration to healthy foals. Am J Vet Res 61:914. PUBMED Abstract
228. Burrows GE, MacAllister CG, Ewing P, et al. 1992. Rifampin disposition in the horse: effects of age and method of oral administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 15:124. PUBMED Abstract
229. Castro LA, Brown MP, Gronwall R, et al. 1986. Pharmacokinetics of rifampin given as a single oral dose in foals. Am J Vet Res 47:2584. PUBMED Abstract
230. Kohn CW, Sams R, Kowalski JJ, et al. 1993. Pharmacokinetics of single intravenous and single and multiple dose oral administration of rifampin in mares. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 16:119. PUBMED Abstract

Pneumonia in Foals

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13. Holcombe SJ, Hurcombe SD, Barr BS, et al. 2012. Dysphagia associated with presumed pharyngeal dysfunction in 16 neonatal foals. Equine Vet J Suppl 41:105. PUBMED Abstract
14. Vaala WE, Hamir AN, Dubovi EJ, et al. 1992. Fatal, congenitally acquired infection with equine arteritis virus in a neonatal thoroughbred. Equine Vet J 24:155. PUBMED Abstract
15. Webb RF, Knight PR, Walker KH. 1981. Involvement of adenovirus in pneumonia in a thoroughbred foal. Aust Vet J 57:142. PUBMED Abstract
16. Thompson DB, Spradborw PB, Studdert M. 1976. Isolation of an adenovirus from an Arab foal with a combined immunodeficiency disease. Aust Vet J 52:435. PUBMED Abstract
17. Patterson-Kane JC, Carrick JB, Axon JE, et al. 2008. The pathology of bronchointerstitial pneumonia in young foals associated with the first outbreak of equine influenza in Australia. Equine Vet J 40:199. PUBMED Abstract
18. Wilson W. 1992. Foal pneumonia: an overview, p 203. Proceedings of the 38th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP).
19. Darien BJ, Brown CM, Walker RD, et al. 1990. A tracheoscopic technique for obtaining uncontaminated lower airway secretions for bacterial culture in the horse. Equine Vet J 22:170. PUBMED Abstract
20. Hoffman AM, Viel L, Prescott JF, et al. 1993. Association of microbiologic flora with clinical, endoscopic, and pulmonary cytologic findings in foals with distal respiratory tract infection. Am J Vet Res 54:1615. PUBMED Abstract
21. Lavoie JP, Fiset L, Laverty S. 1994. Review of 40 cases of lung abscesses in foals and adult horses. Equine Vet J 26:348. PUBMED Abstract
22. Smith BP, Robinson RC. 1981. Studies of an outbreak of Corynebacterium equi pneumonia in foals. Equine Vet J 13:223. PUBMED Abstract
23. Broux B, Torfs S, Wegge B, et al. 2012. Acute respiratory failure caused by Leptospira spp. in 5 foals. J Vet Intern Med 26:684. PUBMED Abstract
24. Prescott JF. 1994. Bacterial respiratory diseases of foals: an overview, p 315. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Equine Infectious Disease.
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26. Prescott JF, Wilcock BP, Carman PS, et al. 1991. Sporadic, severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia of foals. Can Vet J 32:421. PUBMED Abstract
27. Lakritz J, Wilson WD, Berry CR, et al. 1993. Bronchointerstitial pneumonia and respiratory distress in young horses: clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and pathological findings in 23 cases (1984-1989). J Vet Intern Med 7:277. PUBMED Abstract
28. Buergelt CD, Hines SA, Cantor G, et al. 1986. A retrospective study of proliferative interstitial lung disease of horses in Florida. Vet Pathol 23:750. PUBMED Abstract
29. Ainsworth DM, Weldon AD, Beck KA, et al. 1993. Recognition of Pneumocystis carinii in foals with respiratory distress. Equine Vet J 25:103. PUBMED Abstract
30. Acute bronchointerstitial pneumonia in foals. 2006. In The Merck veterinary manual. Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ.
31. Nout YS, Hinchcliff KW, Samii VF, et al. 2002. Chronic pulmonary disease with radiographic interstitial opacity (interstitial pneumonia) in foals. Equine Vet J 34:542. PUBMED Abstract
32. Edman JC, Kovacs JA, Masur H, et al. 1988. Ribosomal RNA sequence shows Pneumocystis carinii to be a member of the fungi. Nature 334:519. PUBMED Abstract
33. Shively JN, Dellers RW, Buergelt CD, et al. 1973. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in two foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 162:648. PUBMED Abstract
34. Whitwell K. 1992. Pneumocystis carinii infection in foals in the UK. Vet Rec 131:19. PUBMED Abstract
35. Shively JN, Moe KK, Dellers RW. 1974. Fine structure of spontaneous Pneumocystis carinii pulmonary infection in foals. Cornell Vet 64:72. PUBMED Abstract
36. Ewing PJ, Cowell RL, Tyler RD, et al. 1994. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:929. PUBMED Abstract
37. Bedenice D. 2006. Neonatal septic pneumonia. In Paradis M (ed), Equine neonatal medicine: a case-based approach. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
38. Bedenice D. 2004. Risk factors and prognostic variables of radiographic pulmonary disease in neonatal foals. Doctoral dissertation. Department of Theriogenology and Reproduction, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
39. Bedenice D, Heuwieser W, Brawer R, et al. 2003. Clinical and prognostic significance of radiographic pattern, distribution, and severity of thoracic radiographic changes in neonatal foals. J Vet Intern Med 17:876. PUBMED Abstract
40. Cohen SH, Hoeprich PD, Demling R, et al. 1984. Entry of four cephalosporins into the ovine lung. J Infect Dis 149:264. PUBMED Abstract
41. Credille BC, Giguère S, Berghaus LJ, et al. 2012. Plasma and pulmonary disposition of ceftiofur and its metabolites after intramuscular administration of ceftiofur crystalline free acid in weanling foals. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 35:259. PUBMED Abstract
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44. Bodem CR, Lampton LM, Miller DP, et al. 1983. Endobronchial pH. Relevance of aminoglycoside activity in gram-negative bacillary pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 127:39. PUBMED Abstract
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46. Ainsworth DM, Eicker SW, Yeagar AE, et al. 1998. Associations between physical examination, laboratory, and radiographic findings and outcome and subsequent racing performance of foals with Rhodococcus equi infection: 115 cases (1984-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:510. PUBMED Abstract

Fungal Infections of the Equine Respiratory Tract

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7. Ainsworth DM, Weldon AD, Beck KA, et al. 1993. Recognition of Pneumocystis carinii in foals with respiratory distress. Equine Vet J 25:103. PUBMED Abstract
8. Blomme E, Del Piero F, La Perle KMD, et al. 1998. Aspergillosis in horses: a review. Equine Vet Educ 10:86.
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10. Tunev SS, Ehrhart EJ, Jensen HE, et al. 1999. Necrotizing mycotic vasculitis with cerebral infarction caused by Aspergillus niger in a horse with acute typhlocolitis. Vet Pathol 36:347. PUBMED Abstract
11. Pusterla N, Pesavento PA, Leutenegger JH, et al. 2002. Disseminated pulmonary adiaspiromycosis caused by Emmonsia crescens in a horse. Equine Vet J 34:749. PUBMED Abstract
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13. Perryman LE, McGuire TC, Crawford TB. 1978. Maintenance of foals with severe combined immunodeficiency: causes and control of secondary infections. Am J Vet Res 39:1043. PUBMED Abstract
14. Franklin RP, Long MT, MacNeill A, et al. 2002. Proliferative interstitial pneumonia, Pneumocystis carinii infection, and immunodeficiency in an adult Paso Fino horse. J Vet Intern Med 16:607. PUBMED Abstract
15. MacNeill AL, Alleman AR, Franklin RP, et al. 2003. Pneumonia in a Paso-Fino mare. Vet Clin Pathol 32:73. PUBMED Abstract
16. Venner M, Schmidbauer S, Drommer W, et al. 2006. Percutaneous lung biopsy in the horse: comparison of two instruments and repeated biopsy in horses with induced acute interstitial pneumopathy. J Vet Intern Med 20:968. PUBMED Abstract
17. Beech J. 1975. Cytology of tracheal bronchial aspirate in horses. Vet Pathol 12:157. PUBMED Abstract
18. Sweeney CR, Humber KA, Roby KAW. 1992. Cytologic findings of tracheobronchial aspirates from 66 thoroughbred racehorses. Am J Vet Res 53:1172. PUBMED Abstract
19. Sweeney CR, Beech J, Roby KAW. 1985. Bacterial isolates from tracheal bronchial aspirates from healthy horses. Am J Vet Res 46:2562. PUBMED Abstract
20. Perron LePage MF, Gerber V, Suter MM. 1999. A case of interstitial pneumonia associated with Pneumocystis carinii in a foal. Vet Pathol 36:621. PUBMED Abstract
21. Jensen TK, Boye M, Bille-Hansen V. 2001. Application of fluorescent in situ hybridization for specific diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in foals and pigs. Vet Pathol 38:269. PUBMED Abstract
22. Thirion-Delalande C, Guillot J, Jessen HE, et al. 2005. Disseminated acute concomitant aspergillosis and mucormycosis in a pony. J Vet Med 52:121. PUBMED Abstract
23. Toribio RE, Kohn CW, Lawrence AE, et al. 1999. Thoracic and abdominal blastomycosis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1357. PUBMED Abstract
24. Clark-Price SC, Cox JH, Bartoe JT, et al. 2004. Use of dapsone in the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:407. PUBMED Abstract
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27. Higins JC, Leith GS, Pappagianis D, et al. 2005. Successful treatment of Coccidioides immitis pneumonia with fluconazole in two horses. J Vet Intern Med 19:482.
28. Nappert G, VanDyck T, Papich M, et al. 1996. Successful treatment of a fever associated with consistent pulmonary isolation of Scopulariopsis sp. in a mare. Equine Vet J 28:421. PUBMED Abstract
29. Prades M, Brown MP, Gronwell R, et al. 1989. Body fluid and endometrial concentrations of ketaconazole in mares after intravenous injection or repeated gavage. Equine Vet J 21:211. PUBMED Abstract
30. Latimer FG, Colitz CMH, Campbell NB, et al. 2001. Pharmacokinetics of fluconazole following intravenous and oral administration and body fluid concentrations of fluconazole following repeated oral dosing in horses. Am J Vet Res 62:1606. PUBMED Abstract
31. Davis JL, Gilger BC, Papich MG. 2004. The pharmacokinetics of itraconazole in the horse. J Vet Intern Med 18:458.
32. Davis JL, Salmon JH, Papich MG. 2006. Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole after oral and intravenous administration to horses. Am J Vet Res 67:170. PUBMED Abstract
33. Colitz CM, Latimer FG, Cheng H, et al. 2007. Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole following intravenous and oral administration and body fluid concentrations of voriconazole following repeated oral administration in horses. Am J Vet Res 68:1115. PUBMED Abstract
34. Passler NH, Chan HM, Stewart AJ, et al. 2010. Distribution of voriconazole in seven body fluids of adult horses after repeated oral dosing. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 33:15. PUBMED Abstract
35. Stewart AJ. 2005. Antifungal therapy for horses. Compend Cont Educ Vet Pract 27:871.
36. Chandna VK, Morris E, Gliatto JM, et al. 1993. Localized subcutaneous cryptococcal granuloma in a horse. Equine Vet J 25:166. PUBMED Abstract
37. Guillot J, Sarfati J, de Barros M, et al. 1999. Comparative study of serological tests for the diagnosis of equine aspergillosis. Vet Record 145:348. PUBMED Abstract
38. Guillot J, Collobert C, Jensen HE, et al. 2000. Two cases of equine mucormycosis caused by Absidia corymbifera. Equine Vet J 32:453. PUBMED Abstract
39. French DD, Haynes PF, Miller RI. 1985. Surgical and medical management of rhinophycomycosis (conidiobolomycosis) in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:1105. PUBMED Abstract
40. McMullan WC, Joyce JR, Hanselka DV, et al. 1977. Amphotericin-B for treatment of localized subcutaneous phycomycosis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:1293. PUBMED Abstract
41. Hanselka DV. 1977. Equine nasal phycomycosis. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 72:251. PUBMED Abstract
42. Zamos DT, Schumacher J, Loy JK. 1996. Nasopharyngeal conidiobolomycosis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:100. PUBMED Abstract
43. Giraudet AJ. 2005. Medical treatment with miconazole in four cases of guttural pouch mycosis. J Vet Intern Med 19:485.
44. Davis PR, Meyer GA, Hanson RR, et al. 2000. Pseudallescheria boydii infection of the nasal cavity of a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:707. PUBMED Abstract
45. Davis EW, Legendre AM. 1994. Successful treatment of guttural pouch mycosis with itraconazole and topical enilconazole in a horse. J Vet Intern Med 8:304. PUBMED Abstract
46. van Nieuwstadt RA, Kalsbeek HC. 1994. [Air sac mycosis: topical treatment using enilconazole administered via indwelling catheter]. [Article in Dutch]. Tijdschr Diergeneesk 119:3. PUBMED Abstract
47. Carmalt JL, Baptiste KE. 2004. Atypical guttural pouch mycosis in three horses. Pferdeheilkunde 20:542.
48. Jeu L, Piacenti FJ, Lyakhovetskiy AG, et al. 2003. Voriconazole. Clin Ther 25:1321. PUBMED Abstract
49. Fleming RV, Walsh TJ, Anaissie EJ, et al. 2002. Emerging and less common fungal pathogens. Infect Dis Clin North Am 16:915. PUBMED Abstract
50. Plumb D. 2002. Veterinary drug handbook, ed 4. Iowa State University Press, Ames.
51. Steiger RR, Williams MA. 2000. Granulomatous tracheitis caused by Conidiobolus coronatus in a horse. J Vet Intern Med 14:311. PUBMED Abstract
52. Scott DW, Miller WH. 2003. Fungal skin diseases, pp 311-312. In Scott DW (ed), Equine dermatology. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
53. Miller RI, Campbell RSF. 1984. The comparative pathology of equine cutaneous phycomycosis. Vet Pathol 21:325. PUBMED Abstract
54. Taintor J, Schumacher J, Newton J. 2003. Conidiobolomycosis in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 25:872.
55. Kaufman L, Mendoza L, Standard PG. 1990. Immunodiffusion test for serodiagnosing subcutaneous zygomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 28:1887. PUBMED Abstract
56. Taintor J, Crowe C, Hancock S, et al. 2004. Treatment of conidiobolomycosis with fluconazole in two pregnant mares. J Vet Intern Med 18:363. PUBMED Abstract
57. McGill S, Malik R, Saul N, et al. 2009. Cryptococcosis in domestic animals in Western Australia: a retrospective study from 1995-2006. Med Mycol 47:625. PUBMED Abstract
58. Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N. 1985. Pathology of domestic animals, ed 3. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
59. Boulton CH, Williamson L. 1984. Cryptococcal granuloma associated with jejunal intussusception in a horse. Equine Vet J 16:548. PUBMED Abstract
60. Cruz VC, Sommardahl CS, Chapman EA, et al. 2009. Successful treatment of a sinonasal cryptococcal granuloma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:509. PUBMED Abstract
61. Stewart AJ, Salazar P, Waldridge BM, et al. 2009. Multimodal treatment of recurrent sinonasal cryptococcal granulomas in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:723. PUBMED Abstract
62. Johnson GR, Schiefer B, Pantekoek JF. 1975. Maduromycosis in a horse in western Canada. Can Vet J 16:341. PUBMED Abstract
63. Brealey JC, McCandlish IAP, Sullivan M, et al. 1986. Nasal granuloma caused by Pseudallescheria boydii. Equine Vet J 18:151. PUBMED Abstract
64. El-Allawy T, Atria M, Amer A. 1977. Mycoflora of the pharyngeotonsillar portions of clinically healthy donkeys in Assiut. Assiut Med Vet 4:63.
65. Carter ME, di Menna ME. 1975. Petriellidium boydii from the reproductive tracts in mares. N Z Vet J 23:13. PUBMED Abstract
66. Moore BR, Reed SM, Kowalski JJ, et al. 1993. Aspergillosis granuloma in the mediastinum of a nonimmunocompromised horse. Cornell Vet 83:97. PUBMED Abstract
67. Chandrasekar P. 2005. Riches usher dilemmas: antifungal therapy in invasive aspergillosis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 11:77. PUBMED Abstract
68. Hilton H, Galuppo L, Puchalski SM, et al. 2009. Successful treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a neonatal foal. J Vet Intern Med 23:375. PUBMED Abstract
69. Korenek NL, Legendre AM, Andrews FM. 1994. Treatment of mycotic rhinitis with itraconazole in three horses. J Vet Intern Med 8:224. PUBMED Abstract
70. Greet TRC. 1981. Nasal aspergillosis in 3 horses. Vet Rec 109:487. PUBMED Abstract
71. Kendall A, Brojer J, Karlstam E, et al. 2008. Enilconazole treatment of horses with superficial Aspergillus spp. rhinitis. J Vet Intern Med 22:1239. PUBMED Abstract
72. Dolente BA, Habecker P, Chope K, et al. 2003. Disseminated blastomycosis in a miniature horse. Equine Vet Educ 15:139.
73. Wilson JH, Olson EJ, Haugen EW, et al. 2006. Systemic blastomycosis in a horse. J Vet Diagn Invest 18:615. PUBMED Abstract
74. Katayama Y, Kuwano A, Yoshihara T. 2001. Histoplasmosis in the lung of a racehorse with yersiniosis. J Vet Med Sci 63:1229. PUBMED Abstract
75. Rezabek GB, Donahue JM, Giles RC, et al. 1993. Histoplasmosis in horses. J Comp Pathol 109:47. PUBMED Abstract
76. Ziemer EL, Pappagianis D, Madigan JE, et al. 1992. Coccidioidomycosis in horses: 15 cases (1975-1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:910. PUBMED Abstract
77. Hodgin EC, Conaway H, Ortenburger AI. 1984. Recurrence of obstructive nasal coccidioidal granuloma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:339. PUBMED Abstract
78. Terio KA, Stalis IH, Allen JL, et al. 2003. Coccidioidomycosis in Przewalski's horses (Equus przewalskii). J Zoo Wildlife Med 34:339. PUBMED Abstract
79. Higgins JC, Leith GS, Voss ED, et al. 2005. Seroprevalence of antibodies against Coccidioides immitis in healthy horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:1888. PUBMED Abstract
80. Foley JP, Legendre AM. 1992. Treatment of coccidioidomycosis osteomyelitis with itraconazole in a horse: a brief report. J Vet Intern Med 6:333. PUBMED Abstract
81. Higgins JC, Pusterla N, Pappagianis D. 2007. Comparison of Coccidioides immitis serological antibody titres between forms of clinical coccidioidomycosis in horses. Vet J 173:118. PUBMED Abstract
82. Guarro J, Gams W, Pujol I, et al. 1997. Acromonium species: new emerging fungal opportunists: in vitro antifungal susceptibilities and review. Clin Infect Dis 25:1222. PUBMED Abstract
83. McClure JJ, Addison JD, Miller RI. 1985. Immunodeficiency manifested by oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:1195. PUBMED Abstract
84. Kaneshiro ES. 2002. Is Pneumocystis a plant? J Eukaryot Microbiol 49:367. PUBMED Abstract
85. Ewing PJ, Cowell RL, Tyler RD, et al. 1994. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:929. PUBMED Abstract
86. Flaminio M, Rush BR, Cox JH, et al. 1998. CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytopenia in a filly with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Aust Vet J 76:399. PUBMED Abstract
87. Gubbins PO. 2005. Fungal infections, pp 1345-1357. In Fink MP, Abraham E, Vincent J-L, Kochanek PM (eds), Textbook of Critical Care, ed 5. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.

Streptococcus equi Infection (Strangles)

1. Sweeney CR, Timoney JF, Newton JR, et al. 2005. Streptococcus equi infections in horses: guidelines for treatment, control, and prevention of strangles. J Vet Intern Med 19:123. PUBMED Abstract
2. Timoney JF, Kumar P. 2008. Early pathogenesis of equine Streptococcus equi infection (strangles). Equine Vet J 40:637. PUBMED Abstract
3. Newton JR, Wood JL, Dunn KA, et al. 1997. Naturally occurring persistent and asymptomatic infection of the guttural pouches of horses with Streptococcus equi. Vet Rec 140:84. PUBMED Abstract
4. Chanter N, Newton JR, Wood JL, et al. 1998. Detection of strangles carriers. Vet Rec 142:496. PUBMED Abstract
5. Davidson A, Traub-Dargatz JL, Magnuson R, et al. 2008. Lack of correlation between antibody titers to fibrinogen-binding protein of Streptococcus equi and persistent carriers of strangles. J Vet Diagn Invest 20:457. PUBMED Abstract
6. Newton JR, Verheyen K, Talbot NC, et al. 2000. Control of strangles outbreaks by isolation of guttural pouch carriers identified using PCR and culture of Streptococcus equi. Equine Vet J 32:515. PUBMED Abstract
7. Weese JS, Jarlot C, Morley P. 2008. Survival of Streptococcus equi in an outdoor environment. J Vet Intern Med 22:819.
8. Boyle AG, Boston RC, O'Shea K, et al. 2012. Optimization of an in vitro assay to detect Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. Vet Microbiol 159:406. PUBMED Abstract
9. Pusterla N, Whitcomb MB, Wilson WD. 2007. Internal abdominal abscesses caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi in 10 horses in California between 1989 and 2004. Vet Rec 160:589. PUBMED Abstract
10. Boyle AG, Sweeney CR, Kristula M, et al. 2009. Factors associated with likelihood of horses having a high serum Streptococcus equi SeM-specific antibody titer. J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:973. PUBMED Abstract
11. Knowles EJ, Mair TS, Butcher N, et al. 2010. Use of a novel serological test for exposure to Streptococcus equi subspecies equi in hospitalised horses. Vet Rec 166:294. PUBMED Abstract
12. Pusterla N, Watson JL, Affolter VK, et al. 2003. Purpura haemorrhagica in 53 horses. Vet Rec 153:118. PUBMED Abstract
13. Borst LB, Patterson SK, Lanka S, et al. 2011. Evaluation of a commercially available modified-live Streptococcus equi subsp equi vaccine in ponies. Am J Vet Res 72:1130. PUBMED Abstract
14. Guss B, Flock M, Frykberg L, et al. 2009. Getting to grips with strangles: an effective multi-component recombinant vaccine for the protection of horses from Streptococcus equi infection. PLoS Pathog 5:e1000584. PUBMED Abstract
15. Ramey D. 2007. Does early antibiotic use in horses with “strangles” cause metastatic Streptococcus equi bacterial infections? Equine Vet Educ 19:14.
16. Ensink JM, Bosch G, Van Duijkeren E. 2005. Clinical efficacy of prophylactic administration of trimethoprim/sulfadiazine in a Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infection model in ponies. J Vet Pharmacol Therap 28:45.
17. Waller A, Robinson C, Newton JR. 2007. Further thoughts on the eradication of strangles in equids. J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1335. PUBMED Abstract
18. Pusterla N, Whitcomb MB, Wilson WD. 2007. Internal abdominal abscesses caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi in 10 horses in California between 1989 and 2004. Vet Rec 160:589. PUBMED Abstract
19. Mair TS, Sherlock CE. 2011. Surgical drainage and post operative lavage of large abdominal abscesses in six mature horses. Equine Vet J Suppl 39:123. PUBMED Abstract

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Acute Lung Injury (Acute Bronchointerstitial Pneumonia)

1. Bernard GR, Artigas A, Brigham KL, et al. 1994. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149:818. PUBMED Abstract
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3. Wilkins PA, Otto CM, Dunkel B, et al. 2007. Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndromes in veterinary medicine: consensus definitions: The Dorothy Russell Havemeyer Working Group on ALI and ARDS in Veterinary Medicine. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 17:333.
4. Schultz MJ, Haitsma JJ, Zhang H, et al. 2006. Pulmonary coagulopathy as a new target in therapeutic studies of acute lung injury or pneumonia—a review. Crit Care Med 34:871. PUBMED Abstract
5. Matthay MA, Ware LB, Zimmerman GA. 2012. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Clin Invest 122:2731. PUBMED Abstract
6. Piantadosi CA, Schwartz DA. 2004. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. Ann Intern Med 141:460. PUBMED Abstract
7. Glas GJ, van der Sluijs KF, Schultz MJ, et al. 2012. Bronchoalveolar hemostasis in lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Thromb Haemost, Oct 31. [Epub ahead of print] PUBMED Abstract
8. Dushianthan A, Grocott MP, Postle AD, et al. 2011. Acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury. Postgrad Med J 87:612. PUBMED Abstract
9. Katz JN, Kolappa KP, Becker RC. 2011. Beyond thrombosis: the versatile platelet in critical illness. Chest 139:658. PUBMED Abstract
10. McVey M, Tabuchi A, Kuebler WM. 2012. Microparticles and acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 303:L364. PUBMED Abstract
11. Jain R, DalNogare A. 2006. Pharmacological therapy for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 81:205. PUBMED Abstract
12. Mao M, Xu X, Zhang Y, et al. 2012. Endothelial progenitor cells: the promise of cell-based therapies for acute lung injury. Inflamm Res Nov 9. [Epub ahead of print] PUBMED Abstract
13. Matthay MA, Robriquet L, Fang X. 2005. Alveolar epithelium: role in lung fluid balance and acute lung injury. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2:206. PUBMED Abstract
14. Buergelt CD, Hines SA, Cantor G, et al. 1986. A retrospective study of proliferative interstitial lung disease of horses in Florida. Vet Pathol 23:750. PUBMED Abstract
15. Prescott JF, Wilcock BP, Carman PS, et al. 1991. Sporadic, severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia of foals. Can Vet J 32:421. PUBMED Abstract
16. Lakritz J, Wilson WD, Berry CR, et al. 1993. Bronchointerstitial pneumonia and respiratory distress in young horses: clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and pathological findings in 23 cases (1984-1989). J Vet Intern Med 7:277. PUBMED Abstract
17. Dunkel B. 2006. Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in foals. Clin Tech Equine Pract 5:127.
18. Patterson-Kane JC, Carrick JB, Axon JE, et al. 2008. The pathology of bronchointerstitial pneumonia in young foals associated with the first outbreak of equine influenza in Australia. Equine Vet J 40:199. PUBMED Abstract
19. Britton AP, Robinson JH. 2002. Isolation of influenza A virus from a 7-day-old foal with bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Can Vet J 43:55. PUBMED Abstract
20. Peek SF, Landolt G, Karasin AI, et al. 2004. Acute respiratory distress syndrome and fatal interstitial pneumonia associated with equine influenza in a neonatal foal. J Vet Intern Med 18:132. PUBMED Abstract
21. Patterson-Kane JC, Firth EC. 2009. The pathobiology of exercise-induced superficial digital flexor tendon injury in Thoroughbred racehorses. Vet J 181:79. PUBMED Abstract
22. Austin SF, Foreman JH, Goetz TH. 1988. Aspiration pneumonia following near drowning in a mare: a case report. J Equine Vet Sci 8:313.
23. Humber KA. 1988. Near drowning of a gelding. J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:377. PUBMED Abstract
24. Kemper T, Spier S, Barratt-Boyes SM, et al. 1993. Treatment of smoke inhalation in five horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:91. PUBMED Abstract
25. Schmidbauer SM, Venner M, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, et al. 2004. Compensated overexpression of procollagens alpha 1(I) and alpha 1(III) following perilla mint ketone-induced acute pulmonary damage in horses. J Comp Pathol 131:186. PUBMED Abstract
26. Breeze RG, Legreid WW, Bayly WM, et al. 1984. Perilla ketone toxicity: a chemical model for the study of equine restrictive lung disease. Equine Vet J 16:180. PUBMED Abstract
27. Sembrat R, Di Stazio J, Reese J, et al. 1978. Acute pulmonary failure in the conscious pony with Escherichia coli septicemia. Am J Vet Res 39:1147. PUBMED Abstract
28. Serpa Neto A, Cardoso SO, Manetta JA, et al. 2012. Association between use of lung-protective ventilation with lower tidal volumes and clinical outcomes among patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a meta-analysis. JAMA 308:1651. PUBMED Abstract
29. Mitten LA, Hinchcliff KW, Holcombe SJ, et al. 1994. Mechanical ventilation and management of botulism secondary to an injection abscess in an adult horse. Equine Vet J 26:420. PUBMED Abstract
30. Wong DM, Alcott CJ, Wang C, et al. 2010. Physiologic effects of nasopharyngeal administration of supplemental oxygen at various flow rates in healthy neonatal foals. Am J Vet Res 71:1081. PUBMED Abstract
31. Wilson DV, Schott HC 2nd, Robinson NE, et al. 2006. Response to nasopharyngeal oxygen administration in horses with lung disease. Equine Vet J 38:219. PUBMED Abstract
32. Hoffman AM, Viel L. 1992. A percutaneous transtracheal catheter system for improved oxygenation in foals with respiratory distress. Equine Vet J 24:239. PUBMED Abstract
33. Mohnle P, Briegel J. 2012. Corticosteroid administration for acute respiratory distress syndrome: therapeutic option? Anaesthesist 61:344. PUBMED Abstract
34. Herridge MS. 2011. Recovery and long-term outcome in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Clin 27:685. PUBMED Abstract

Interstitial Pneumonia

1. Wilkins PA. 2003. Interstitial pneumonia, p 425. In Robinson E (ed), Current veterinary therapy, ed 5. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
2. Bruce EH. 1995. Interstitial pneumonia in horses. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 17:1145.
3. Buergelt CD, Hines SA, Cantor G, et al. 1986. A retrospective study of proliferative interstitial lung disease of horses in Florida. Vet Pathol 23:750. PUBMED Abstract
4. Prescott JF, Wilcock BP, Carman PS, et al. 1991. Sporadic, severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia of foals. Can Vet J 32:421. PUBMED Abstract
5. Lakritz J, Wilson W, Berry CR, et al. 1993. Bronchointerstitial pneumonia and respiratory distress in young horses: clinical, clinicopathologic, radiographic, and pathological findings in 23 cases (1984-1989). J Vet Intern Med 7:277. PUBMED Abstract
6. Derksen FJ, Slocombe RF, Brown CM, et al. 1982. Chronic restrictive pulmonary disease in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:887. PUBMED Abstract
7. Donaldson MT, Beech J, Ennulat D, et al. 1998. Interstitial pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis in a horse. Equine Vet J 30:173. PUBMED Abstract
8. Williams KJ, Maes R, Del Piero F, et al. 2007. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis: a newly recognized herpesvirus-associated fibrotic lung disease. Vet Pathol 44:849. PUBMED Abstract
9. Ainsworth DM, Weldon AD, Beck KA, et al. 1993. Recognition of Pneumocystis carinii in foals with respiratory distress. Equine Vet J 25:103. PUBMED Abstract
10. Nobre D, Dagli ML, Haraguchi M. 1994. Crotalaria juncea intoxication in horses. Vet Hum Toxicol 36:445. PUBMED Abstract
11. Berry CR, O'Brien TR, Madigan JE, et al. 1991. Thoracic radiographic features of silicosis in 19 horses. J Vet Intern Med 5:248. PUBMED Abstract

Equine Respiratory Viruses

1. Cook RF, Sinclair R, Mumford JA. 1988. Detection of influenza nucleoprotein antigen in nasal secretions from horses infected with A/equine influenza (H3N8) viruses. J Virol Methods 20:1. PUBMED Abstract
2. Denyer MS, Crowther JR. 1986. Use of indirect and competitive ELISAs to compare isolates of equine influenza A virus. J Virol Methods 14:253. PUBMED Abstract
3. Dutta SK, Talbot NC, Myrup AC. 1983. Detection of equine herpesvirus-1 antigen and the specific antibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Am J Vet Res 44:1930. PUBMED Abstract
4. Foote CE, Love DN, Gilkerson JR, et al. 2004. Detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4 DNA in unweaned Thoroughbred foals from vaccinated mares on a large stud farm. Equine Vet J 36:341. PUBMED Abstract
5. Sinclair R, Mumford JA. 1992. Rapid detection of equine herpesvirus type-1 antigens in nasal swab specimens using an antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Virol Methods 39:299. PUBMED Abstract
6. Adam EN, Morley PS, Chmielewski KE, et al. 2002. Detection of cold-adapted vaccine-strain influenza virus using two commercial assays. Equine Vet J 34:400. PUBMED Abstract
7. Chambers TM, Shortridge KF, Li PH, et al. 1994. Rapid diagnosis of equine influenza by the Directigen FLU-A enzyme immunoassay. Vet Rec 135:275. PUBMED Abstract
8. Livesay GJ, O'Neill T, Hannant D, et al. 1993. The outbreak of equine influenza (H3N8) in the United Kingdom in 1989: diagnostic use of an antigen capture ELISA. Vet Rec 133:515. PUBMED Abstract
9. Morley PS, Bogdan JR, Townsend HG, et al. 2002. Evaluation of Directigen Flu A assay for detection of influenza antigen in nasal secretions of horses. Equine Vet J 27:131, 1995. PUBMED Abstract
10. van Maanen C, Cullinane A. 2002. Equine influenza virus infections: an update. Vet Q 24:79. PUBMED Abstract
11. Bej AK, Mahbubani MH, Atlas RM. 1991. Amplification of nucleic acids by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and other methods and their applications. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 26:301. PUBMED Abstract
12. Wagar EA. 1996. Direct hybridization and amplification applications for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. J Clin Lab Anal 10:312. PUBMED Abstract
13. Wolcott MJ. 1992. Advances in nucleic acid-based detection methods. Clin Microbiol Rev 5:370. PUBMED Abstract
14. Ellis JS, Fleming DM, Zambon MC. 1997. Multiplex reverse transcription-PCR for surveillance of influenza A and B viruses in England and Wales in 1995 and 1996. J Clin Microbiol 35:2076. PUBMED Abstract
15. Fan J, Henrickson KJ, Savatski LL. 1998. Rapid simultaneous diagnosis of infections with respiratory syncytial viruses A and B, influenza viruses A and B, and human parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 by multiplex quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction-enzyme hybridization assay (Hexaplex). Clin Infect Dis 26:1397.
16. Grondahl B, Puppe W, Hoppe A, et al. 1999. Rapid identification of nine microorganisms causing acute respiratory tract infections by single-tube multiplex reverse transcription-PCR: feasibility study. J Clin Microbiol 37:1. PUBMED Abstract
17. Stockton J, Ellis JS, Saville M, et al. 1998. Multiplex PCR for typing and subtyping influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses. J Clin Microbiol 36:2990. PUBMED Abstract
18. Carvalho R, Passos LM, Martins AS. 2000. Development of a differential multiplex PCR assay for equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 as a diagnostic tool. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 47:351. PUBMED Abstract
19. Druce J, Catton M, Chibo D, et al. 2002. Utility of a multiplex PCR assay for detecting herpesvirus DNA in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 40:1728. PUBMED Abstract
20. Varrasso A, Dynon K, Ficorilli N, et al. 2001. Identification of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 by polymerase chain reaction. Aust Vet J 79:563. PUBMED Abstract
21. Reubel GH, Crabb BS, Studdert MJ. 1995. Diagnosis of equine gammaherpesvirus 2 and 5 infections by polymerase chain reaction. Arch Virol 140:1049. PUBMED Abstract
22. Elia G, Decaro N, Martella V, et al. 2006. Detection of equine herpesvirus type 1 by real time PCR. J Virol Methods 133:70. PUBMED Abstract
23. Pusterla N, Madigan JE, Leutenegger CM. 2006. Real-time polymerase chain reaction: a novel molecular diagnostic tool for equine infectious diseases. J Vet Intern Med 20:3. PUBMED Abstract
24. Quinlivan M, Dempsey E, Ryan F, et al. 2005. Real-time reverse transcription PCR for detection and quantitative analysis of equine influenza virus. J Clin Microbiol 43:5055. PUBMED Abstract
25. Rees WA, Harkins JD, Lu M, et al. 1999. Pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of rimantadine in horses experimentally infected with influenza virus A2. Am J Vet Res 60:888. PUBMED Abstract
26. Wingfield WL, Pollack D, Grunert RR. 1969. Therapeutic efficacy of amantadine HCl and rimantadine HCl in naturally occurring influenza A2 respiratory illness in man. N Engl J Med 281:579. PUBMED Abstract
27. Hayden FG, Belshe RB, Clover RD, et al. 1989. Emergence and apparent transmission of rimantadine-resistant influenza A virus in families. N Engl J Med 321:1696. PUBMED Abstract
28. Sweet C, Hayden FG, Jakeman KJ, et al. 1991. Virulence of rimantadine-resistant human influenza A (H3N2) viruses in ferrets. J Infect Dis 164:969. PUBMED Abstract
29. Webster RG, Kawaoka Y, Bean WJ. 1986. Vaccination as a strategy to reduce the emergence of amantadine- and rimantadine-resistant strains of A/Chick/Pennsylvania/83 (H5N2) influenza virus. J Antimicrob Chemother 18 Suppl B:157. PUBMED Abstract
30. Rees WA, Harkins JD, Woods WE, et al. 1997. Amantadine and equine influenza: pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and neurological effects in the horse [see comment]. Equine Vet J 29:104. PUBMED Abstract
31. Yamanaka T, Tsujimura K, Kondo T, et al. 2006. Efficacy of oseltamivir phosphate to horses inoculated with equine influenza A virus. J Vet Med Sci 68:923. PUBMED Abstract
32. Cheng PK, To AP, Leung TW, et al. 2009. Oseltamivir- and amantadine-resistant influenza virus A (H1N1). Emerg Infect Dis 16:155.
33. Dharan NJ, Gubareva LV, Meyer JJ, et al. 2009. Infections with oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1) virus in the United States. JAMA 301:1034. PUBMED Abstract
34. Patel A, Gorman SE. 2009. Stockpiling antiviral drugs for the next influenza pandemic. Clin Pharmacol Ther 86:241. PUBMED Abstract
35. de la Fuente R, Awan AR, Field HJ. 1992. The acyclic nucleoside analogue penciclovir is a potent inhibitor of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) in tissue culture and in a murine model. Antiviral Res 18:77. PUBMED Abstract
36. Tearle JP, Smith KC, Platt AJ, et al. 2003. In vitro characterisation of high and low virulence isolates of equine herpesvirus-1 and -4. Res Vet Sci 75:83. PUBMED Abstract
37. Garré B, van der Meulen K, Nugent J, et al. 2007. In vitro susceptibility of six isolates of equine herpesvirus 1 to acyclovir, ganciclovir, cidofovir, adefovir, PMEDAP and foscarnet. Vet Microbiol 122:43. PUBMED Abstract
38. Glorieux S, Vandekerckhove AP, Goris N, et al. 2012. Evaluation of the antiviral activity of (1'S,2'R)-9-[[1',2'-bis(hydroxymethyl)cycloprop-1'-yl]methyl]guanine (A-5021) against equine herpesvirus type 1 in cell monolayers and equine nasal mucosal explants. Antiviral Res 93:234. PUBMED Abstract
39. Friday PA, Scarratt WK, Elvinger F, et al. 2000. Ataxia and paresis with equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in a herd of riding school horses. J Vet Intern Med 14:197. PUBMED Abstract
40. Murray MJ, del Piero F, Jeffrey SC, et al. 1998. Neonatal equine herpesvirus type 1 infection on a thoroughbred breeding farm. J Vet Intern Med 12:36. PUBMED Abstract
41. Wilkins P, Henninger R, Reed S, et al. 2003. Acyclovir as treatment for EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Nov 21-25, New Orleans, LA.
42. Wilkins PA, Papich M, Sweeney RW. 2005. Acyclovir pharmacokinetics in adult horses. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 15:174.
43. Maxwell LK, Bentz BG, Gilliam LL, et al. 2008. Efficacy of valacyclovir against clinical disease after EHV-1 challenge in aged mares. Proceedings of the 54th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Dec 6-10, San Diego, CA.
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45. Mumford EL, Traub-Dargatz J, Carman J, et al. 2003. Occurrence of infectious upper respiratory tract disease and response to vaccination in horses on six sentinel premises in northern Colorado. Equine Vet J 35:72. PUBMED Abstract
46. Sherman J, Mitchell WR, Martin SW, et al. 1979. Epidemiology of equine upper respiratory tract disease on Standardbred racetracks. Can J Comp Med 43:1. PUBMED Abstract
47. Alexander DJ, Brown IH. 2000. Recent zoonoses caused by influenza A viruses. Rev Sci Tech 19:197. PUBMED Abstract
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203. Huang J, Ficorilli N, Hartley CA, et al. 2001. Equine rhinitis B virus: a new serotype. J Gen Virol 82:2641. PUBMED Abstract
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205. Burrell MH, Wood JLN, Whitwell KE, et al. 1996. Respiratory disease in thoroughbred horses in training: the relationships between disease and viruses, bacteria and environment. Vet Rec 139:308. PUBMED Abstract
206. Plummer G, Kerry JB. 1962. Studies on an equine respiratory virus. Vet Rec 74:967.
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208. Lynch SE, Gilkerson JR, Symes SJ, et al. 2013. Persistence and chronic urinary shedding of the aphthovirus equine rhinitis A virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 36:95. PUBMED Abstract
209. Warner S, Hartley CA, Stevenson RA, et al. 2001. Evidence that equine rhinitis A virus VP1 is a target of neutralizing antibodies and participates directly in receptor binding. J Virol 75:9274. PUBMED Abstract
210. Gonçalves MA, de Vries AA. 2006. Adenovirus: from foe to friend. Rev Med Virol 16:167. PUBMED Abstract
211. Pelzoldl K, Schmidt R. 1971. Isolation of adenovirus particles from a horse. Arch ges Virusforsch 35:392.
212. Harden TJ, Pascoe RR, Spradbrow PB. 1972. Isolation of an adenovirus from an Arab foal. Aust Vet J 48:478. PUBMED Abstract
213. Wilks CR, Studdert MJ. 1972. Isolation of an equine adenovirus. Aust Vet J 48:580. PUBMED Abstract
214. McChesney AE, England JJ, Rich LJ. 1973. Adenoviral infection in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 162:545. PUBMED Abstract
215. Dutta SK. 1975. Isolation and characterization of an adenovirus and isolation of its adenovirus-associated virus in cell culture from foals with respiratory tract disease. Am J Vet Res 36:247. PUBMED Abstract
216. Thompson DB, Spradbrow PB, Studdert MJ. 1976. Isolation of an adenovirus from an Arab foal with a combined immunodeficiency disease. Aust Vet J 51:435. PUBMED Abstract
217. McGuire TC, Poppie MJ. 1973. Hypogammaglobulinemia and thymic hypoplasia in horses: a primary combined immunodeficiency disorder. Infect Immun 8:272. PUBMED Abstract
218. McGuire TC, Poppie MJ, Banks KL. 1974. Combined (B- and T-lymphocyte) immunodeficiency: a fatal genetic disease in Arabian foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 164:70. PUBMED Abstract
219. Gleeson LJ, Studdert MJ, Sullivan ND. 1978. Pathogenicity and immunologic studies of equine adenovirus in specific-pathogen-free foals. Am J Vet Res 39:1636. PUBMED Abstract
220. McChesney AE, England JJ, Adcock JF. 1970. Adenovirus infection in suckling Arabian foals. Pathol Vet 7:547. PUBMED Abstract
221. Powell DG, Burrows R, Goodridge D. 1974. Respiratory viral infections among Thoroughbred horses in training during 1972. Equine Vet J 6:19. PUBMED Abstract
222. Studdert MJ, Blackney MH. 1982. Isolation of an adenovirus antigenically distinct from equine adenovirus type 1 from diarrheic foal feces. Am J Vet Res 43:543. PUBMED Abstract
223. Todd JD. 1969. Comments on rhinoviruses and parainfluenza viruses of horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:387. PUBMED Abstract
224. Studdert MJ, Wilks CR, Coggins L. 1974. Antigenic comparisons and serologic survey of equine adenoviruses. Am J Vet Res 35:693. PUBMED Abstract
225. De Boer GF, Osterhaus AD, van Oirschot JT, et al. 1979. Prevalence of antibodies to equine viruses in the Netherlands. Vet Q 1:65. PUBMED Abstract
226. Harden TJ, Pascoe RR, Spradbrow PB, et al. 1974. The prevalence of antibodies to adenovirus in horses from Queensland and New South Wales. Aust Vet J 50:477. PUBMED Abstract
227. Obi TU, Taylor WP. 1984. Serological survey of adenovirus antibodies in domestic animals in Nigeria. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 7:63. PUBMED Abstract
228. Darbyshire JH, Pereira HG. 1964. An adenovirus precipitating antibody present in some sera of different animal species and its association with bovine respiratory disease. Nature 201:895. PUBMED Abstract
229. Rose MA, Hopes R, Rossdale PD, et al. 1974. Virus infections of horses at Newmarket, 1972 and 1973. Vet Rec 95:484. PUBMED Abstract
230. Pascoe RR, Harden TJ. 1973. Experimental infection of a horse with an equine adenovirus. Aust Vet J 50:278. PUBMED Abstract
231. McChesney AE, England JJ. 1975. Adenoviral infection in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:83. PUBMED Abstract
232. McChesney AE, England JJ, Whiteman CE, et al. 1974. Experimental transmission of equine adenovirus in Arabian and Non-Arabian foals. Am J Vet Res 35:1015. PUBMED Abstract
233. Whitlock RH, Dellers RW, Shively JN. 1975. Adenoviral pneumonia in a foal. Cornell Vet 65:393. PUBMED Abstract
234. Murray K, Selleck P, Hooper P, et al. 1995. A morbillivirus that caused fatal disease in horses and humans. Science 268:94. PUBMED Abstract
235. Clayton BA, Wang LF, Marsh GA. 2013. Henipaviruses: an updated review focusing on the pteropid reservoir and features of transmission. Zoonoses Public Health 60:69. PUBMED Abstract
236. Field H, Crameri G, Kung NY-H, et al. 2012. Ecological aspects of Hendra virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 359:11. PUBMED Abstract
237. Daniels P, Ksiazek T, Eaton BT. 2001. Laboratory diagnosis of Nipah and Hendra virus infections. Microbes Infect 3:289. PUBMED Abstract
238. Hyatt AD, Selleck PW. 1996. Ultrastructure of equine morbillivirus. Virus Res 43:1. PUBMED Abstract
239. Westbury HA. 2000. Hendra virus disease in horses. Rev Sci Tech 19:151. PUBMED Abstract
240. Westbury HA, Hooper PT, Brouwer SL, et al. 1995. Susceptibility of cats to equine morbillivirus. Aust Vet J 72:278.
241. Westbury HA, Hooper PT, Selleck PW, et al. 1995. Equine morbillivirus pneumonia: susceptibility of laboratory animals to the virus. Aust Vet J 72:278. PUBMED Abstract
242. Young PL, Halpin K, Field H, et al. 1997. Finding the wildlife reservoir of equine morbillivirus, pp 1-12. In Asche V (ed), Recent advances in microbiology, vol. 5.
243. Young PL, Halpin K, Selleck PW, et al. 1996. Serological evidence for the presence in Pteropus bats of a paramyxovirus related to equine morbillivirus. Emerg Infect Dis 2:239. PUBMED Abstract
244. Halpin K, Hyatt AD, Fogarty R, et al. 2011. Pteropid bats are confirmed as the reservoir hosts of henipaviruses: a comprehensive experimental study of virus transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 85:946. PUBMED Abstract
245. Mahalingam S, Herrero LJ, Playford EG, et al. 2012. Hendra virus: an emerging paramyxovirus in Australia. Lancet Infect Dis 12:799. PUBMED Abstract
246. Williamson MM, Hooper PT, Selleck PW, et al. 1998. Transmission studies of Hendra virus (equine morbillivirus) in fruit bats, horses and cats. Aust Vet J 76:813. PUBMED Abstract
247. Playford EG, McCall B, Smith G, et al. 2010. Human Hendra virus encephalitis associated with equine outbreak, Australia, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis 16:219. PUBMED Abstract
248. Wong KT, Robertson T, Ong BB, et al. 2009. Human Hendra virus infection causes acute and relapsing encephalitis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 35:296. PUBMED Abstract
249. Mendez DH, Judd J, Speare R. 2012. Unexpected result of Hendra virus outbreaks for veterinarians. Queensland, Australia, Emerg Infect Dis 18:83. PUBMED Abstract
250. Middleton DJ, Weingartl HM. 2012. Henipaviruses in their natural animal hosts. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 359:105. PUBMED Abstract
251. McCormack JG. 2005. Hendra and Nipah viruses: new zoonotically-acquired human pathogens. Resp Care Clin N Am 11:59. PUBMED Abstract
252. O'Sullivan JD, Allworth AM, Paterson DL, et al. 1997. Fatal encephalitis due to novel paramyxovirus transmitted from horses. Lancet 349:93. PUBMED Abstract
253. Rockx B, Bossart KN, Feldmann F, et al. 2010. A novel model of lethal Hendra virus infection in African green monkeys and the effectiveness of ribavirin treatment. J Virol 84:9831. PUBMED Abstract
254. Defang GN, Khetawat D, Broder CC, et al. 2010. Induction of neutralizing antibodies to Hendra and Nipah glycoproteins using a Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in vivo expression system. Vaccine 29:212. PUBMED Abstract
255. Pallister J, Middleton D, Wang L-F, et al. 2011. A recombinant Hendra virus G glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine protects ferrets from lethal Hendra virus challenge. Vaccine 29:5623. PUBMED Abstract

Equine Lungworm

1. Round MC. 1976. Lungworm infection (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi) of horses and donkeys. Vet Rec 99:393. PUBMED Abstract
2. Nicholls JM, Clayton HM, Duncan JL. 1979. Lungworm (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi) infection in donkeys. Vet Rec 104:567. PUBMED Abstract
3. Clayton HM, Duncan JL. 1981. Natural infection with Dictyocaulus arnfieldi in pony and donkey foals. Res Vet Sci 31:278. PUBMED Abstract
4. Lyons ET, Tolliver SC, Drudge JH, et al. 1985. Lungworms (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi): prevalence in live equids in Kentucky. Am J Vet Res 46:921. PUBMED Abstract
5. George LW, Tanner ML, Roberson EL, et al. 1981. Chronic respiratory disease in a horse infected with Dictyocaulus arnfieldi. J Am Vet Med Ass 179:8:820. PUBMED Abstract
6. MacKay RJ, Urquhart KA. 1979. An outbreak of eosinophilic bronchitis on horses possibly associated with Dictyocaulus arnfieldi infection. Equine Vet J 11:110. PUBMED Abstract
7. Lyons ET, Tolliver SC, Drudge JH, et al. 1985. Parasites in lungs of dead equids in Kentucky: emphasis on Dictyocaulus arnfieldi. Am J Vet Res 46:4:924. PUBMED Abstract
8. Urquhart GM, Armour J, Duncan JL, et al. 1996. Veterinary parasitology, ed 2, pp 35-41. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, UK.
9. Britt DP, Preston JM. 1985. Efficacy of Ivermectin against Dictyocaulus arnfieldi in ponies. Vet Rec 116:343. PUBMED Abstract
10. Dixon PM, Railton DI, McGorum BC. 1995. Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 2: Details of animals and of historical and clinical findings. Equine Vet J 27:422. PUBMED Abstract
11. McGorum BC, Dixon PM, Robinson NE, et al. 2007. Equine respiratory medicine and surgery, ed 1, pp 139-140. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
12. Clayton HM, Trawford AF. 1981. Anthelmintic control of lungworm in donkeys. Equine Vet J 13:192. PUBMED Abstract
13. Jorgensen RJ, Andersen S. 1984. Spread of equine lungworm (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi) larvae from faeces by Pilobolus fungi. Nord Vet Med 36:162. PUBMED Abstract
14. Dixon PM, Railton DI, McGorum BC. 1995. Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 3: Ancillary diagnostic findings. Equine Vet J 27:428. PUBMED Abstract
15. Bain FT. 1997. Cytology of the respiratory tract. Vet Clin N Am Equine Pract 13:477. PUBMED Abstract
16. Hoffman AM. 2008. Bronchoalveolar lavage: sampling technique and guidelines for cytologic preparation and interpretation. Vet Clin N Am Equine Pract 24:423. PUBMED Abstract
17. Whitwell KE, Greet TRC. 1984. Collection and evaluation of tracheobronchial washes in the horse. Equine Vet J 16:499. PUBMED Abstract
18. Dixon PM, McGorum BC, Long KJ, et al. 1992. Acute eosinophilic interstitial pulmonary disease in a pony. Vet Rec 130:367. PUBMED Abstract
19. Couëtil LL, Hoffman AM, Hodgson J, et al. 2007. Inflammatory airway disease of horses. J Vet Intern Med 21:356. PUBMED Abstract
20. Dixon PM, Railton DI, McGorum BC. 1995. Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 4: Treatments and re-examination findings. Equine Vet J 27:436. PUBMED Abstract
21. Urch DL, Allen WR. 1980. Studies on fenbendazole for treating lung and intestinal parasites in horses and donkeys. Equine Vet J 12:74. PUBMED Abstract
22. Coles GC, Hillyer MH, Taylor FGR. 1998. Activity of moxidectin against bots and lungworm in equids. Vet Rec 143:169. PUBMED Abstract
23. Clayton HM, Neave RMS. 1979. Efficacy of mebendazole against Dictyocaulus arnfieldi in the donkey. Vet Rec 104:571. PUBMED Abstract
24. Veneziano V, Di Loria A, Masucci R, et al. 2011. Efficacy of eprinomectin pour-on against Dictyocaulus arnfieldi infection in donkeys (Equus asinus). Vet J 190:414. PUBMED Abstract
25. Gokbulut C, Di Loria A, Gunay N, et al. 2011. Plasma disposition, concentration in hair, and anthelmintic efficacy of eprinomectin after topical administration in donkeys. Am J Vet Res 72:1639. PUBMED Abstract
26. Nicholls JM, Duncan JL, Greig WA. 1978. Lungworm (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi) infection in the horse. Vet Rec 102:216. PUBMED Abstract

Thoracic Trauma

1. Holcombe SJ, Laverty S. 1999. Thoracic trauma, pp 382-385. In Auer JA, Stick JA (eds), Equine surgery, ed 2. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
2. Hassel DM. 2007. Thoracic trauma in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 23:67. PUBMED Abstract
3. Hanson RR. 2008. Complications of equine wound management and dermatologic surgery. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 24:663. PUBMED Abstract
4. Speirs VC, Boulton CH. 1992. Lower respiratory system, pp 496-506. In Auer JA (ed), Equine surgery. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
5. Beech J. 1991. Miscellaneous lung and pleural injuries, pp 215-222. In Beech J (ed), Equine respiratory disorders. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
6. Perkins G, Ainsworth DM, Yeager A. 1999. Hemothorax in 2 horses. J Vet Intern Med 13:375. PUBMED Abstract
7. Frederick J, Giguère S, Butterworth K, et al. 2010. Severe phenylephrine-associated hemorrhage in five aged horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 237:830. PUBMED Abstract
8. Lamb CR, O'Callaghan MW. 1989. Diagnostic imaging of equine pulmonary disease. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 11:110.
9. Reef VB. 1998. Thoracic ultrasonography: noncardiac imaging, pp 187-214. In Reef VB (ed), Equine diagnostic ultrasound. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
10. Wilkins PA. 2003. Lower airway diseases of the adult horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 19:101. PUBMED Abstract
11. Boy MG, Sweeney CR. 2000. Pneumothorax in horses: 40 cases (1980-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:1955. PUBMED Abstract
12. Laverty S, Lavoie JP, Pascoe JR, et al. 1996. Penetrating wounds of the thorax in 15 horses. Equine Vet J 28:220.
13. Hance SR, Robertson JT. 1992. Subcutaneous emphysema from an axillary wound that resulted in pneumomediastinum and bilateral pneumothorax in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1107. PUBMED Abstract
14. Krameck BA, Caywood DD. 1987. Pneumothorax. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 17:285. PUBMED Abstract
15. Peroni JF, Robinson NE, Stick JA, et al. 2000. Pleuropulmonary and cardiovascular consequences of thoracoscopy performed in healthy standing horses. Equine Vet J 32:280. PUBMED Abstract
16. Dahlberg JA, Ross MW, Martin BB, et al. 2011. Clinical relevance of abnormal scintigraphic findings of adult equine ribs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 52:573. PUBMED Abstract
17. Jean D, Laverty S, Halley J, et al. 1999. Thoracic trauma in newborn foals. Equine Vet J 31:149. PUBMED Abstract
18. Schambourg MA, Laverty S, Mullim S, et al. 2003. Thoracic trauma in foals: post mortem findings. Equine Vet J 35:78. PUBMED Abstract
19. Harrison L. 1995. Equine fracture cases. Equine Dis Quart 3.
20. Kraus BM, Richardson DW, Sheridan G, et al. 2005. Multiple rib fracture in a neonatal foal using a nylon strand suture repair technique. Vet Surg 34:399. PUBMED Abstract
21. Bellezzo F, Hunt RJ, Provost R, et al. 2004. Surgical repair of rib fractures in 14 neonatal foals: case selection, surgical technique and results. Equine Vet J 36:557. PUBMED Abstract
22. Downs C, Rodgerson D. 2011. The use of nylon cable ties to repair rib fractures in neonatal foals. Can Vet J 52:307. PUBMED Abstract
23. Everett KA, Chaffin MK, Brinsko SP. 1992. Diaphragmatic herniation as a cause of lethargy and exercise intolerance in a mare. Cornell Vet 82:217. PUBMED Abstract
24. Edwards GB. 1993. Diaphragmatic hernia—a diagnostic and surgical challenge. Equine Vet Educ 5:267.
25. Romero AE, Rodgerson DH. 2010. Diaphragmatic herniation in the horse: 31 cases from 2001-2006. Can Vet J 51:1247. PUBMED Abstract
26. Bristol DG. 1986. Diaphragmatic hernias in horses and cattle. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 8:S407.
27. Orsini JA, Koch C, Stewart B. 1981. Peritoneopericardial hernia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:907. PUBMED Abstract
28. Goehring LS, Goodrich LR, Murray MJ. 1999. Tachypnoea associated with a diaphragmatic tear in a horse. Equine Vet J 31:443. PUBMED Abstract
29. Santschi EM, Juzwiak JS, Moll HD, et al. 1997. Diaphragmatic hernia repair in three young horses. Vet Surg 26:242. PUBMED Abstract
30. Roelvink MEJ, van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MMS, Kalsbeek HC. 1993. Chronic diaphragmatic hernia in the horse. Equine Vet Educ 5:255.
31. Hart SK, Brown JA. 2009. Diaphragmatic hernia in horses: 44 cases (1986-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 19:357.

Pulmonary Edema

1. Mellins RB, Stalcup SA. 1983. Pulmonary edema, p 458. In Kendig EL, Chernick V (eds), Disorders of the respiratory tract in children, ed 4. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
2. Kollias-Baker CA, Pipers FS, Heard D, et al. 1993. Pulmonary edema associated with transient airway obstruction in three horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:116. PUBMED Abstract
3. Holbrook TC, Dechant JE, Crowson CL. 2007. Suspected air embolism associated with post-anesthetic pulmonary edema and neurologic sequelae in a horse. Vet Anaesth Analg 34:217. PUBMED Abstract
4. Tute AS, Wilkins PA, Gleed RD, et al. 1996. Negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) as a post-anesthetic complication associated with upper airway obstruction in a horse. Vet Surg 25:519. PUBMED Abstract
5. Kaartinen MJ, Pang DS, Cuvelliez SG. 2010. Post-anesthetic pulmonary edema in two horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 37:136. PUBMED Abstract
6. Veres-Nyéki KO, Graubner C, Aloisio F, et al. 2011. Pulmonary edema at recovery after colic operation with in-situ nasogastric tube in a horse. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 153:401. PUBMED Abstract
7. Hardcastle MR, Pauwels FE, Collett MG. 2012. Clinicopathologic observations on laryngoplasty failure in a horse. Vet Surg 41:649. PUBMED Abstract
8. Tobin T, Roberts BL, Swerczek TW, et al. 1978. The pharmacology of furosemide in the horse. III, Dose and time response relationships, effects of repeated dosing, and performance effects. J Equine Med Surg 2:216.
9. Muir WW, Milne DW, Sharda RT. 1976. Acute haemodynamic effects of furosemide administered intravenously in the horse. Am J Vet Res 37:1177. PUBMED Abstract
10. Dixon PM. 1980. Effects of furosemide on pulmonary arterial pressures of normal horses and horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Equine Vet J 12:28. PUBMED Abstract
11. Hinchcliff KW, Muir WW. 1991. Pharmacology of furosemide: a review. J Vet Intern Med 5:211. PUBMED Abstract
12. Milne DW, Gabel AA, Muir WW, et al. 1980. Effects of furosemide on cardiovascular function and performance when given before simulated races: a double blind study. Am J Vet Res 41:1183. PUBMED Abstract
13. Broadstone RV, Robinson NE, Gray PR, et al. 1991. Effects of furosemide on ponies with recurrent airway obstruction. Pulm Pharmacol 4:203. PUBMED Abstract
14. Rubie S, Robinson NE, Stoll M, et al. 1993. Flunixin meglumine blocks frusemide-induced bronchodilation in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Equine Vet J 25:138. PUBMED Abstract

Smoke Inhalation

1. Marsh PS. 2007. Fire and smoke inhalation in horses. Vet Clin Equine 23:19. PUBMED Abstract
2. Toon MH, Maybauer MO, Greenwood JE, et al. 2010. Management of acute smoke inhalation injury. Crit Care Resusc 12:53. PUBMED Abstract
3. Ernst A, Zibrak JD. 1998. Carbon monoxide poisoning. N Engl J Med 339:1603. PUBMED Abstract
4. Geor RJ, Ames TR. 1991. Smoke inhalation injury in horses. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 13:1162.
5. Kirkland KD, Goetz TE, Foreman JH, et al. 1992. Smoke inhalation injury in a pony. Vet Emerg Crit Care 3:83.
6. Murakami K, Tabor DL. 2003. Pathophysiological basis of smoke inhalation injury. News Physiol Sci 18:125. PUBMED Abstract
7. Hanson RR. 2005. Management of burn injuries in the horse. Vet Clin Equine 21:105. PUBMED Abstract
8. Demling RH. 2005. The burn edema process: current concepts. J Burn Care Rehabil 26:207. PUBMED Abstract
9. Sheridan RL. 2002. Burns. Crit Care Med 30:S500. PUBMED Abstract
10. Herndon DN, Tompkins RG. 2004. Support of the metabolic response to burn injury. Lancet 363:1895. PUBMED Abstract
11. Norman TE, Chaffin MK, Johnson MC, et al. 2005. Intravascular hemolysis associated with severe cutaneous burn injuries in five horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:2039. PUBMED Abstract
12. Kemper T, Spier S, Barratt-Boyes SM, et al. 1993. Treatment of smoke inhalation in five horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:91. PUBMED Abstract
13. Manafo WW. 1996. Initial management of burns. N Engl J Med 335:1581. PUBMED Abstract

Recurrent Airway Obstruction

1. Robinson NE. 2001. International Workshop on Equine Chronic Airway Disease, Michigan State University, June 16-18, 2000. Equine Vet J 33:5. PUBMED Abstract
2. Robinson NE, Derksen FJ, Olszewski MA, et al. 1996. The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of horses. Br Vet J 152:283. PUBMED Abstract
3. Ward MP, Couëtil LL. 2005. Climatic and aeroallergen risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in horses. Am J Vet Res 66:811. PUBMED Abstract
4. Omland Ø. 2002. Exposure and respiratory health in farming in temperate zones—a review of the literature. Ann Agric Environ Med 9:119. PUBMED Abstract
5. McGorum BC. 2001. Environmental factors as aetiological agents. Equine Vet J 33:8.
6. Pirie RS, Dixon PM, Collie DDS, et al. 2001. Pulmonary and systemic effects of inhaled endotoxin in control and heaves horses. Equine Vet J 33:311. PUBMED Abstract
7. Pirie RS, Collie DDS, Dixon PM, et al. 2003. Inhaled endotoxin and organic dust particulates have synergistic proinflammatory effects in equine heaves (organic dust-induced asthma). Clin Exp Allergy 33:676. PUBMED Abstract
8. McPherson EA, Lawson GHK, Murphy JR, et al. 1979. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in horses. Aetiological studies: response to intradermal and inhalation antigenic challenge. Equine Vet J 11:159. PUBMED Abstract
9. Derksen FJ, Robinson NE, Scott JS, et al. 1988. Aerosolized Micropolyspora faeni antigen as a cause of pulmonary dysfunction in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Am J Vet Res 49:933. PUBMED Abstract
10. McGorum BC, Dixon PM, Halliwell RE. 1993. Responses of horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to inhalation challenges with mould antigens. Equine Vet J 25:261. PUBMED Abstract
11. Pirie RS, McLachlan G, McGorum BC. 2002. Evaluation of nebulised hay dust suspensions (HDS) for the diagnosis and investigation of heaves. 1: Preparation and composition of HDS. Equine Vet J 34:332. PUBMED Abstract
12. Pirie RS, Collie DDS, Dixon PM, et al. 2002. Evaluation of nebulised hay dust suspensions (HDS) for the diagnosis and investigation of heaves. 2: Effects of inhaled HDS on control and heaves horses. Equine Vet J 34:337.
13. Pirie RS, Dixon PM, McGorum BC. 2002. Evaluation of nebulised hay dust suspensions (HDS) for the diagnosis and investigation of heaves. 3: Effect of fractionation of HDS. Equine Vet J 34:343. PUBMED Abstract
14. Pirie RS, Dixon PM, McGorum BC. 2003. Endotoxin contamination contributes to the pulmonary inflammatory and functional response to Aspergillus fumigatus extract inhalation in heaves horses. Clin Exp Allergy 33:1289. PUBMED Abstract
15. Beeler-Marfisi J, Clark ME, Wen X, et al. 2010. Experimental induction of recurrent airway obstruction with inhaled fungal spores, lipopolysaccharide, and silica microspheres in horses. Am J Vet Res 71:682. PUBMED Abstract
16. Fairbairn SM, Page CP, Lees P, et al. 1993. Early neutrophil but not eosinophils or platelet recruitment to the lungs of allergic horses following antigen exposure. Clin Exp Allergy 23:321. PUBMED Abstract
17. Gerber V, Lindberg Å, Berney C, et al. 2004. Airway mucus in recurrent airway obstruction-short-term response to environmental challenge. J Vet Intern Med 18:92. PUBMED Abstract
18. Laan TTJF, Bull S, Pirie RS, et al. 2006. The role of alveolar macrophages in the pathogenesis of recurrent airway obstruction in horses. J Vet Intern Med 20:167. PUBMED Abstract
19. Aharonson-Raz K, Lohmann KL, Townsend HG, et al. 2012. Pulmonary intravascular macrophages as proinflammatory cells in heaves, an asthma-like equine disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 303:L189. PUBMED Abstract
20. Mambula SS, Sau K, Henneke P, et al. 2002. Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in response to Aspergillus fumigatus. J Biol Chem 277:39320. PUBMED Abstract
21. Meier A, Kirschning CJ, Nikolaus T, et al. 2003. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 are essential for Aspergillus-induced activation of murine macrophages. Cell Microbiol 5:561. PUBMED Abstract
22. Braedel S, Radsak M, Einsele H, et al. 2004. Aspergillus fumigatus antigens activate innate immune cells via toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Br J Haematol 125:392. PUBMED Abstract
23. Toussaint M, Fievez L, Desmet CJ, et al. 2012. Increased hypoxia-induced factor 1alpha expression in lung cells of horses with recurrent airway obstruction. BMC Vet Res 8:64. PUBMED Abstract
24. Joubert P, Cordeau ME, Lavoie JP. 2011. Cytokine mRNA expression of pulmonary macrophages varies with challenge but not with disease state in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopath 142:236. PUBMED Abstract
25. Franchini M, Gill U, von Fellenberg R, et al. 2000. Interleukin-8 concentration and neutrophil chemotactic activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease following exposure to hay. Am J Vet Res 61:1369.
26. Giguère S, Viel L, Lee E, et al. 2002. Cytokine induction in pulmonary airways of horses with heaves and effect of therapy with inhaled fluticasone propionate. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 85:147. PUBMED Abstract
27. Ainsworth DM, Grünig G, Matychak MB, et al. 2003. Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses is characterized by IFN-γ and IL-8 production in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 96:83. PUBMED Abstract
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174. Robinson NE, Berney C, Behan A, et al. 2009. Fluticasone propionate aerosol is more effective for prevention and treatment of recurrent airway obstruction. J Vet Intern Med 23:1247. PUBMED Abstract
175. Lapointe JM, Lavoie JP, Vrins AA. 1993. Effects of triamcinolone acetonide on pulmonary function and bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic features in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Vet Res 54:1310. PUBMED Abstract
176. Picandet V, Léguillette R, Lavoie JP. 2003. Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of isoflupredone and dexamethasone in the treatment of horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction (“heaves”). Equine Vet J 35:419. PUBMED Abstract
177. Laan TTJM, Westermann CM, Dijkstra AV, et al. 2004. Biological availability of inhaled fluticasone propionate in horses. Vet Rec 155:361. PUBMED Abstract
178. Dauvillier J, Felippe MJB, Lunn DP, et al. 2011. Effect of long-term fluticasone treatment on immune function in horses with heaves. J Vet Intern Med 25:549. PUBMED Abstract
179. Rush BR, Raub ES, Thomsen MM. 2000. Pulmonary function and adrenal gland suppression with incremental doses of aerosolized beclomethasone dipropionate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:359. PUBMED Abstract
180. Rush BR, Hoskinson JJ, Davis EG, et al. 1999. Pulmonary distribution of aerosolized technetium TC 99m pentetate after administration of a single dose of aerosolized albuterol sulfate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res 60:764. PUBMED Abstract
181. Rush BR, Worster AA, Flaminio MJ, et al. 1998. Alteration in adrenocortical function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively. Am J Vet Res 8:1044. PUBMED Abstract
182. Wilson DV, Schott HC, Robinson NE, et al. 2006. Response to nasopharyngeal oxygen administration in horses with lung disease. Equine Vet J 38:219. PUBMED Abstract
183. Broadstone RV, Robinson NE, Gray PR, et al. 1991. Effects of furosemide on ponies with recurrent airway obstruction. Pulm Pharmacol 4:203. PUBMED Abstract
184. Rubie S, Robinson NE, Stoll M, et al. 1993. Flunixin meglumine blocks frusemide-induced bronchodilation in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Equine Vet J 25:138. PUBMED Abstract
185. Wilson DV, Lankenau C, Berney CE, et al. 2004. The effects of a single acupuncture treatment in horses with severe recurrent airway obstruction. Equine Vet J 36:489. PUBMED Abstract
186. Van den Hoven R, Zappe H, Zitterl-Eglseer K, et al. 2003. Study of the effect of Bronchipret on the lung function of five Austrian saddle horses suffering recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Vet Rec 152:555. PUBMED Abstract
187. Jean D, Vrins A, Lavoie JP. 2004. Respiratory and metabolic effects of massive administration of isotonic saline solution in heaves-affected and control horses. Equine Vet J 36:628. PUBMED Abstract
188. Wilson ME, Berney C, Behan AL, et al. 2012. The effect of intravenous lidocaine infusion on bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in equine recurrent airway obstruction. J Vet Intern Med 26:1427. PUBMED Abstract
189. Goncarovs KO, Miskovic-Feutz M, Perez-Moreno C, et al. 2010. Efficacy and safety of sound wave treatment of recurrent airway obstruction in horse. J Vet Intern Med 24:1503. PUBMED Abstract

Summer Pasture–Associated Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

1. Seahorn T, Beadle R. 1993. Summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease in horses: 21 cases (1983-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:779. PUBMED Abstract
2. Costa LLR, Johnson JR, Baur ME, et al. 2006. Temporal clinical exacerbation of summer pasture-associated recurrent airway obstruction and relationship with climate and aeroallergens in horses. Am J Vet Res 67:1635. PUBMED Abstract
3. Dixon PM, McGorum BC. 1990. Pasture associated seasonal respiratory disease in 2 horses. Vet Rec 126:9. PUBMED Abstract
4. McGorum BC, Dixon PM. 1999. Summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD): an update. Equine Vet Educ 11:121.
5. Mair TS. 1996. Obstructive pulmonary disease in 18 horses at summer pasture. Vet Rec 138:89. PUBMED Abstract
6. Seahorn TL, RE Beadle RE, McGorum BC, et al. 1997. Quantification of antigen-specific antibody concentrations in tracheal lavage fluid of horses with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Vet Res 58:1408.
7. Beadle RE, Horohov DW, Gaunt SD. 2002. Interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma gene expression in summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease affected horses. Equine Vet J 34:389. PUBMED Abstract
8. Horohov DW, Beadle RE, Mouch S, et al. 2005. Temporal regulation of cytokine mRNA expression in equine recurrent airway obstruction. Vet Immunol Immunopath 108:237. PUBMED Abstract
9. Venugopal CS, Mendes LCN, Peiró JR, et al. 2010. Transcriptional changes associated with recurrent airway obstruction in affected and unaffected horses. Am J Vet Res 71:476. PUBMED Abstract
10. Costa LRR, Seahorn TL, Moore RM, et al. 2000. Correlation of clinical score, intrapleural pressure, cytologic findings of bronchoalveolar fluid and histopathologic lesions of pulmonary tissue in horses with summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Vet Res 61:167.
11. Polikepahad S, Paulsen DB, Moore RB, et al. 2006. Immunohistochemical determination of the expression of endothelin receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and epithelium of healthy horses and horses affected by summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Vet Res 67:348.
12. Costa LRR, Eades SC, Venugopal CS, et al. 2009. Plasma and pulmonary fluid endothelin in horses with seasonal recurrent airway obstruction. J Vet Intern Med 23:1239. PUBMED Abstract
13. Seahorn TL, Groves MG, Harrington KS, et al. 1996. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in horses in Louisiana. J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:248. PUBMED Abstract

Inflammatory Airway Disease in the Horse

1. Robinson NE. 2001. International workshop on equine chronic airway disease. Michigan State University 16-18 June 2000. Equine Vet J 33:5. PUBMED Abstract
2. Viel L. 1997. Small airway disease as a vanguard for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:549. PUBMED Abstract
3. Hare JE, Viel L. 1998. Pulmonary eosinophilia associated with increased airway responsiveness in young racing horses. J Vet Intern Med 12:163. PUBMED Abstract
4. Hoffman AM, Mazan MR, Ellenberg S. 1998. Association between bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic features and airway reactivity in horses with a history of exercise intolerance. Am J Vet Res 59:176. PUBMED Abstract
5. Couëtil LL, Rosenthal FS, DeNicola DB, et al. 2001. Clinical signs, evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and assessment of pulmonary function in horses with inflammatory respiratory disease. Am J Vet Res 62:538. PUBMED Abstract
6. Moore BR, Krakowka S, Robertson JT, et al. 1995. Cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from standardbred racehorses with inflammatory airway disease. Am J Vet Res 56:562. PUBMED Abstract
7. Fogarty U, Buckley T. 1991. Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in horses with exercise intolerance. Equine Vet J 23:434. PUBMED Abstract
8. Vrins A, Doucet M, Nunez-Ochoa L. 1991. A retrospective study of bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in horses with clinical findings of small airway disease. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 38:472. PUBMED Abstract
9. Hare JE, Viel L, O'Byrne PM, et al. 1994. Effect of sodium cromoglycate on light racehorses with elevated metachromatic cell numbers on bronchoalveolar lavage and reduced exercise tolerance. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 17:237. PUBMED Abstract
10. Morris E. 1991. Application of clinical exercise testing for identification of respiratory fitness and disease in the equine athlete. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 7:383. PUBMED Abstract
11. Dixon PM, Railton DI, McGorum BC. 1995. Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 2: Details of animals and of historical and clinical findings. Equine Vet J 27:422. PUBMED Abstract
12. Klein HJ, Deegen E. 1986. Histamine inhalation provocation test: method to identify nonspecific airway reactivity in equids. Am J Vet Res 47:1796. PUBMED Abstract
13. Hoffman A, Robinson N, Wade J. 2003. Proceedings of a workshop on inflammatory airway disease: defining the syndrome, Sept 30-Oct 3, 2002, Boston, MA. R&W Publications, Newmarket, UK.
14. MacNamara B, Bauer S, Iafe J. 1990. Endoscopic evaluation of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in association with poor performance in racing standardbreds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:443. PUBMED Abstract
15. Sweeney CR, Humber KA, Roby KA. 1992. Cytologic findings of tracheobronchial aspirates from 66 thoroughbred racehorses. Am J Vet Res 53:1172. PUBMED Abstract
16. Chapman PS, Green C, Main JP, et al. 2000. Retrospective study of the relationships between age, inflammation and the isolation of bacteria from the lower respiratory tract of thoroughbred horses. Vet Rec 146:91. PUBMED Abstract
17. Winder NC, von Fellenberg R. 1988. Chronic small airway disease in the horse: immunohistochemical evaluation of lungs with mild, moderate and severe lesions. Vet Rec 122:181. PUBMED Abstract
18. Mills PC, Roberts CA, Smith NC. 1996. Effects of ozone and airway inflammation on glutathione status and iron homeostasis in the lungs of horses. Am J Vet Res 57:1359. PUBMED Abstract
19. Bracher V, von Fellenberg R, Winder CN, et al. 1991. An investigation of the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in random populations of Swiss horses. Equine Vet J 23:136. PUBMED Abstract
20. Robinson NE, Olszewski MA, Boehler D, et al. 2000. Relationship between clinical signs and lung function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) during a bronchodilator trial. Equine Vet J 32:393. PUBMED Abstract
21. Christley RM, Rose RJ, Hodgson DR, et al. 2000. Attitudes of Australian veterinarians about the cause and treatment of lower-respiratory-tract disease in racehorses. Prev Vet Med 46:149. PUBMED Abstract
22. Mazan M, Hoffman A, Macordes B. 2002. Inflammatory airway disease: the clinical picture and effect of discipline. Proceedings of a Workshop on Inflammatory Airway Disease: Defining the Syndrome. R&W Publications, Newmarket, UK.
23. Burrell MH, Wood JL, Whitwell KE, et al. 1996. Respiratory disease in thoroughbred horses in training: the relationships between disease and viruses, bacteria and environment. Vet Rec 139:308. PUBMED Abstract
24. Courouce-Malblanc A, Deniau V, Rossignol F, et al. 2010. Physiological measurements and prevalence of lower airway diseases in trotters with dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Equine Vet J 38(suppl):246. PUBMED Abstract
25. Allen KJ, Tremaine WH, Franklin SH. 2006. Prevalence of inflammatory airway disease in national hunt horses referred for investigation of poor athletic performance. Equine Vet J 36(suppl):529. PUBMED Abstract
26. Wilsher S, Allen WR, Wood JL. 2006. Factors associated with failure of thoroughbred horses to train and race. Equine Vet J 38:113. PUBMED Abstract
27. Nyman G, Lindberg R, Weckner D, et al. 1991. Pulmonary gas exchange correlated to clinical signs and lung pathology in horses with chronic bronchiolitis. Equine Vet J 23:253. PUBMED Abstract
28. Couëtil LL, Denicola DB. 1999. Blood gas, plasma lactate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology analyses in racehorses with respiratory disease. Equine Vet J 30(suppl):77. PUBMED Abstract
29. Courouce-Malblanc A, Pronost S, Fortier G, et al. 2002. Physiological measurements and upper and lower respiratory tract evaluation in French standardbred trotters during a standardised exercise test on the treadmill. Equine Vet J 34(suppl):402.
30. Robinson NE, Karmaus W, Holcombe SJ, et al. 2006. Airway inflammation in Michigan pleasure horses: prevalence and risk factors. Equine Vet J 38:293. PUBMED Abstract
31. Dixon PM, Railton DI, McGorum BC. 1995. Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 2: Details of animals and of historical and clinical findings. Equine Vet J 27:422. PUBMED Abstract
32. Martin BB Jr, Beech J, Parente EJ. 1999. Cytologic examination of specimens obtained by means of tracheal washes performed before and after high-speed treadmill exercise in horses with a history of poor performance. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:673. PUBMED Abstract
33. Derksen FJ, Brown CM, Sonea I, et al. 1989. Comparison of transtracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage cytology in 50 horses with chronic lung disease. Equine Vet J 21:23. PUBMED Abstract
34. Viel L, Hewson J, Parsons D. 2001. Tracheal aspirate and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell differentials in poor performance racing horses. Proceedings of the 18th Symposium of the Comparative Respiratory Society, Jul 19-23, Edinburgh, Scotland.
35. O'Callaghan MW, Pascoe JR, O'Brien TR, et al. 1987. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. VI. Radiological/pathological correlations. Equine Vet J 19:419. PUBMED Abstract
36. Lakritz J, Wisner ER, Finucane T, et al. 1995. Morphologic and morphometric characterization of lung collagen content in clinically normal adult thoroughbreds in race training. Am J Vet Res 56:11. PUBMED Abstract
37. Kaup FJ, Drommer W, Damsch S, et al. 1990. Ultrastructural findings in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). II: Pathomorphological changes of the terminal airways and the alveolar region. Equine Vet J 22:349. PUBMED Abstract
38. Derksen FJ, Scott JS, Miller DC, et al. 1985. Bronchoalveolar lavage in ponies with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Am Rev Respir Dis 132:1066. PUBMED Abstract
39. van Noord JA, Clement J, van de Woestijne KP, et al. 1989. Total respiratory resistance and reactance as a measurement of response to bronchial challenge with histamine. Am Rev Respir Dis 139:921. PUBMED Abstract
40. Hoffman AM, Mazan MR. 1999. Programme of lung function testing horses with suspected small airway disease. Equine Vet Educ 11:322. PUBMED Abstract
41. Richard EA, Fortier GD, Denoix JM, et al. 2009. Influence of subclinical inflammatory airway disease on equine respiratory function evaluated by impulse oscillometry. Equine Vet J 41:384. PUBMED Abstract
42. Pirrone F, Albertini M, Clement MG, et al. 2007. Respiratory mechanics in standardbred horses with sub-clinical inflammatory airway disease and poor athletic performance. Vet J 173:144. PUBMED Abstract
43. Doucet MY, Vrins AA, Ford-Hutchinson AW. 1991. Histamine inhalation challenge in normal horses and in horses with small airway disease. Can J Vet Res 55:285. PUBMED Abstract
44. Wiggs BR, Bosken C, Pare PD, et al. 1992. A model of airway narrowing in asthma and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 145:1251. PUBMED Abstract
45. Hoffman AM. 1998. Elevated leukotriene C4 in BAL fluid from horses with cough and exercise intolerance, p 25. Proceedings of the World Equine Airways Symposium.
46. Laprise C, Laviolette M, Boutet M, et al. 1999. Asymptomatic airway hyperresponsiveness: relationships with airway inflammation and remodelling. Eur Respir J 14:63. PUBMED Abstract
47. Hoffman AM, Viel L, McDonell WN. 1992. Airway hyperresponsiveness in ponies following naturally acquired influenza infection. Am Rev Respir Dis 145:432A.
48. Mazan MR, Vin R, Hoffman AM. 2005. Radiographic scoring lacks predictive value in inflammatory airway disease. Equine Vet J 37:541. PUBMED Abstract
49. Holcombe SJ, Jackson C, Gerber V, et al. 2001. Stabling is associated with airway inflammation in young Arabian horses. Equine Vet J 33:244. PUBMED Abstract
50. Berndt A, Derksen FJ, Edward Robinson N. 2010. Endotoxin concentrations within the breathing zone of horses are higher in stables than on pasture. Vet J 183:54. PUBMED Abstract
51. Woods P, Robinson NE, Swanson MC. 1993. Airborne dust and aeroallergen concentration in a horse stable under two different management systems. Equine Vet J 25:208. PUBMED Abstract
52. Ghio AJ, Mazan MR, Hoffman AM, et al. 2006. Correlates between human lung injury after particle exposure and recurrent airway obstruction in the horse. Equine Vet J 38:362. PUBMED Abstract
53. Pirie RS, Dixon PM, Collie DD, et al. 2001. Pulmonary and systemic effects of inhaled endotoxin in control and heaves horses. Equine Vet J 33:311. PUBMED Abstract
54. McGorum BC, Dixon PM, Halliwell RE. 1993. Responses of horses affected with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to inhalation challenges with mould antigens. Equine Vet J 25:261. PUBMED Abstract
55. Spendlove PJ, Hodgson JL, Hodgson DR. 2004. Exposure of horses to total and respirable particle endotoxin concentrations generated by specific feed and bedding materials. Proceedings of the 22nd Symposium of the Veterinary and Comparative Respiratory Society, Oct 1-3, Montreal, Quebec.
56. Millerick-May ML, Karmaus W, Derksen FJ, et al. 2011. Particle mapping in stables at an American thoroughbred racetrack. Equine Vet J 43:599. PUBMED Abstract
57. Berndt A, Derksen FJ, Venta PJ, et al. 2007. Elevated amount of toll-like receptor 4 mRNA in bronchial epithelial cells is associated with airway inflammation in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 292:L936. PUBMED Abstract
58. Fortier G, van Erck E, Fortier C, et al. 2009. Herpesviruses in respiratory liquids of horses: putative implication in airway inflammation and association with cytological features. Vet Microbiol 139:34. PUBMED Abstract
59. Mazan MR, Ghio AJ, Hoffman AM. 2001. Airway reactivity, inflammation, iron, and iron-associated proteins in urban v. rural horses. Proceedings of the 18th Symposium of the Comparative Respiratory Society, Edinburgh, Scotland.
60. Davis MS, Royer CM, McKenzie EC, et al. 2006. Cold air-induced late-phase bronchoconstriction in horses. Equine Vet J 36(suppl):535. PUBMED Abstract
61. Davis MS, Williams CC, Meinkoth JH, et al. 2007. Influx of neutrophils and persistence of cytokine expression in airways of horses after performing exercise while breathing cold air. Am J Vet Res 68:185. PUBMED Abstract
62. Ainsworth DM, Reyner CL. 2012. Effects of in vitro exposure to autologous blood and serum on expression of interleukin-8, interleukin-1beta, and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 in equine primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures. Am J Vet Res 73:296. PUBMED Abstract
63. Lavoie JP, Maghni K, Desnoyers M. 2001. Neutrophilic airway inflammation in horses with heaves is characterized by a Th2-type cytokine profile. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:1410. PUBMED Abstract
64. Hoffman AM, Mazan MR, Ellenberg S. 1998. Association between bronchoalveolar lavage cytologic features and airway reactivity in horses with a history of exercise intolerance. Am J Vet Res 59:176. PUBMED Abstract
65. Mazan MR, Hoffman AM. 2001. Effects of aerosolized albuterol on physiologic responses to exercise in standardbreds. Am J Vet Res 62:1812. PUBMED Abstract
66. Hughes KJ, Nicolson L, Da Costa N, et al. 2011. Evaluation of cytokine mRNA expression in bronchoalveolar lavage cells from horses with inflammatory airway disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 140:82. PUBMED Abstract
67. Lavoie JP, Cesarini C, Lavoie-Lamoureux A, et al. 2011. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology and cytokine messenger ribonucleic acid expression of racehorses with exercise intolerance and lower airway inflammation. J Vet Intern Med 25:322. PUBMED Abstract
68. Beekman L, Tohver T, Leguillette R. 2012. Comparison of cytokine mRNA expression in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses with inflammatory airway disease and bronchoalveolar lavage mastocytosis or neutrophilia using REST software analysis. J Vet Intern Med 26:153. PUBMED Abstract
69. Kirschvink N, Di Silvestro F, Sbai I, et al. 2002. The use of cardboard bedding material as part of an environmental control regime for heaves-affected horses: in vitro assessment of airborne dust and aeroallergen concentration and in vivo effects on lung function. Vet J 163:319. PUBMED Abstract
70. May M, Robinson NE. 2004. Indoor air quality in a riding stable. Proceedings of the 22nd Symposium of the Veterinary and Comparative Respiratory Society, Oct 1-3, Montreal, Quebec.
71. Couëtil LL, Chilcoat CD, DeNicola DB, et al. 2005. Randomized, controlled study of inhaled fluticasone propionate, oral administration of prednisone, and environmental management of horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res 66:1665. PUBMED Abstract
72. Bergeron C, Boulet LP. 2006. Structural changes in airway diseases: characteristics, mechanisms, consequences, and pharmacologic modulation. Chest 129:1068. PUBMED Abstract
73. Lee SY, Kim JS, Lee JM, et al. 2008. Inhaled corticosteroid prevents the thickening of airway smooth muscle in murine model of chronic asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 21:14. PUBMED Abstract
74. Rush BR, Worster AA, Flaminio MJ, et al. 1998. Alteration in adrenocortical function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively. Am J Vet Res 59:1044. PUBMED Abstract
75. Robinson NE, Jackson C, Jefcoat A, et al. 2002. Efficacy of three corticosteroids for the treatment of heaves. Equine Vet J 34:17. PUBMED Abstract
76. Jackson CA, Berney C, Jefcoat AM, et al. 2000. Environment and prednisone interactions in the treatment of recurrent airway obstruction (heaves). Equine Vet J 32:432. PUBMED Abstract
77. Gray BP, Biddle S, Pearce CM, et al. 2012. Detection of fluticasone propionate in horse plasma and urine following inhaled administration. Drug Test Anal 5:306. PUBMED Abstract
78. Sleeper MM, Kearns CF, McKeever KH. 2002. Chronic clenbuterol administration negatively alters cardiac function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34:643. PUBMED Abstract
79. Read JR, Boston RC, Abraham G, et al. 2012. Effect of prolonged administration of clenbuterol on airway reactivity and sweating in horses with inflammatory airway disease. Am J Vet Res 73:140. PUBMED Abstract
80. Leach CL, Davidson PJ, Hasselquist BE, et al. 2005. Influence of particle size and patient dosing technique on lung deposition of HFA-beclomethasone from a metered dose inhaler. J Aerosol Med 18:379. PUBMED Abstract
81. Rush BR, Hoskinson JJ, Davis EG, et al. 1999. Pulmonary distribution of aerosolized technetium Tc 99m pentetate after administration of a single dose of aerosolized albuterol sulfate in horses with recurrent airway obstruction. Am J Vet Res 60:764. PUBMED Abstract
82. Votion D, Ghafir Y, Munsters K, et al. 1997. Aerosol deposition in equine lungs following ultrasonic nebulisation versus jet aerosol delivery system. Equine Vet J 29:388. PUBMED Abstract
83. Ammann VJ, Vrins AA, Lavoie JP. 1998. Effects of inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate on respiratory function in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Equine Vet J 30:152. PUBMED Abstract
84. Viel L, Celly C, Staempfli H. 1999. Therapeutic efficacy of inhaled fluticasone propionate in horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proceedings of the 46th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Dec 5-8, Albuquerque, NM.

Tuberculosis

1. Gunnes G, Nord K, Vatn S, et al. 1995. A case of generalized avian tuberculosis in a horse. Vet Rec 136:5652. PUBMED Abstract
2. Ryhner T, Whittenbrink M, Nitzl D, et al. 2009. Infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium in a 10 year old Freiberger mare. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 151:443. PUBMED Abstract
3. Kriz P, Jahn P, Bezdekova B, et al. 2010. Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis infection in horses. Emerg Infect Dis 16:1328. PUBMED Abstract
4. Chiers K, Deschaght P, DeBaere T, et al. 2012. Isolation and identification of Mycobacterium avium subspecies silvaticum from a horse. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 35:303. PUBMED Abstract
5. Monreal L, Segura D, Segales J, et al. 2001. Diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in a mare. Vet Rec 149:712. PUBMED Abstract
6. Keck N, Dutruel H, Smyej F, et al. 2010. Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis in a Camargue horse. Vet Rec 166:499. PUBMED Abstract
7. Lyashchenko KP, Greenwald R, Esfandiari J, et al. 2012. Pulmonary disease due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a horse: zoonotic concerns and limitations of antemortem testing. Vet Med Int 642:145. PUBMED Abstract
8. Konyha LD, Kreier JP. 1971. The significance of tuberculin tests in the horse. Am Rev Respir Dis 103:91. PUBMED Abstract
9. Roberts WD. 1971. Isoniazid in equine therapy, p 33. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners.
10. Kohn CW, Sams R, Kowalski JJ, et al. 1993. Pharmacokinetics of single dose intravenous and single and multiple dose oral administration of rifampin in mares. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 16:119. PUBMED Abstract

Pneumoconiosis (Silicosis)

1. Beckett WS. 2000. Occupational respiratory diseases. N Engl J Med 342:406. PUBMED Abstract
2. Schwartz LW, Knight HD, Malloy RL, et al. 1981. Silicate pneumoconiosis and pulmonary fibrosis in horses from the Monterey-Carmel Peninsula. Chest 80:82. PUBMED Abstract
3. Berry CR, O'Brien TR, Madigan JE, et al. 1991. Thoracic radiographic features of silicosis in 19 horses. J Vet Intern Med 5:248. PUBMED Abstract
4. Leung CC, Yu IT, Chen W. 2012. Silicosis. Lancet 279:2008. PUBMED Abstract
5. Rimal B, Greenberg AK, Rom WN, 2005. Basic pathogenetic mechanisms in silicosis: current understanding. Curr Opin Pulm Med 11:169. PUBMED Abstract
6. Arens AM, Barr B, Puchalski SM, et al. 2011. Osteoporosis associated with pulmonary silicosis in an equine bone fragility syndrome. Vet Pathol 48:593. PUBMED Abstract
7. Roperto F, Borzacchiello G, Ungaro R, et al. 2000. Silicate pneumoconiosis in hens. J Comp Pathol 122:249. PUBMED Abstract

Mycoplasma

1. Morley PS, Chirino-Trejo M, Petrie L, et al. 1996. Pericarditis and pleuritis caused by Mycoplasma felis in a horse. Equine Vet J 28:237.
2. Hoffman AM, Baird JD, Kloeze HJ, et al. 1992. Mycoplasma felis pleuritis in two show-jumper horses. Cornell Vet 82:155. PUBMED Abstract
3. Ogilvie TH, Rosendal S, Blackwell TE, et al. 1983. Mycoplasma felis as a cause of pleuritis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1374. PUBMED Abstract
4. Christley RM, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, et al. 2001. A case-control study of respiratory disease in thoroughbred racehorses in Sydney, Australia. Equine Vet J 33:256. PUBMED Abstract
5. Newton JR, Wood JLN, Chanter N. 2003. A case control study of factors and infections associated with clinically apparent respiratory disease in UK thoroughbred racehorses. Prev Vet Med 60:107. PUBMED Abstract
6. Carmen S, Rosendal S, Huber L, et al. 1997. Infectious agents in acute respiratory disease in horses in Ontario. J Vet Diagn Invest 9:17. PUBMED Abstract
7. Wood JL, Chanter JR, Newton MH, et al. 1997. An outbreak of respiratory disease in horses associated with Mycoplasma felis infection. Vet Rec 140:388. PUBMED Abstract
8. Antal V, Antal T, Szabo I, et al. 1989. Epizootiological examination of a respiratory disease associated with mycoplasma infection in horses. Arch Exp Veterinarmed 43:751. PUBMED Abstract
9. Rosendal S, Blackwell TE, Lumsden JH, et al. 1986. Detection of antibodies to Mycoplasma felis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:292. PUBMED Abstract
10. Carter GR, Chengappa MM. 1991. Essentials of veterinary bacteriology and mycology, ed 4. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
11. Söderlundl R, Bölske G, Holst BS, et al. 2011. Development and evaluation of real-time polymerase chain reaction method for the detection of Mycoplasma felis. J Vet Diag Invest 23:890. PUBMED Abstract

Glanders (Farcy)

1. World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). World animal health information database. [WWW page]. http://www.oie.int/wahis_2/public/wahid.php/Diseaseinformation/Diseasedistributionmap, accessed April 11, 2013
2. Spickler AR, Roth J. Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine. [WWW page]. http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/DiseaseInfo/factsheets.htm, accessed April 12, 2013.
3. Van der Lugt JJ, Bishop GC. 2004. Glanders, pp 1500-1504. In Coetzer JAW, Tustin RC (eds), Infectious diseases of livestock, ed 2. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
4. Blue SR, Pombo DJ, Woods ML. 1998. Glanders and melioidosis, p 105. In Palmer SR, Soulsby L, Simpson DIH (eds), Zoonoses: biology, clinical practice and public health control. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
5. Nierman WC, Deshazer D, Kim HS, et al. 2004. Structural flexibility in the Burkholderia mallei genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 39:14246. PUBMED Abstract
6. Al-Bassam LS, Habasha FG, Al-Azzi SA. 1990. Clinical, bacteriological and hematological findings in glanders in horses. Indian J Vet Med 1:5.
7. Srinivasan A, Kraus C, Deshazer D, et al. 2001. Glanders in a military research microbiologist. New England J Med 345:256. PUBMED Abstract
8. Dvorak GD, Spickler AR. 2008. Zoonosis update. JAVMA 233:5. PUBMED Abstract
9. Lopez J, Copps J, Wilhelmsen C. et al. 2003. Characterization of experimental equine glanders. Microbes Infect 5:1125. PUBMED Abstract
10. Fritz DL, Vogel P, Brown DR, et al. 1999. The hamster model of intraperitoneal Burkholderia mallei (glanders). Vet Path 36:276. PUBMED Abstract
11. John JM, Kapoor PK, Malik PK. 2009. Serodiagnosis of glanders by indirect hemagglutination using CFT, mallein PPD and recombinant antigens. J Vet Public Health 7:101.

Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage

1. Hinchcliff KW. 2005. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 51:342.
2. Akbar SJ, Derksen FJ, Billah AM, et al. 1994. Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in racing camels. Vet Rec 135:624. PUBMED Abstract
3. King RR, Raskin RE, Rosbolt JP. 1990. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in the racing greyhound dog. J Vet Intern Med 4:130.
4. Ghio AJ, Ghio C, Bassett M. 2006. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage after running a marathon. Lung 184:331. PUBMED Abstract
5. West JB, Mathieu-Costello O, Jones JH, et al. 1993. Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries in racehorses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. J Appl Physiol 75:1097. PUBMED Abstract
6. Pascoe JR. 1996. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage: a unifying concept. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 42:220.
7. Williams KJ, Robinson NE, Defeijter-Rupp H, et al. 2013. Distribution of venous remodeling in exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage of horses follows reported blood flow distribution in the equine lung. J Appl Physiol 114:869. PUBMED Abstract
8. Martin BB Jr, Beech J, Parente EJ. 1999. Cytologic examination of specimens obtained by means of tracheal washes performed before and after high-speed treadmill exercise in horses with a history of poor performance. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:673. PUBMED Abstract
9. McKane SA, Canfield PJ, Rose RJ, 1993. Equine bronchoalveolar lavage cytology: survey of Thoroughbred racehorses in training. Aust Vet J 70:401. PUBMED Abstract
10. Gunson DE, Sweeney CR, Soma LR. 1988. Sudden death attributable to exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racehorses: nine cases (1981-1983). J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:102. PUBMED Abstract
11. Pascoe JR, Ferraro GL, Cannon JH, et al. 1981. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing Thoroughbreds: a preliminary study. Am J Vet Res 42:703. PUBMED Abstract
12. Weideman M, Schoeman SJ, Jordaan GF, et al. 2003. Epistaxis related to exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in South African Thoroughbreds. J S Afr Vet Assoc 74:127. PUBMED Abstract
13. Raphel CF, Soma LR. 1982. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbreds after racing and breezing. Am J Vet Res 43:1123. PUBMED Abstract
14. Birks EK, Shuler KM, Soma LR, et al. 2002. EIPH: postrace endoscopic evaluation of Standardbreds and Thoroughbred. Equine Vet J Suppl 34:375. PUBMED Abstract
15. Mason DK, Collins EA, Watkins KL. 1983. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in horses, p 57. In Snow DM, Persson SGB, Rose RJ (eds), Equine exercise physiology. Granta, Cambridge UK.
16. Hinchcliff KW, Jackson MA, Morley PS, et al. 2005. Association between exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and performance in Thoroughbred racehorses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:768. PUBMED Abstract
17. Lapointe JM, Vrins A, McCarvill E. 1994. A survey of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Quebec Standardbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 26:482. PUBMED Abstract
18. Speirs VC. 1982. Pulmonary hemorrhage in Standardbred race horses. Aust Vet J 59:38. PUBMED Abstract
19. Rohrbach BW. 1990. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and racing performance. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1563. PUBMED Abstract
20. Christley RM, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ, et al. 2001. Coughing in Thoroughbred racehorses: risk factors and tracheal endoscopic and cytological findings. Vet Rec 148:99. PUBMED Abstract
21. O'Callaghan MW, Pascoe JR, Tyler WS, et al. 1987. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. I. Clinical profile of horses. Equine Vet J 19:384. PUBMED Abstract
22. Cook WR. 1974. Epistaxis in the racehorse. Equine Vet J 6:45. PUBMED Abstract
23. Takahashi T, Hiraga A, Ohmura H, et al. 2001. Frequency of and risk factors for epistaxis associated with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses: 251,609 race starts (1992-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1462. PUBMED Abstract
24. Hinchcliff KW, Jackson MA, Brown JA, et al. 2005. Tracheobronchoscopic assessment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses. Am J Vet Res 66:596. PUBMED Abstract
25. Fogarty U, Buckley T. 1991. Bronchoalveolar lavage findings in horses with exercise intolerance. Equine Vet J 23:434. PUBMED Abstract
26. Step DL, Freeman KP, Gleed RD, et al. 1991. Cytologic and endoscopic findings after intrapulmonary blood inoculations in horses. J Equine Vet Sci 11:340.
27. Meyer TS, Fedde MR, Gaughan EM, et al. 1998. Quantification of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage with bronchoalveolar lavage. Equine Vet J 30:284. PUBMED Abstract
28. Langsetmo I, Meyer MR, Erickson HH. 2000. Relationship of pulmonary arterial pressure to pulmonary haemorrhage in exercising horses. Equine Vet J 32:379. PUBMED Abstract
29. Geor RJ, Ommundson L, Fenton G, et al. 2001. Effects of an external nasal strip and frusemide on pulmonary haemorrhage in Thoroughbreds following high-intensity exercise. Equine Vet J 33:577. PUBMED Abstract
30. Kindig CA, McDonough P, Fenton G, et al. 2001. Efficacy of nasal strip and furosemide in mitigating EIPH in Thoroughbred horses. J Appl Physiol 91:1396. PUBMED Abstract
31. Rossier Y, Sweeney CR, Ziemer EL. 1991. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytologic findings in horses with pneumonia or pleuropneumonia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1001. PUBMED Abstract
32. Pascoe JR, O'Brien TR, Wheat JD, et al. 1983. Radiographic aspects of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing horses. Vet Rad 24:85.
33. West JB, Mathieu-Costello O. 1994. Stress failure of pulmonary capillaries as a mechanism for exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse. Equine Vet J 26:441. PUBMED Abstract
34. Birks EK, Mathieu-Costello O, Fu Z, et al. 1997. Very high pressures are required to cause stress failure of pulmonary capillaries in Thoroughbred racehorses. J Appl Physiol 82:1584. PUBMED Abstract
35. Manohar M, Hutchens E, Coney E. 1993. Pulmonary haemodynamics in the exercising horse and their relationship to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. Br Vet J 149:419. PUBMED Abstract
36. Art T, Anderson L, Woakes AJ, et al. 1990. Mechanics of breathing during strenuous exercise in Thoroughbred horses. Respir Physiol 82:279. PUBMED Abstract
37. Birks EK, Mathieu-Costello O, Fu Z, et al. 1994. Comparative aspects of the strength of pulmonary capillaries in rabbit, dog, and horse. Respir Physiol 97:235. PUBMED Abstract
38. Schroter RC, Marlin DJ, Denny E. 1998. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) in horses results from locomotory impact induced trauma-a novel, unifying concept. Equine Vet J 30:186. PUBMED Abstract
39. Cook WR. 1988. Hypotheses on exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:8. PUBMED Abstract
40. Hackett RP, Ducharme NG, Ainsworth DM, et al. 1999. Effects of extrathoracic airway obstruction on intrathoracic pressure and pulmonary artery pressure in exercising horses. Am J Vet Res 60:485. PUBMED Abstract
41. Ducharme NG, Hackett RP, Gleed RD, et al. 1999. Pulmonary capillary pressure in horses undergoing alteration of pleural pressure by imposition of various airway resistive loads. Equine Vet J Suppl 30:27. PUBMED Abstract
42. Oikawa M. 1999. Exercise-induced haemorrhagic lesions in the dorsocaudal extremities of the caudal lobes of the lungs of young Thoroughbred horses. J Comp Pathol 121:339. PUBMED Abstract
43. O'Callaghan MW, Pascoe JR, Tyler WS, et al. 1987. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. V. Microscopic observations. Equine Vet J 19:411. PUBMED Abstract
44. Newton JR, Wood JLN. 2002. Evidence of an association between inflammatory airway disease and EIPH in young Thoroughbreds in training. Equine Vet J Suppl 34:417. PUBMED Abstract
45. McKane S, Slocombe R. 1999. Sequential changes in bronchoalveolar cytology after autologous blood inoculation. Equine Vet J Suppl 30:126. PUBMED Abstract
46. Deaton C, Marlin D. 2004. A review of the effects of environmental pollution on the equine respiratory tract: considerations for the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. J Equine Comp Exerc Physiol 1:171.
47. Fedde MR, Erickson HH. 1998. Increase in blood-viscosity in the sprinting horse-can it account for the high pulmonary arterial-pressure. Equine Vet J 30:329. PUBMED Abstract
48. Weiss DJ, Smith CM 2nd. 1998. Haemorrheological alterations associated with competitive racing activity in horses: implications for exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). Equine Vet J 30:7. PUBMED Abstract
49. Jones JH, Cox TS, Takahashi T, et al. 2002. Heterogeneity of intrapleural pressures during exercise. Equine Vet J Suppl 34:391. PUBMED Abstract
50. Newton JR, Rogers K, Marlin DJ, et al. 2005. Risk factors for epistaxis on British racecourses: evidence for locomotory impact-induced trauma contributing to the aetiology of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. Equine Vet J 37:402. PUBMED Abstract
51. McKeever KH, Hinchcliff KW, Kociba GJ, et al. 1990. Exercise-induced changes in clotting time and fibrinolytic activity in horses. Am J Vet Res 51:1335. PUBMED Abstract
52. Bayly WM, Meyers KM, Keck MT. 1983. Effects of furosemide on exercise-induced alterations in haemostasis in Thoroughbred horses exhibiting post-exercise epistaxis, p 64. In Rose RJ (ed), Equine exercise physiology. Granta, Cambridge, UK.
53. Johnstone IB, Viel L, Crane S, et al. 1991. Hemostatic studies in racing Standardbred horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Hemostatic parameters at rest and after moderate exercise. Can J Vet Res 55:101. PUBMED Abstract
54. Robinson NE, Derksen FJ. 1980. Small airway obstruction as a cause of exercise-associated pulmonary hemorrhage. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 26:421.
55. Brackenhoff JE, Holcombe SJ, Hauptman JG, et al. 2006. The prevalence of laryngeal disease in a large population of competition draft horses. Vet Surg 35:579. PUBMED Abstract
56. Pascoe J, Ferraro G, Cannon J, et al. 1981. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing Thoroughbreds: a preliminary study. Am J Vet Res 42:703. PUBMED Abstract
57. Sweeney CR, Soma LR, Maxson AD, et al. 1990. Effects of furosemide on the racing times of Thoroughbreds. Am J Vet Res 51:772. PUBMED Abstract
58. MacNamara B, Bauer S, Iafe J. 1990. Endoscopic evaluation of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in association with poor performance in racing Standardbreds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:443. PUBMED Abstract
59. Hillidge CJ, Lane TJ, Johnson E. 1984. Preliminary investigations of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing Quarter Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 4:21.
60. Hillidge CJ, Lane TJ, Whitlock TW. 1986. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in the racing Appaloosa horse. J Equine Vet Sci 5:351.
61. Voynick BT, Sweeney CR. 1986. Exercised-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in polo and racing horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:301. PUBMED Abstract
62. Araya O, Palma P, Salvi M, et al. 2005. Endoscopic determination of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Chilean Criollo horses. Vet J 169:311. PUBMED Abstract
63. Raphel CF, Soma LR. 1982. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbred after racing and breezing. Am J Vet Res 43:1123. PUBMED Abstract
64. Mason DK, Collins EA, Watkins KL. 1983. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in horses. In Snow DH, Persson SG, Rose RJ (eds), Equine exercise physiology. Granta, Cambridge, UK.
65. Weideman H, Schoeman S, Jordaan G, et al. 2003. Epistaxis related to exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in South African Thoroughbreds. J South Afr Vet Assoc 74:127. PUBMED Abstract
66. Williams R, Harkins L, Hammond C, et al. 2001. Racehorse injuries, clinical problems and fatalities recorded on British racecourses from flat racing and National Hunt racing during 1996, 1997 and 1998. Equine Vet J 33:478. PUBMED Abstract
67. Weideman H, Schoeman SJ, Jordaan GF. 2004. The inheritance of liability to epistaxis in the Southern African Thoroughbred. J South Afr Vet Assoc 75:158. PUBMED Abstract
68. Gelberg HB, Zachary JF, Everitt JI, et al. 1985. Sudden death in training and racing Thoroughbred horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:1354. PUBMED Abstract
69. Gunson DE, Sweeney CR, Soma LR. 1988. Sudden death attributable to exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racehorses: nine cases. 1981-1983. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:102. PUBMED Abstract
70. Boden LA, Charles JA, Slocombe RF, et al. 2005. Sudden death in racing Thoroughbreds in Victoria, Australia. Equine Vet J 37:269. PUBMED Abstract
71. O'Callaghan MW, Pascoe JR, Tyler WS, et al. 1987. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. II. Gross lung pathology. Equine Vet J 19:389. PUBMED Abstract
72. O'Callaghan MW, Pascoe JR, Tyler WS, et al. 1987. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage in the horse: results of a detailed clinical, post mortem and imaging study. III. Subgross findings in lungs subjected to latex perfusions of the bronchial and pulmonary arteries. Equine Vet J 19:394. PUBMED Abstract
73. Anonymous. 2002. International agreement on breeding and racing and appendices. International Federation of Horse Racing Authorities, Paris.
74. Soma LR, Birks EK, Uboh CE, et al. 2000. The effects of frusemide on racing times of Standardbred pacers. Equine Vet J 32:334. PUBMED Abstract
75. Soma LR, Uboh CE, Nann L. 1996. Prerace venous blood acid-base values in Standardbred horses. Equine Vet J 28:390. PUBMED Abstract
76. Sime D, Engen R, Miller-Graber P. 1994. Frequency and use of medications in horses racing in Prairie Meadows. Iowa State Univ Vet 56:15.
77. McDonough P, Kindig C, Hildreth T, et al. 2004. Effect of furosemide and the equine nasal strip on exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and time-to-fatigue in maximally exercising horses. J Equine Comp Exerc Physiol 1:177.
78. Pascoe JR, McCabe AE, Franti CE, et al. 1985. Efficacy of furosemide in the treatment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbred racehorses. Am J Vet Res 46:2000. PUBMED Abstract
79. Manohar M. 1993. Furosemide attenuates the exercise-induced increase in pulmonary artery wedge pressure in horses. Am J Vet Res 54:952. PUBMED Abstract
80. Gleed RD, Ducharme NG, Hackett RP, et al. 1999. Effects of frusemide on pulmonary capillary pressure in horses exercising on a treadmill. Equine Vet J Suppl 30:102.
81. Gross DK, Morley PS, Hinchcliff KW, et al. 1999. Effect of furosemide on performance of Thoroughbreds racing in the United States and Canada. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:670. PUBMED Abstract
82. Muir WW, Sams RA, Hubbell JAE, et al. 2001. Effects of enalaprilat on cardiorespiratory, hemodynamic, and hematologic variables in exercising horses. Am J Vet Res 62:1008. PUBMED Abstract
83. Manohar M, Goetz TE. 1999. Pulmonary vascular pressures of strenuously exercising Thoroughbreds during intravenous infusion of nitroglycerin. Am J Vet Res 60:1436. PUBMED Abstract
84. Kindig CA, Erickson BK, Poole DC. 2000. Dissociation of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and pulmonary artery pressure via nitric oxide synthase inhibition. J Equine Vet Sci 20:715.
85. Manohar M, Goetz TE. 1998. L-NAME does not affect exercise-induced pulmonary-hypertension in Thoroughbred horses. J Appl Physiol 84:1902. PUBMED Abstract
86. Weiss DJ, Geor RJ, Burger K. 1996. Effects of pentoxifylline on hemorheologic alterations induced by incremental treadmill exercise in Thoroughbreds. Am J Vet Res 57:1364. PUBMED Abstract
87. Weiss DJ, Geor RJ, Burger K. 1996. Effects of furosemide on hemorheologic alterations induced by incremental treadmill exercise in Thoroughbreds. Am J Vet Res 57:891. PUBMED Abstract
88. Weiss DJ, Evanson OA, Geor RJ. 1994. The effects of furosemide and pentoxifylline on the flow properties of equine erythrocytes: in vitro studies. Vet Res Commun 18:373. PUBMED Abstract
89. Manohar M, Goetz T, Rothenbaum P, et al. 2000. Intravenous pentoxifylline does not affect the exercise-induced pulmonary arterial, capillary or venous hypertension in Thoroughbred horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 23:317. PUBMED Abstract
90. Jackson JA, Ducharme NG, Hackett RP, et al. 1997. Effects of airway obstruction on transmural pulmonary artery pressure in exercising horses. Am J Vet Res 58:897. PUBMED Abstract
91. Holcombe SJ, Berney C, Cornelisse CJ, et al. 2002. Effect of commercially available nasal strips on airway resistance in exercising horses. Am J Vet Res 63:1101. PUBMED Abstract
92. Valdez S, Nieto J, Spier S, et al. 2004. Effect of an external nasal dilator strip on cytologic characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in Thoroughbred racehorses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:558. PUBMED Abstract
93. Slocombe R, Covelli G, Bayly W. 1992. Respiratory mechanics of horses during stepwise treadmill exercise tests, and the effect of clenbuterol pretreatment on them. Aust Vet J 69:221. PUBMED Abstract
94. Manohar M, Goetz TE, Rothenbaum P, et al. 2000. Clenbuterol administration does not attenuate the exercise-induced pulmonary arterial, capillary or venous hypertension in strenuously exercising Thoroughbred horses. Equine Vet J 32:546. PUBMED Abstract
95. Sweeney CR, Soma LR, Bucan CA, et al. 1984. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in exercising Thoroughbreds: preliminary results with pre-exercise medication. Cornell Vet 74:263. PUBMED Abstract
96. Hillidge C, Whitlock T, Lane T. 1987. Failure of inhaled disodium cromoglycate aerosol to prevent exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing Quarter Horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 10:257. PUBMED Abstract
97. Sweeney CR, Hall J, Fisher JR, et al. 1988. Efficacy of water vapor-saturated air in the treatment of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbred racehorses. Am J Vet Res 49:1705. PUBMED Abstract
98. Mason DK, Collins EA, Watkins KL. 1984. Effect of bedding on the incidence of exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage in racehorses in Hong Kong. Vet Rec 115:268. PUBMED Abstract
99. McKane SA, Slocombe RF. 2002. Alveolar fibrosis and changes in lung morphometry in response to intrapulmonary blood. Equine Vet J Suppl 34:451. PUBMED Abstract
100. Heidmann P, Tornquist SJ, Qu A, et al. 2005. Laboratory measures of hemostasis and fibrinolysis after intravenous administration of epsilon-aminocaproic acid in clinically normal horses and ponies. Am J Vet Res 66:313. PUBMED Abstract
101. Epp TS, McDonough P, Padilla DJ, et al. 2005. The effect of herbal supplementation on the severity of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage. Equine Comp Exerc Physiol 2:17.
102. Kopp K, Moore J, Byars T, et al. 1985. Template bleeding time and thromboxane generation in the horse: effects of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Equine Vet J 17:322. PUBMED Abstract
103. Mahony C, Rantanen NW, DeMichael JA, et al. 1992. Spontaneous echocardiographic contrast in the Thoroughbred: high prevalence in racehorses and a characteristic abnormality in bleeders. Equine Vet J 24:129. PUBMED Abstract
104. Sweeney CR, Soma LR. 1984. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbred horses: response to furosemide or hesperidin-citrus bioflavinoids. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:195. PUBMED Abstract
105. Hinchcliff KW, Morley PS, Guthrie AJ. 2009. Efficacy of furosemide for prevention of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbred racehorses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:76. PUBMED Abstract

Equine Thoracic Neoplasia

1. Cotchin E, Baker-Smith J. 1975. Tumours in horses encountered in an abattoir survey. Vet Rec 97:339. PUBMED Abstract
2. Baker JR, Leyland A. 1975. Histological survey of tumours of the horse with particular reference to those of the skin. Vet Rec 96:419. PUBMED Abstract
3. Sundberg JP, Burnstein T, Page EH, et al. 1977. Neoplasms of equidae. J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:150. PUBMED Abstract
4. Gerber H. 1973. Chronic pulmonary disease in the horse. Equine Vet J 5:26. PUBMED Abstract
5. Sweeney CR, Gillette DM. 1989. Thoracic neoplasia in equids: 35 cases (1967-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:374. PUBMED Abstract
6. Priester WA, McKay FW. 1980. The occurrence of tumours in domestic animals. Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 54:1. PUBMED Abstract
7. Bouchard PR, Fortna CH, Rowland PH, et al. 1995. An immunohistochemical study of three equine pulmonary granular cell tumors. Vet Pathol 32:730. PUBMED Abstract
8. Clem MF, O'Brien TD. 1986. Pulmonary chondrosarcoma in a horse. Compend Cont Educ 8:964.
9. Sullivan DJ. 1960. Cartilaginous tumors (chondroma and chondrosarcoma) in animals. Am J Vet Res 21:531.
10. Murphy JR, Breeze RG, McPherson EA. 1978. Myxoma of the equine respiratory tract. Mod Vet Pract 59:529. PUBMED Abstract
11. Whiteley LO, Leininger JR, Wolf CB. 1986. Malignant squamous cell thymoma in a horse. Vet Pathol 23:627. PUBMED Abstract
12. Blanchard L, Poisson J, Drieux H. 1939. Pathologie comparée des tumeurs du thymus: son intérêt pour l'histogenese. Rec Med Vet 115:129.
13. Moulton JE, Dungsworth DL. 1978. Tumors of the lymphoid and hemopoietic tissues, p 177. In Moulton JE: Tumors of domestic animals, ed 2. University of California Press, Los Angeles, CA.
14. Parker GA, Casey HW. 1976. Thymomas in domestic animals. Vet Pathol 15:353. PUBMED Abstract
15. Theilen GH, Fowler ME. 1962. Lymphosarcoma (lymphocytic leukemia) in the horse. J Am Vet Met Assoc 140:923. PUBMED Abstract
16. Mair TS, Brown PJ. 1993. Clinical and pathological features of thoracic neoplasia in the horse. Equine Vet J 25:220. PUBMED Abstract
17. Kato M, Higuchi T, Hata H, et al. 1998. Lactalbumin-positive mammary carcinoma in a mare. Equine Vet J 30:358. PUBMED Abstract
18. Trigo FG, Miller RA, Torbeck RL. 1984. Metastatic equine seminoma: report of two cases. Vet Pathol 21:259. PUBMED Abstract
19. Froscher BG, Power HT. 1982. Malignant pheochromocytoma in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:494. PUBMED Abstract
20. Del Piero F. 1999. Granulomatous pneumonia in five adult horses. Vet Pathol 36:498.
21. Williams KJ, Maes R, Del Piero F, et al. 2007. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis: a newly recognized herpesvirus-associated fibrotic lung disease. Vet Pathol 44:849. PUBMED Abstract

Diseases of Lymph Nodes, Vasculature, and Pharynx

Retropharyngeal Lymph Node Abscessation

1. Saar LI, Getty R. 1975. Equine lymphatic system, p 619. In Getty R (ed), Sisson and Grossman's The anatomy of the domestic animals, ed 5. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
2. Todhunter RJ, Brown CM, Stickle R. 1985. Retropharyngeal infections in five horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:600. PUBMED Abstract
3. Golland LC, Hodgson DR, Davis RE, et al. 1995. Retropharyngeal lymph node infection in horses: 46 cases (1977-1992). Aust Vet J 72:161. PUBMED Abstract
4. Fielding CL, Magdesian KG, Morgan RA, et al. 2008. Actinomyces species as a cause of abscesses in nine horses. Vet Rec 162:18. PUBMED Abstract
5. Albini S, Korczak BM, Abril C, et al. 2008. Mandibular lymphadenopathy caused by Actinomyces denticolens mimicking strangles in three horses. Vet Rec 162:158. PUBMED Abstract
6. Sills RC, Mullaney TP, Stickle RL, et al. 1990. Bilateral guttural pouch infection due to Mycobacterium avium complex in a horse. Vet Pathol 27:133. PUBMED Abstract
7. Peyton LC, Delahanty DD. 1976. What is your diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 168:67.
8. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, et al. 2007. Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and horses, ed 10. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
9. Kiper ML, Wrigley R, Traub-Dargatz J, et al. 1992. Metallic foreign bodies in the mouth or pharynx of horses: seven cases (1983-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:91. PUBMED Abstract
10. Rashmir-Raven AM, DeBowes RM, Gift LJ, et al. 1991. What is your diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1991. PUBMED Abstract
11. Saar LI, Getty R. 1975. Ruminant lymphatic system, p 1024. In Getty R (ed), Sisson and Grossman's The anatomy of the domestic animals, ed 5. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
12. Vestweber JG, Roeder B. 1986. Medial retropharyngeal lymph node abscess as a cause of respiratory dyspnea in cattle. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 8:F71.
13. Peek SF. 2005. Respiratory emergencies in cattle. Vet Clin Food Anim Pract 21:697. PUBMED Abstract
14. Anderson DE, St. Jean G. 2008. Surgery of the upper respiratory system. Vet Clin Food Anim Pract 24:319. PUBMED Abstract
15. Rings DM, Constable P, Biller DS. 1986. False carotid aneurysm in a sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:799. PUBMED Abstract
16. De Clercq D, van Loon G, Nollet H, et al. 2003. Percutaneous puncture technique for treating persistent retropharyngeal lymph node infections in seven horses. Vet Rec 152:169. PUBMED Abstract
17. Holcombe SJ, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, et al. 1998. Effect of bilateral blockade of the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve on soft palate function in horses. Am J Vet Res 59:504. PUBMED Abstract
18. Newton JR, Wood JL, Dunn KA, et al. 1997. Naturally occurring persistent and asymptomatic infection of the guttural pouches of horses with Streptococcus equi. Vet Rec 140:84. PUBMED Abstract
19. Fintl C, Dixon PM, Brazil TJ, et al. 2000. Endoscopic and bacteriological findings in a chronic outbreak of strangles. Vet Rec 147:480. PUBMED Abstract
20. Verheyen K, Newton JR, Talbot NC, et al. 2000. Elimination of guttural pouch infection and inflammation in asymptomatic carriers of Streptococcus equi. Equine Vet J 32:527. PUBMED Abstract
21. Knight AP, Voss JL, McChesney AE, et al. 1975. Experimentally induced Streptococcus equi infection in horses with resultant guttural pouch empyema. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 70:1194. PUBMED Abstract
22. Davidson HP, Rebhun WC, Habel RE. 1981. Pharyngeal trauma in cattle. Cornell Vet 71:15. PUBMED Abstract

Pharyngitis

1. Brault SA, Blanchard MT, Gardner IA, et al. 2010. The immune response of foals to natural infection with equid herpesvirus-2 and its association with febrile illness. Vet Immunol Immunopath 137:136. PUBMED Abstract
2. Brault SA, Maclachlan NJ. 2011. Equid gammaherpesviruses: persistent bystanders or true pathogens? Vet J 187:14. PUBMED Abstract
3. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, et al. 2007. Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and horses, ed 10. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
4. McAllister ES, Blakeslee JR. 1977. Clinical observations of pharyngitis in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:739. PUBMED Abstract
5. Raker CW, Boles CL. 1978. Pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia in the horse. J Equine Med Surg 2:202.
6. Boening KH. 1978. Klinische und endoskopische Beobachtungen beim “Follikelkatarrh” der Pferde. Tierarztl Prax 4:300.
7. Burrell MH. 1985. Endoscopic and virological observations on respiratory disease in a group of young thoroughbred horses in training. Equine Vet J 17:99. PUBMED Abstract
8. Williams JW, Meagher DM, Pascoe JR, et al. 1990. Upper airway function during maximal exercise in horses with obstructive upper airway lesions: effect of surgical treatment. Vet Surg 19:142. PUBMED Abstract
9. Hoquet F, Higgins R, Lessard P, et al. 1985. Comparison of the bacterial and fungal flora in the pharynx of normal horses and horses affected with pharyngitis. Can Vet J 26:342 PUBMED Abstract
10. Richard EA, Fortier GD, Pitel PH, et al. 2010. Sub-clinical diseases affecting performance in Standardbred trotters: diagnostic methods and predictive parameters. Vet J 184:282. PUBMED Abstract
11. Fraipont A, Van Erck E, Ramery E, et al. 2011. Subclinical disease underlying poor performance in endurance horses: diagnostic methods and predictive tests. Vet Rec 169:154. PUBMED Abstract
12. Holcombe SJ, Robinson NE, Derksen FJ, et al. 2006. Effect of tracheal mucus and tracheal cytology on racing performance in thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 38:300. PUBMED Abstract
13. Kumar P, Timoney JF, Sheoran AS. 2001. M cells and associated lymphoid tissue of the equine nasopharyngeal tonsil. Equine Vet J 33:224. PUBMED Abstract
14. Lunn DP. 2001. Pharyngeal lymphoid tissue: gatekeeper or showstopper? Equine Vet J 33:218. PUBMED Abstract
15. Hoffman AM, Viel L, Juniper E, et al. 1993. Clinical and endoscopic study to estimate the incidence of distal respiratory tract infection in thoroughbred foals on Ontario breeding farms. Am J Vet Res 54:1602. PUBMED Abstract
16. Sweeney CR, Maxson AD, Soma LR. 1991. Endoscopic findings in the upper respiratory tract of 678 thoroughbred racehorses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 19:1037. PUBMED Abstract
17. Koblinger K, Nicol J, McDonald K, et al. 2011. Endoscopic assessment of airway inflammation in horses. J Vet Intern Med 25:1118. PUBMED Abstract
18. Hobo S, Matsuda Y, Yoshida K. 1995. Prevalence of upper respiratory tract disorders detected with a flexible videoendoscope in thoroughbred horses. J Vet Med Sci 57:409. PUBMED Abstract
19. Holcombe SJ, Jackson C, Gerber V, et al. 2001. Stabling is associated with airway inflammation in young Arabian horses. Equine Vet J 33:244. PUBMED Abstract
20. Palmer SE. 1997. Neodymium: YAG laser treatment of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia, pharyngeal polyps, subepiglottic cysts and granulation tissue in the upper airway of the horse, pp 425-436. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual Dubai International Equine Symposium: The Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease, Mar 29-Apr 1.
21. Montgomery T. 1981. A clinical consideration of the causes of chronic equine pharyngitis in the equine. Equine Pract 3:26.

Guttural Pouch Diseases

1. Freeman DE, Hardy J. 2012. Guttural pouch, pp 623-642. In Auer JA, Stick JA (eds), Equine surgery, ed 4. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
2. Manglai D, Wada R, Koromahru M, et al. 2000. Histological and morphometrical studies on the mucosa of the equine guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum). Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 77:69. PUBMED Abstract
3. Chiesa OA, Vidal D, Domingo M, et al. 1999. Cytological and bacteriological findings in guttural pouch lavages of clinically normal horses. Vet Rec 144:346. PUBMED Abstract
4. Chiesa OA, Cuenca R, Mayayo E, et al. 2002. Cytological and microbiological findings in guttural pouch lavages of clinically normal horses with head restraint. Aust Vet J 80:234. PUBMED Abstract
5. Chiesa OA, García F, Domingo M, et al. 1999. Cytological and microbiological results from guttural pouch lavages obtained percutaneously: correlation with histopathological findings. Vet Rec 144:618. PUBMED Abstract
6. Baptiste KE, Moll HD, Robertson JL. 1996. Three horses with neoplasia including growth in the guttural pouch. Can Vet J 37:499. PUBMED Abstract
7. Hance SR, Robertson JT, Bukowiecki CF. 1992. Cystic structures in the guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum) of two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1981. PUBMED Abstract
8. Wheat JD. 1962. Tympanites of the guttural pouch of the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 140:453. PUBMED Abstract
9. McCue PM, Freeman DE, Donawick WJ. 1989. Guttural pouch tympany: 15 cases (1977-1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:1761. PUBMED Abstract
10. Blazyczek I, Hamann H, Deegen E, et al. 2004. Retrospective analysis of 50 cases of guttural pouch tympany in foals. Vet Rec 154:261. PUBMED Abstract
11. Blazyczek I, Hamann H, Ohnesorge B, et al. 2004. Inheritance of guttural pouch tympany in the Arabian horse. J Hered 95:195. PUBMED Abstract
12. Zeitz A, Spötter A, Blazycek I, et al. 2009. Whole-genome scan for guttural pouch tympany in Arabian and German Warmblood horses. Anim Genetics 40:917. PUBMED Abstract
13. Metzger J, Ohnesorge B, Distl O. 2012. Genome-wide linkage and association analysis identifies major gene loci for guttural pouch tympany in Arabian and German warmblood horses. PLoS One 7:e41640. PUBMED Abstract
14. Cook WR. 1966. Clinical observations on the anatomy and physiology of the equine upper respiratory tract. Vet Rec 79:440. PUBMED Abstract
15. Sparks HD, Stick JA, Brakenhoff JE, et al. 2009. Partial resection of the plica salpingopharyngeus for the treatment of three foals with bilateral tympany of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch). J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:731. PUBMED Abstract
16. Sullins KE. 1991. Standing endoscopic electrosurgery. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 7:571. PUBMED Abstract
17. Tate LP, Blikslager AT, Little EDE. 1995. Transendoscopic laser treatment of guttural pouch tympanites in eight foals. Vet Surg 24:367. PUBMED Abstract
18. Kinsley AT. 1907. Tympanites of the guttural pouch. Am Vet Rev 32:599.
19. Knight AP, Voss JL, McChesney AE, et al. 1975. Experimentally induced Streptococcus equi infection in horses with resultant guttural pouch empyema. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 70:1194. PUBMED Abstract
20. Sweeney CR, Whitlock RH, Meirs DA, et al. 1987. Complications associated with Streptococcus equi infection on a horse farm. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1446. PUBMED Abstract
21. Verheyen K, Newton JR, Talbot NC, et al. 2000. Elimination of guttural pouch infection and inflammation in asymptomatic carriers of Streptococcus equi. Equine Vet J 32:527. PUBMED Abstract
22. Hoffman AM, Viel L, Juniper E, et al. 1993. Clinical and endoscopic study to estimate the incidence of distal respiratory tract infection in thoroughbred foals on Ontario breeding farms. Am J Vet Res 54:1602. PUBMED Abstract
23. Hoffman AM, Viel L, Prescott JF, et al. 1993. Association of microbiologic flora with clinical, endoscopic, and pulmonary cytologic findings in foals with distal respiratory tract infection. Am J Vet Res 54:1615. PUBMED Abstract
24. Judy CE, Chaffin K, Cohen ND. 1999. Empyema of the guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum) in horses: 91 cases (1977-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:1666. PUBMED Abstract
25. Smyth DA, Baptiste KE, Cruz AM, et al. 1999. Primary distention of the guttural pouch lateral compartment secondary to empyema. Can Vet J 40:802. PUBMED Abstract
26. Gehlen H, Ohnesorge B. 2005. Laser fenestration of the mesial septum for treatment of guttural pouch chondroids in a pony. Vet Surg 34:383. PUBMED Abstract
27. Wilson J. 1985. Effects of indwelling catheters and povidone iodine flushes on the guttural pouches of the horse. Equine Vet J 17:242. PUBMED Abstract
28. Brosnahan MM, Holbrook TC, Breshears M, et al. 2007. Suitability of chlorhexidine gluconate for equine guttural pouch lavage, p 81. Proceedings of the 53rd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Dec 1-5, Orlando, FL.
29. Bentz GB, Dowd AL, Freeman DE. 1996. Treatment of guttural pouch empyema with acetylcysteine irrigation. Equine Pract 18:33.
30. Fogle CA, Gerard MP, Johansson AM, et al. 2007. Spontaneous rupture of the guttural pouch as complication of treatment for guttural pouch empyema. Equine Vet Educ 19:351.
31. Seahorn TL, Schumacher J. 1991. Nonsurgical removal of chondroid masses from the guttural pouches of two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:368. PUBMED Abstract
32. Adkins AR, Yovich JV, Colbourne CM. 1997. Nonsurgical treatment of chondroids of the guttural pouch in a horse. Aust Vet J 75:332. PUBMED Abstract
33. Hawkins JF, Frank N, Sojka JE, et al. 2001. Fistulation of the auditory diverticulum (guttural pouch) with neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser for treatment of chronic empyema in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:405. PUBMED Abstract
34. Perkins JD, Schumacher J, Kelly G, et al. 2006. Standing surgical removal of inspissated guttural pouch exudate (chondroids) in ten horses. Vet Surg 35:658. PUBMED Abstract
35. Cook WR. 1966. Observations on the aetiology of epistaxis and cranial nerve paralysis in the horse. Vet Rec 78:396. PUBMED Abstract
36. Cook WR. 1968. The clinical features of guttural pouch mycosis in the horse. Vet Rec 83:336. PUBMED Abstract
37. Cook WR, Campbell RSF, Dawson C. 1968. The pathology and aetiology of guttural pouch mycosis in the horse. Vet Rec 83:422. PUBMED Abstract
38. Kosuge J, Takatori K, Anzai T. 1999. [Biological characteristics of Emericella nidulans isolated from horse guttural pouch mycosis]. Nippon Ishinkin Gakkai Zasshi 40:169. PUBMED Abstract
39. Guillot J, Sarfati J, Ribot X, et al. 1997. Detection of antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus in serum of horses with mycosis of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch). Am J Vet Res 58:1364. PUBMED Abstract
40. Guillot J, Collobert C, Gueho E, et al. 1997. Emericella nidulans as an agent of guttural pouch mycosis in a horse. J Med Vet Mycol 35:433. PUBMED Abstract
41. Ludwig A, Gatineau S, Reynaud MC, et al. 2005. Fungal isolation and identification in 21 cases of guttural pouch mycosis in horses (1998-2002). Vet J 169:457. PUBMED Abstract
42. Dobesova O, Schwarz B, Velde K, et al. 2012. Guttural pouch mycosis in horses: a retrospective study of 28 cases. Vet Rec 171:561. PUBMED Abstract
43. Greet TR. 1987. Outcome of treatment in 35 cases of guttural pouch mycosis. Equine Vet J 19:483. PUBMED Abstract
44. Lepage OM, Piccot-Crézollet C. 2005. Transarterial coil embolization in 31 horses (1999-2002) with guttural pouch mycosis: a 2-year follow-up. Equine Vet J 37:430. PUBMED Abstract
45. Freeman D. 2006. Letter to the editor. Equine Vet J 38:71.
46. Davis EW, Legendre AM. 1994. Successful treatment of guttural pouch mycosis with itraconazole and topical enilconazole in a horse. J Vet Intern Med 8:304. PUBMED Abstract
47. Van Nieuwstadt RA, Kalsbeek HC. 1994. Air sac mycosis: topical treatment using enilconazole administered via indwelling catheter. Tijdschr Diergeneesk 119:3. PUBMED Abstract
48. Speirs VC, Harrison IW, van Veenendaal JC, et al. 1995. Is specific antifungal therapy necessary for the treatment of guttural pouch mycosis in horses? Equine Vet J 27:151. PUBMED Abstract
49. Caron JP, Fretz PB, Bailey JV, et al. 1987. Balloon-tipped catheter arterial occlusion for prevention of hemorrhage caused by guttural pouch mycosis: 13 cases (1982-1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:345. PUBMED Abstract
50. Freeman DE, Donawick WJ. 1980. Occlusion of internal carotid artery in the horse by means of a balloon-tipped catheter: clinical use of a method to prevent epistaxis caused by guttural pouch mycosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:236. PUBMED Abstract
51. Freeman DE, Donawick WJ. 1980. Occlusion of internal carotid artery in the horse by means of a balloon-tipped catheter: evaluation of a method designed to prevent epistaxis caused by guttural pouch mycosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:232. PUBMED Abstract
52. Léveillé R, Hardy J, Robertson JT, et al. 2000. Transarterial coil embolization of the internal and external carotid and maxillary arteries for prevention of hemorrhage from guttural pouch mycosis in horses. Vet Surg 29:389. PUBMED Abstract
53. Benredouane K, Lepage O. 2012. Trans-arterial coil embolization of the internal carotid artery in standing horses. Vet Surg 41:404. PUBMED Abstract
54. Delfs KC, Hawkins JF, Hogan DF. 2009. Treatment of acute epistaxis secondary to guttural pouch mycosis with transarterial nitinol vascular occlusion plugs in three equids. J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:189. PUBMED Abstract
55. Cheramie HS, Pleasant RS, Robertson JL, et al. 1999. Evaluation of a technique to occlude the internal carotid artery of horses. Vet Surg 28:83. PUBMED Abstract
56. Matsuda Y, Nakanishi Y, Mizuno Y. 1999. Occlusion of the internal carotid artery by means of microcoils for preventing epistaxis caused by guttural pouch mycosis in horses. J Vet Med Sci 61:221. PUBMED Abstract
57. Léveillé R, Hardy J, Robertson JT, et al. 1999. Transarterial coil embolization for prevention of hemorrhage from guttural pouch mycosis in horses. Proc Am Assoc Eq Practnr 45:94.
58. Ernst NS, Freeman DE, MacKay RJ. 2006. Progression of mycosis of the auditory tube diverticulum (guttural pouch) after arterial occlusion in a horse with contralateral temporohyoid osteoarthropathy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:1945. PUBMED Abstract
59. Freeman DE. 2009. Complications of surgery for diseases of the guttural pouch. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 24:485. PUBMED Abstract

Diseases of the Paranasal Sinuses

Sinusitis

1. British Equine Veterinary Association. 1965. A survey of equine diseases (1962-1963). Vet Rec 77:528.
2. Tremaine WH, Dixon PM. 2001. A long-term study of 277 cases of equine sinonasal disease. Part 1: Details of horses, historical, clinical, and ancillary diagnostic findings. Equine Vet J 33:274. PUBMED Abstract
3. Dixon PM, Parkin TD, Collins N, et al. 2011. Historical and clinical features of 200 cases of equine sinus disease. Vet Rec 169:439. PUBMED Abstract
4. Dixon PM, Parkin TD, Collins N, et al. 2012. Equine paranasal sinus disease: a long-term study of 200 cases (1997-2009). Ancillary diagnostic findings and involvement of the various sinus compartments. Equine Vet J 44:267. PUBMED Abstract
5. Dixon PM, Head KW. 1999. Equine nasal and paranasal sinus tumors. II, A contribution of 28 case reports. Vet J 157:279. PUBMED Abstract
6. Cissell DD, Wisner ER, Textor J, et al. 2012. Computed tomographic appearance of equine sinonasal neoplasia. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 53:245. PUBMED Abstract
7. Head KW, Dixon PM. 1999. Equine nasal and paranasal sinus tumors. I, Review of the literature and tumour classification. Vet J 157:261. PUBMED Abstract
8. Bertone JJ, Biller DS, Ruggles A. 1993. Diagnostic techniques for evaluation of the paranasal sinuses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 9:75. PUBMED Abstract
9. Ruggles AJ, Ross MW, Freeman DE. 1991. Endoscopic examination of normal paranasal sinuses in horses. Vet Surg 20:418. PUBMED Abstract
10. Worster AA, Hackett RP. 1999. Equine sinus endoscopy using a flexible endoscope: diagnosis and treatment of sinus disease in the standing sedated horse. Proc Am Assoc Equine Practnr 45:128.
11. Pascoe JR. 1991. Dental radiography/radiology. Proc Am Assoc Equine Practnr 37:99.
12. Gibbs C. 1999. Dental imaging, p 139. In Baker GJ, Easley J (eds), Equine dentistry. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
13. Morrow KL, Park RD, Spurgeon TL, et al. 2000. Computed tomographic imaging of the equine head. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:491. PUBMED Abstract
14. Probst A, Henninger W, Willmann M. 2005. Communications of normal nasal and paranasal cavities in computed tomography of horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:44. PUBMED Abstract
15. Arencibia A, Vázquez JM, Jaber R, et al. 2000. Magnetic resonance imaging and cross sectional anatomy of the normal equine sinuses and nasal passages. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:313. PUBMED Abstract
16. Tietje S, Becker M, Bockenhoff G. 1996. Computed tomographic evaluation of head diseases in the horse: 15 cases. Equine Vet J 28:98. PUBMED Abstract
17. Henninger W, Frame EM, Willmann M, et al. 2003. CT features of alveolitis and sinusitis in horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 44:269. PUBMED Abstract
18. Tessier C, Brühschwein A, Lang J, et al. 2013. Magnetic resonance imaging features of sinonasal disorders in horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 54:54. PUBMED Abstract
19. Barakzai S. 2006. Use of scintigraphy for diagnosis of equine paranasal sinus disorders. Vet Surg 35:94. PUBMED Abstract
20. Ruggles AJ, Ross MW, Freeman DE. 1993. Endoscopic examination and treatment of paranasal sinus disease in 16 horses. Vet Surg 22:508. PUBMED Abstract
21. Tremaine WH, Dixon PM. 2001. A long-term study of 277 cases of equine sinonasal disease. Part 2: Treatments and results of treatments. Equine Vet J 33:283. PUBMED Abstract
22. Dixon PM, Parkin TD, Collins N, et al. 2012. Equine paranasal sinus disease: a long-term study of 200 cases (1997-2009). Treatments and long-term results of treatments. Equine Vet J 44:272. PUBMED Abstract

Ethmoid Hematoma

1. Cook WR, Littlewort MCG. 1974. Progressive haematoma of the ethmoid region in the horse. Equine Vet J 6:101. PUBMED Abstract
2. Platt H. 1975. Haemorrhagic nasal polyps of the horse. J Pathol 115:51. PUBMED Abstract
3. Textor JA, Puchalski SM, Affolter VK, et al. 2012. Results of computed tomography in horses with ethmoid hematoma: 16 cases (1993-2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 240:1338. PUBMED Abstract
4. Tremaine WH, Clarke CJ, Dixon PM. 1999. Histopathological findings in equine sinonasal disorders. Equine Vet J 31:296. PUBMED Abstract
5. Lane JG, Longstaffe JA, Gibbs C. 1987. Equine paranasal sinus cysts: a report of 15 cases. Equine Vet J 19:534. PUBMED Abstract
6. Greet TRC. 1992. Outcome of treatment in 23 horses with progressive ethmoidal haematoma. Equine Vet J 24:468. PUBMED Abstract
7. Colbourne CM, Rosenstein DS, Steficek BA. 1997. Surgical treatment of progressive ethmoidal hematoma aided by computed tomography in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:335. PUBMED Abstract
8. Dixon PM, Parkin TD, Collins N, et al. 2012. Equine paranasal sinus disease: a long-term study of 200 cases (1997-2009): treatments and long-term results of treatments. Equine Vet J 44:272. PUBMED Abstract
9. Tessier C, Brühschwein A, Lang J, et al. 2013. Magnetic resonance imaging features of sinonasal disorders in horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 54:54. PUBMED Abstract
10. Zaruby JF, Livesey MA, Percy DH. 1993. Ethmoid adenocarcinoma perforating the cribriform plate in the horse. Cornell Vet 83:283. PUBMED Abstract
11. Schumacher J, Yarbrough T, Pascoe J, et al. 1998. Transendoscopic chemical ablation of progressive ethmoidal hematoma in standing horses. Vet Surg 27:175. PUBMED Abstract
12. Rothaug PG, Tulleners EP. 1999. Neodymium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser assisted excision of progressive ethmoid hematomas in horses: 20 cases (1986-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1037. PUBMED Abstract
13. Wyn-Jones G, Jones RS, Church S. 1986. Temporary bilateral carotid artery occlusion as an aid to nasal surgery in the horse. Equine Vet J 18:125. PUBMED Abstract
14. Tate LP Jr. 2002. Noncontact free fiber ablation of equine progressive ethmoid hematoma. Clin Tech Equine Pract 1:22.
15. Marriot MR, Dart AJ, Hodgson DR. 1999. Treatment of progressive ethmoidal hematoma using intralesional injections of formalin in three horses. Aust Vet J 77:371. PUBMED Abstract
16. Tremaine WH, Dixon PM. 2001. A long-term study of 277 cases of equine sinonasal disease. Part 2: Treatments and results of treatments. Equine Vet J 33:283. PUBMED Abstract
17. Frees KE, Gaughan EM, Lillich JD, et al. 2001. Severe complication after administration of formalin for treatment of progressive ethmoid hematoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:950. PUBMED Abstract

Disorders of the Equine Soft Palate

1. Richardson LE, Wakley GK, Franklin SH. 2006. A quantitive study of the equine soft palate using histomorphometry. Vet J 172:78. PUBMED Abstract
2. Ducharme NG. 2006. Pharynx, p 544. In Auer JA, Stick JA (eds), Equine surgery, ed 3. Elsevier Health Sciences, St Louis, MO.
3. Pollock PJ, Reardon RJ, Parkin TD, et al. 2009. Dynamic respiratory endoscopy in 67 Thoroughbred racehorses training under normal ridden exercise conditions. Equine Vet J 41:354. PUBMED Abstract
4. Franklin SH, Naylor JR, Lane JG. 2006. Videoendoscopic evaluation of the upper respiratory tract in 93 sport horses during exercise testing on a high-speed treadmill. Equine Vet J Suppl 36:540. PUBMED Abstract
5. Van Erck E. 2011. Dynamic respiratory videoendoscopy in ridden sport horses: effect of head flexion, riding and airway inflammation in 129 cases. Equine Vet J Suppl 40:18. PUBMED Abstract
6. Kannegieter NJ, Dore ML. 1995. Endoscopy of the upper respiratory tract during treadmill exercise: a clinical study of 100 horses. Aust Vet J 72:101. PUBMED Abstract
7. Tan RH, Dowling BA, Dart AJ. 2005. High-speed treadmill videoendoscopic examination of the upper respiratory tract in the horse: the results of 291 clinical cases. Vet J 170:243. PUBMED Abstract
8. Lane JG, Bladon B, Little DM, et al. 2006. Dynamic obstructions of the equine upper respiratory tract. Part 1: Observations during high-speed treadmill endoscopy of 600 Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 38:393.
9. Allen K, Franklin S. 2013. Characteristics of palatal instability in Thoroughbred racehorses and their association with the development of dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Equine Vet J 45:454. PUBMED Abstract
10. Strand E, Skjerve E. 2012. Complex dynamic upper airway collapse: associations between abnormalities in 99 harness racehorses with one or more dynamic disorders. Equine Vet J 44:524. PUBMED Abstract
11. Cheetham J, Pigott JH, Thorson LM, et al. 2008. Racing performance following the laryngeal tie-forward procedure: a case-controlled study. Equine Vet J 40:501. PUBMED Abstract
12. Barakzai SZ, Dixon PM. 2011. Correlation of resting and exercising endoscopic findings for horses with dynamic laryngeal collapse and palatal dysfunction. Equine Vet J 43:18. PUBMED Abstract
13. Holcombe SJ, Derksen FJ, Robinson NE. 2007. Electromyographic activity of the palatinus and palatopharyngeus muscles in exercising horses. Equine Vet J 39:451. PUBMED Abstract
14. Allen KJ, Lane JG, Woodford NS, et al. 2007. Severe collapse of the rostral soft palate as a source of abnormal respiratory noise in six ponies and horses. Equine Vet J 39:562. PUBMED Abstract
15. Holcombe SJ, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, et al. 1997. Effect of bilateral tenectomy of the tensor veli palatini muscle on soft palate function in the horse. Am J Vet Res 58:317. PUBMED Abstract
16. Holcombe SJ, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, et al. 1997. Effects of bilateral hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerve blocks on epiglottic and soft palate position in exercising horses. Am J Vet Res 58:1022. PUBMED Abstract
17. Holcombe SJ, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, et al. 1998. Bilateral nerve blockade of the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve produces persistent soft palate dysfunction in horses. Am J Vet Res 59:504. PUBMED Abstract
18. Holcombe SJ, Cornelisse CJ, Berney C, et al. 2002. Electromyographic activity of the hyoepiglotticus muscle and control of epiglottis position in horses. Am J Vet Res 63:1617. PUBMED Abstract
19. Ducharme NG, Hackett RP, Woodie JB. 2003. Investigations into the role of the thyrohyoid muscles in the pathogenesis of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses. Equine Vet J 35:258. PUBMED Abstract
20. Holcombe SJ, Ducharme NG. 2007. Disorders of the nasopharynx and soft palate, pp 437-457. In McGorum BC, Dixon PM, Robinson NE, et al (eds), Textbook of equine respiratory medicine and surgery. Elsevier, Edinburgh.
21. Holcombe SJ, Derksen FJ, Stick JA, et al. 1999. Pathophysiology of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses. Equine Vet J Suppl 30:45. PUBMED Abstract
22. Hawkes CS, Hahn CN, Dixon PM. 2010. Histological and histochemical characterisation of the equine soft palate muscles. Equine Vet J 42:431. PUBMED Abstract
23. Woodie JB, Ducharme NG, Kanter P, et al. 2005. Surgical advancement of the larynx (laryngeal tie-forward) as a treatment for dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses: a prospective study 2001-2004. Equine Vet J 37:418. PUBMED Abstract
24. Cheetham J, Pigott JH, Hermanson JW, et al. 2009. Role of the hypoglossal nerve in equine nasopharyngeal stability. J Appl Physiol 107:477. PUBMED Abstract
25. Rehder RS, Ducharme NG, Hackett RP. 1995. Measurement of upper airway pressures in exercising horses with dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Am J Vet Res 56:26. PUBMED Abstract
26. Franklin SH, Naylor JR, Lane JG. 2002. Effect of dorsal displacement of the soft palate on ventilation and airflow during high-intensity exercise. Equine Vet J Suppl 34:379. PUBMED Abstract
27. Allen K, Franklin S. 2013. The effect of palatal dysfunction on measures of ventilation and gas exchange in Thoroughbred racehorses during high intensity exercise. Equine Vet J 45:350. PUBMED Abstract
28. Franklin SH, Price C, Burn JF. 2004. The displaced equine soft palate as a source of abnormal respiratory noise during expiration. Equine Vet J 36:590. PUBMED Abstract
29. Derksen FJ, Holcombe SJ, Hartmann W, et al. 2001. Spectrum analysis of respiratory sounds in exercising horses with experimentally induced laryngeal hemiplegia or dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Am J Vet Res 62:659. PUBMED Abstract
30. Parente EJ, Martin BB, Tulleners EP. 2002. Dorsal displacement of the soft palate in 92 horses during high speed treadmill examination (1993-1998). Vet Surgery 31:507. PUBMED Abstract
31. Lane JG, Bladon B, Little DM, et al. 2006. Dynamic obstructions of the equine upper respiratory tract. Part 2: Comparison of endoscopic findings at rest and during high-speed treadmill exercise of 600 Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 38:401.
32. Franklin SH, Burn JF, Allen KJ. 2008. Clinical trials using a telemetric endoscope for use during over-ground exercise: a preliminary study. Equine Vet J 40:712. PUBMED Abstract
33. Desmaizieres LM, Serraud N, Plainfosse B, et al. 2009. Dynamic respiratory endoscopy without treadmill in 68 performance Standardbred, Thoroughbred and saddle horses under natural training conditions. Equine Vet J 41:347. PUBMED Abstract
34. Chalmers HJ, Yeager AE, Ducharme NG. 2009. Ultrasonographic assessment of laryngohyoid position as a predictor of dorsal displacement of the soft palate in horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 50:91. PUBMED Abstract
35. Barakzai SZ, Finnegan CM, Boden LA. 2009. Effect of tongue tie use on racing performance in Thoroughbreds in the United Kingdom. Equine Vet J 41:812. PUBMED Abstract
36. Barakzai SZ, Dixon PM. 2005. Conservative treatment for racehorses affected with intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Vet Rec 157:337. PUBMED Abstract
37. Barakzai SZ, Boden LA, Hillyer MH, et al. 2009. Efficacy of thermal cautery for intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate as compared to conservatively treated horses: results for 78 treadmill diagnosed horses. Equine Vet J 41:65. PUBMED Abstract
38. Woodie JB, Ducharme NG, Hackett RP, et al. 2005. Can an external device prevent dorsal displacement of the soft palate during strenuous exercise? Equine Vet J 37:386. PUBMED Abstract
39. Allen KJ, Christley RM, Birchall MA, et al. 2012. A systematic review of the efficacy of interventions for dynamic intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate. Equine Vet J 44:25. PUBMED Abstract
40. Ortved KF, Cheetham J, Mitchell LM, et al. 2010. Successful treatment of persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate and evaluation of laryngohyoid position in15 racehorses. Equine Vet J 42:23. PUBMED Abstract
41. Ross MW, Gentile DG, Evans LE. 1993. Transoral axial division, under endoscopic guidance, for correction of epiglottic entrapment in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:416. PUBMED Abstract
42. Jann HW, Cook WR. 1985. Transendoscopic electrosurgery for epiglottal entrapment in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:484. PUBMED Abstract
43. Holcombe SJ, Hurcombe SD, Barr BS, et al. 2012. Dysphagia associated with presumed pharyngeal dysfunction in 16 neonatal foals. Equine Vet J Suppl 41:105. PUBMED Abstract
44. Bowman KF, Tate LP, Evans LH, et al. 1982. Complications of cleft palate repair in large animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:652. PUBMED Abstract
45. Crowe MW, Swerczek TW. 1985. Equine congenital defects. Am J Vet Res 46:353. PUBMED Abstract
46. Barakzai SZ, Dixon PM, Fraser BSL. 2013. Congenital defects of the soft palate in 15 mature horses. Equine Vet J, Aug 30. [Epub ahead of print]. PUBMED Abstract
47. Haynes PF. 1981. Persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate associated with epiglottic shortening in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:677. PUBMED Abstract
48. Dixon PM, Schumacher J, Collins N. 2007. Tracheal disorders, p 543. In McGorum BC, Dixon PM, Robinson NE, et al (eds), Equine respiratory medicine and surgery. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
49. Sisson S, Grossman I. 1975. Equine respiratory system, p 505. In Sisson and Grossman's The anatomy of domestic animals. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
50. Pirie M, Pirie HM, Cranston S, et al 1990. An ultrastructural study of the equine lower respiratory tract. Equine Vet J 22:338. PUBMED Abstract
51. Dixon PM. 1992. Respiratory mucociliary clearance in the horse in health and disease, and its pharmaceutical modification. Veterinary Record 131:229. PUBMED Abstract
52. Dixon PM, Railton DI, McGorum BC. 1995. Equine pulmonary disease: a case control study of 300 referred cases. Part 3: Ancillary diagnostic findings. Equine Vet J 27:428. PUBMED Abstract
53. Pouret E. 1966. Laryngeal ventriculectomy with suturing of the laryngeal saccules, p 207. Proceedings of the 12th Annual meeting of the American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP).
54. Goulden BE. 1977. Some unusual cases of abnormal respiratory noises in horses. New Zealand Vet J 25:398. PUBMED Abstract
55. Terron-Canedo N, McCluskie LK, Tremaine WH, et al. 2009. Cricotracheal membrane collapse: an uncommon dynamic airway obstruction diagnosed in two Thoroughbred racehorses, p 251. Proceedings of the 4th World Equine Airways Symposium, Aug 5-7, Berne, Switzerland.
56. Dallman MJ, McClure RC, Brown EM. 1988. Histochemical study of normal and collapsed tracheas in dogs. Am J Vet Res 49:2117. PUBMED Abstract
57. White R. 1995. Unilateral arytenoid lateralisation and extra-luminal polypropylene ring prostheses for correction of tracheal collapse in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 36:151. PUBMED Abstract
58. Rudorf H, Herrtage ME, White RA. 1997. Use of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of tracheal collapse. J Small Anim Pract 38:513. PUBMED Abstract
59. Jackson PG, White RA, Dennis R, et al 1986. Tracheal collapse in a goat. Vet Rec 119:160. PUBMED Abstract
60. Delahanty DD, Georgi JR. 1954. A tracheal deformity in a pony. J Am Vet Med Assoc 125:42. PUBMED Abstract
61. Dixon PM. 1988. Tracheostomy in the horse. In Practice 10:249.
62. Simmons TR, Peterson M, Parker J, et al. 1988. Tracheal collapse due to chondrodysplasia in a miniature horse foal. Equine Pract 10:39.
63. Mair TS, Lane JG. 1990. Tracheal obstructions in two horses and a donkey. Vet Rec 126:303. PUBMED Abstract
64. Couëtil LL, Gallatin LL, Blevins W, et al. 2004. Treatment of tracheal collapse with an intraluminal stent in a miniature horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1727. PUBMED Abstract
65. Aleman M, Nieto JE, Benak J, et al. 2008. Tracheal collapse in American Miniature Horses: 13 cases (1985-2007). J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:1302. PUBMED Abstract
66. Carrig CB, Groenendyk S, Seawright AA. 1973. Dorsoventral flattening of the trachea in a horse and its attempted treatment. J Am Radiog Soc 14:32.
67. Powell RJ, DuToit N, Burden FA, et al. 2010. Morphological study of tracheal shape in donkeys with and without tracheal obstruction. Equine Vet J 42:136. PUBMED Abstract
68. Freeman DE. 1991. Trachea, p 389. In Equine respiratory disorders. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
69. Busschers E, Epstein KL, Holt DE, et al. 2010. Extraluminal, C shaped polyethylene prostheses in two ponies with tracheal collapse. Vet Surg 39:76. PUBMED Abstract
70. Davis DM, Honnas CM, Hedlund CS, et al 1991. Resection of a cervical tracheal bronchus in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:2097. PUBMED Abstract
71. Peek SF, DeLahunta A, Hackett RP. 1995. Combined oesophageal and tracheal duplication cyst in an Arabian filly. Equine Vet J 27:475. PUBMED Abstract
72. Scott EA. 1978. Ruptured trachea in the horse: a method of surgical reconstruction. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 73:485. PUBMED Abstract
73. Caron JP, Townsend HGG. 1984. Tracheal perforation and widespread subcutaneous emphysema in a horse. Can Vet J 25:339. PUBMED Abstract
74. Fubini SL, Todhunter RJ, Vivrett SL, et al. 1985. Tracheal rupture in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:69. PUBMED Abstract
75. Risnes I, Mair TS. 2003. Traumatic oesophageal rupture in horse complicated by subsequent rupture of the common carotid. Equine Vet Educ 35:120.
76. Charlton C, Tulleners E. 1991. Transendoscopic contact neodymium: yttrium aluminium garnet laser excision of tracheal lesions in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:241. PUBMED Abstract
77. Sweeney CR. 1997. Trachea and bronchi, p 97. In Traub-Dargatz JL, Brown CM (eds), Equine endoscopy. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
78. Spector GJ. 1991. Respiratory insufficiency, tracheostenosis and airway control, p 530. In Balleneger JJ (ed), Diseases of the nose, throat, ear, head and neck. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
79. Collins NM, Barakzai SZ, Dixon PM. 2005. Tracheal obstruction by an eosinophilic polyp in a horse. Equine Vet Educ 17:128.
80. Randall RW, Myers VS. 1973. Partial tracheal stenosis in a horse. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 68:264. PUBMED Abstract
81. Rigg DL, Ramey DW, Reinerston EL. 1985. Tracheal compression secondary to abscessation of cranial mediastinal lymph nodes in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:283. PUBMED Abstract
82. Tessier GL, Neuwirth LA, Merritt AM. 1996. Peritracheal abscess as the cause of tracheal compression and severe respiratory distress in a horse. Equine Vet Educ 8:127.
83. O'Connor JJ. 1950. Operations on the head and neck, p 308. Dollar's veterinary surgery, ed 4. Bailliere, Tindall, Cox, London.
84. Lane JG. 1981. Fibreoptic endoscopy. In Practice 3:24. PUBMED Abstract
85. Urquhart KA, Gerring EL, Shepherd ML. 1981. Tracheobronchial foreign body in a pony. Equine Vet J 13:262. PUBMED Abstract
86. Brown CM, Collier MA. 1983. Tracheobronchial foreign body in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:280. PUBMED Abstract
87. Ferrucci F, Croci C, Zucca E, et al. 2003. Use of a transendoscopic technique to remove a bronchial foreign body in a Standardbred colt. Equine Vet Educ 15:228.

Epiglottic Entrapment

1. Honnas CM, Wheat JD. 1988. Epiglottic entrapment. A transnasal surgical approach to divide the aryepiglottic fold axially in the standing horse. Vet Surg 17:246. PUBMED Abstract
2. Tulleners EP. 1990. Transendoscopic contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser correction of epiglottic entrapment in standing horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1971. PUBMED Abstract
3. Lumsden JM, Stick JA, Caron JP, et al. 1994. Surgical treatment for epiglottic entrapment in horses: 51 cases (1981-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:729. PUBMED Abstract
4. Tulleners EP. 1991. Correlation of performance with endoscopic and radiographic assessment of epiglottic hypoplasia in racehorses with epiglottic entrapment corrected by use of contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:621. PUBMED Abstract
5. Aitken MR, Parente EJ. 2011. Epiglottic abnormalities in mature nonracehorses: 23 cases (1990-2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc 238:1634. PUBMED Abstract
6. Embertson RM. 1998. Evaluation of the upper respiratory tract in weanlings and yearlings, pp 122-127. In White NA II, Moore JN (eds), Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
7. Brown JA, Hinchcliff KW, Jackson MA, et al. 2005. Prevalence of pharyngeal and laryngeal abnormalities in Thoroughbreds racing in Australia, and their association with performance. Equine Vet J 37:397. PUBMED Abstract
8. Greet TR. 1995. Experiences in treatment of epiglottal entrapment using a hook knife per nasum. Equine Vet J 27:122. PUBMED Abstract
9. Hawkins JF, Tulleners EP. 1994. Epiglottitis in horses: 20 cases (1988-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:1577. PUBMED Abstract
10. Tulleners EP. 1991. Evaluation of peroral transendoscopic contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser and snare excision of subepiglottic cysts in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1631. PUBMED Abstract
11. Linford RL, O'Brien TR, Wheat JD, et al. 1983. Radiographic assessment of epiglottic length and pharyngeal and laryngeal diameters in the Thoroughbred. Am J Vet Res 44:1660. PUBMED Abstract
12. Russell T, Wainscott M. 2007. Treatment in the field of 27 horses with epiglottic entrapment. Vet Rec 161:187. PUBMED Abstract
13. Perkins JD, Hughes TK, Brain B. 2007. Endoscope-guided, transoral axial division of an entrapping epiglottic fold in fifteen standing horses. Vet Surg 36:800. PUBMED Abstract
14. Ross MW, Gentile DG, Evans LE. 1993. Transoral axial division, under endoscopic guidance, for correction of epiglottic entrapment in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:416. PUBMED Abstract
15. Lacourt M, Marcoux M. 2011. Treatment of epiglottic entrapment by transnasal axial division in standing sedated horses using a shielded hook bistoury. Vet Surg 40:299. PUBMED Abstract
16. Jann HW, Cook WR. 1985. Transendoscopic electrosurgery for epiglottal entrapment in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:484. PUBMED Abstract
17. Fulton IC, Anderson BH, Stick JA, et al. 2012. Larynx, pp 592-622. In Auer JA, Stick JA (eds), Equine surgery, ed 4. WB Saunders, St Louis, MO.
18. Ortved KF, Cheetham J, Mitchell LM, et al. 2010. Successful treatment of persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate and evaluation of laryngohyoid position in 15 racehorses. Equine Vet J 42:23. PUBMED Abstract

Pharyngeal Cysts in Horses

1. Brown JA, Hinchcliff KW, Jackson MA, et al. 2005. Prevalence of pharyngeal and laryngeal abnormalities in Thoroughbreds racing in Australia, and their association with performance. Equine Vet J 37:397. PUBMED Abstract
2. Saulez MN, Gummow B. 2009. Prevalence of pharyngeal, laryngeal and tracheal disorders in Thoroughbred racehorses, and effect on performance. Vet Rec 165:431. PUBMED Abstract
3. Raphel CF. 1982. Endoscopic findings in the upper respiratory tract of 479 horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:470. PUBMED Abstract
4. Koch DB, Tate LP Jr. 1978. Pharyngeal cysts in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:860. PUBMED Abstract
5. Stick JA, Boles C. 1980. Subepiglottic cyst in three foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 177:62. PUBMED Abstract
6. Haynes PF, Beadle RE, McClure JR, et al. 1990. Soft palate cysts as a cause of pharyngeal dysfunction in two horses. Equine Vet J 22:369. PUBMED Abstract
7. Hay WP, Baskett A, Abdy MJ. 1997. Complete upper airway obstruction and syncope caused by a subepiglottic cyst in a horse. Equine Vet J 29:75. PUBMED Abstract
8. Tulleners EP. 1991. Evaluation of peroral transendoscopic contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser and snare excision of subepiglottic cysts in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1631. PUBMED Abstract
9. Aitken MR, Parente EJ. 2011. Epiglottic abnormalities in mature nonracehorses: 23 cases (1990-2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc 238:1634. PUBMED Abstract
10. Sinclair EA. 2008. Pharyngeal cyst in a 5-year-old Dutch Warmblood. Can Vet J 49:806. PUBMED Abstract
11. Dougherty SS, Palmer JL. 2008. Use of intralesional formalin administration for treatment of a subepiglottic cyst in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:463. PUBMED Abstract

Nasopharyngeal Cicatrix Syndrome

1. Schumacher J, Hanselka D. 1987. Nasopharyngeal cicatrices in horses: 47 cases (1972-1985). JAVMA 191:239. PUBMED Abstract
2. Norman TE, Chaffin MK, Bissett WT, et al. 2013. Risk factors associated with equine nasopharyngeal cicatrix syndrome in horses. JAVMA 242:1267. PUBMED Abstract
3. Chesen AB, Rakestraw PC. 2008. Indications for and short- and long-term outcome of permanent tracheostomy performed in standing horses: 82 cases (1995-2005). JAVMA 232:1352. PUBMED Abstract
4. Norman TE, Chaffin MK, Bissett WT, et al. 2012. Association of clinical signs to endoscopic findings in horses with nasopharyngeal cicatrix syndrome: 118 horses (2003-2008). JAVMA 240:734. PUBMED Abstract
5. Rakestraw PC. 2003. Equine nasopharyngeal cicatrix syndrome, p 40. Proceedings Texas A&M Annual Equine Conference.

Equine Influenza in Australia

1. Edlund Toulemonde C, Daly J, Sindle T, et al. 2005. Efficacy of a recombinant equine influenza vaccine against challenge with an American lineage H3N8 influenza virus responsible for the 2003 outbreak in the United Kingdom. Vet Rec 156:367. PUBMED Abstract
2. Guthrie AJ. 2006. Equine influenza in South Africa, 2003 outbreak. Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of World Equine Veterinary Association, Jan 22-26, Marrakech, Morocco.
3. Minke JM, El-Hage CM, Tazawa P, et al. 2011. Evaluation of the response to an accelerated immunisation schedule using a canarypox-vectored equine influenza vaccine, shortened interdose intervals and vaccination of young foals. Aust Vet J 89(suppl):137. PUBMED Abstract
4. Perkins NR, Webster WR, Wright T, et al. 2011. Vaccination program in the response to the 2007 equine influenza outbreak in Australia. Aust Vet J 89(suppl):126. PUBMED Abstract
5. Watson J, Halpin K, Selleck P, et al. 2011. Isolation and characterisation of an H3N8 equine influenza virus in Australia, 2007. Aust Vet J 89(suppl):35. PUBMED Abstract
6. Watson J, Selleck P, Axell A, et al. 2011. Diagnosis of equine influenza virus infections in quarantine stations in Australia, 2007. Aust Vet J 89(suppl):4. PUBMED Abstract
7. Bryant NA, Rash AS, Woodward AL, et al. 2011. Isolation and characterisation of equine influenza viruses (H3N8) from Europe and North America from 2008 to 2009. Vet Microbiol 147:19. PUBMED Abstract
8. Begg AP, Reece RL, Hum S, et al. 2011. Pathological changes in horses dying with equine influenza in Australia, 2007. Aust Vet J 89(suppl):19. PUBMED Abstract
9. Gilkerson JR. 2011. Equine influenza in Australia: a clinical overview. Aust Vet J 89(suppl):11. PUBMED Abstract
10. Patterson-Kane JC, Carrick JB, Axon JE, et al. 2008. The pathology of bronchointerstitial pneumonia in young foals associated with the first outbreak of equine influenza in Australia. Equine Vet J 40:199. PUBMED Abstract

Hendra Virus

1. Murray K, Selleck P, Hooper P, et al. 1995. A morbillivirus that caused fatal disease in horses and humans. Science 268:94. PUBMED Abstract
2. Halpin K, Young PL, Field HE, et al. 2000. Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. J Gen Virol 81:1927. PUBMED Abstract
3. Plowright RK, Field HE, Smith C, et al. 2008. Reproduction and nutritional stress are risk factors for Hendra virus infection in little red flying foxes (Pteropus scapulatus). Proc Biol Sci 275:861. PUBMED Abstract
4. McCormack JG, Allworth AM, Selvey LA, et al. 1999. Transmissibility from horses to humans of a novel paramyxovirus, equine morbillivirus (EMV). J Infect 38:22. PUBMED Abstract
5. Xu K, Broder CC, Nikolov DB. 2012. Ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 as functional henipavirus receptors. Semin Cell Dev Biol 23:116. PUBMED Abstract
6. Selvey LA, Wells RM, McCormack JG, et al. 1995. Infection of humans and horses by a newly described morbillivirus. Med J Aust 162:642. PUBMED Abstract
7. Murray K, Rogers R, Selvey L, et al. 1995. A novel morbillivirus pneumonia of horses and its transmission to humans. Emerg Infect Dis 1:31. PUBMED Abstract
8. Pallister J, Middleton D, Wang LF, et al. 2011. A recombinant Hendra virus G glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine protects ferrets from lethal Hendra virus challenge. Vaccine 29:5623. PUBMED Abstract

Crofton Weed Poisoning (Numinbah Horse Sickness, Tallebudgera Horse Disease)

1. Everist SL. 1981. Poisonous plants of Australia, ed 2. Angus & Robertson, Sydney, Australia.
2. Offord M. 2006. Plants poisonous to horses: an Australian field guide. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), Sydney, Australia.
3. Dowling RM, McKenzie RA. 1993. Poisonous plants: a field guide. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, Australia.

Ruminant Respiratory System

Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases

Diseases of the Nasal Cavity

1. Shibahara T, Mitarai Y, Ishikawa Y, et al. 2001. Bovine nasal eosinophilic granuloma with blood eosinophilia caused by Nocardia species. Aust Vet J 79:363. PUBMED Abstract
2. McKenzie RA, Connole MD. 1977. Mycotic nasal granuloma in cattle. Aust Vet J 53:268. PUBMED Abstract
3. Wilke BN. 1982. Allergic respiratory disease. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 26:233. PUBMED Abstract
4. Carbonell PL, Muller HK. 1982. Bovine nasal granuloma: nasal eosinophilia. Aust Vet J 59:97. PUBMED Abstract
5. Allan EM, Gibbs HA, Wiseman A. 1983. Pathologic features of bovine nasal granuloma (atopic rhinitis). Vet Rec 112:222.
6. Van Metre DC. 1997. Allergic respiratory disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 13:495. PUBMED Abstract
7. De Bosschere H, Audenaerde P, Ducatelle R. 2000. Seasonal variation in the morphology of a bovine nasal granuloma. Vet Rec 146:322. PUBMED Abstract
8. Krahwinkel DJ Jr, Schmeitze LP, Fadok VA, et al. 1988. Familial allergic rhinitis in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:1593. PUBMED Abstract
9. Wiseman A, Gibbs HA, McGregor AB. 1982. Bovine nasal granuloma (atopic rhinitis) in Britain. Vet Rec 110:420. PUBMED Abstract
10. Pycock JF, Pead MJ, Longstaffe JA. 1984. Squamous cell carcinoma in the nasal cavity of a cow. Vet Rec 114:542. PUBMED Abstract
11. Popischil A, Haenichen T, Schaeffler H. 1979. Histological and electron microscopic studies of endemic ethmoidal carcinomas in cattle. Vet Pathol 16:180. PUBMED Abstract
12. Queen WG, Masterson MA, Weisbrode SE. 1992. Hemangiosarcoma of the external naris in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1411. PUBMED Abstract
13. Rings DM, Rojko J. 1985. Naturally occurring nasal obstructions in 11 sheep. Cornell Vet 75:269. PUBMED Abstract
14. Johnson R. 1982. Nasal squamous-cell carcinoma in a sheep. Mod Vet Pract 63:897.
15. McKinnon AO, Thorsen J, Hayes MA, et al. 1982. Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma of sheep in Canada. Can Vet J 23:88. PUBMED Abstract
16. Cousens C, Minguijon E, Dalziel RG, et al. 1999. Complete sequence of enzootic nasal tumor virus, a retrovirus associated with transmissible intranasal tumors of sheep. J Virol 73:3986. PUBMED Abstract
17. Ortín A, Cousens C, Minguijón E, et al. 2003. Characterization of enzootic nasal tumour virus of goats: complete sequence and tissue distribution. J Gen Virol 84:2245. PUBMED Abstract
18. De las Heras M, Ortín A, Cousens C, et al. 2003. Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma of sheep and goats. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 275:201. PUBMED Abstract
19. De las Heras M, García de Jalón JA, Minguijón E, et al. 1995. Experimental transmission of enzootic intranasal tumors of goats. Vet Pathol 32:19-23. PUBMED Abstract
20. Ortín A, Minguijón E, Dewar P, et al. 1998. Lack of a specific immune response against a recombinant capsid protein of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus in sheep and goats naturally affected by enzootic nasal tumour or sheep pulmonary adenomatosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 61:229. PUBMED Abstract
21. Palmarini M, Hallwirth C, York D, et al. 2000. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of three type D endogenous retroviruses of sheep reveal a different cell tropism from that of the highly related exogenous Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. J Virol 74:8065. PUBMED Abstract
22. Ortín A, Pérez de Villarreal M, Minguijón E, et al. 2004. Coexistence of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma and Jaagsiekte retrovirus infection in sheep. J Comp Pathol 131:253. PUBMED Abstract
23. Trent AM, Smart ME, Fretz PB. 1988. Surgical management of nasal adenocarcinoma in sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:227. PUBMED Abstract

Oestrus ovis Infestation

1. Papadopoulos E, Prevot F, Diakou A, et al. 2006. Comparison of infection rates of Oestrus ovis between sheep and goats kept in mixed flocks. Vet Parasitol 138:382. PUBMED Abstract
2. Torok PG. 1992. Conjunctival ophthalmomyiasis caused by the sheep nasal botfly (Oestrus ovis). Am J Ophthalmol 113:222. PUBMED Abstract
3. Luján L, Vázquez J, Lucientes J, et al. 1998. Nasal myiasis due to Oestrus ovis infestation in a dog. Vet Rec 142:282. PUBMED Abstract
4. Dorchies P. 1997. Comparative physiopathology of Oestrus ovis (Linne 1761) myiasis in animals and man. Bull Acad Nat Med 181:673. PUBMED Abstract
5. Hall M, Wall R. 1995. Myiasis of humans and domestic animals. Adv Parasitol 35:257. PUBMED Abstract
6. Alcaide M, Reina D, Sánchez J, et al. 2003. Seasonal variations in the larval burden distribution of Oestrus ovis in sheep in the southwest of Spain. Vet Parasitol 118:235. PUBMED Abstract
7. Tabouret G, Bret-Bennis L, Dorchies P, et al. 2003. Serine protease activity in excretory-secretory products of Oestrus ovis (Diptera: Oestridae) larvae. Vet Parasitol 114:305. PUBMED Abstract
8. Rugg D, Gogolewski RP, Barrick RA, et al. 1997. Efficacy of ivermectin controlled-release capsules for the control and prevention of nasal bot infestations in sheep. Aust Vet J 75:36. PUBMED Abstract
9. Scala A, Solinas G, Citterio CV, et al. 2001. Sheep oestrosis (Oestrus ovis Linné 1761, Diptera: Oestridae) in Sardinia, Italy. Vet Parasitol 102:133. PUBMED Abstract
10. Alcaide M, Reina D, Frontera E, et al. 2005. Epidemiology of Oestrus ovis (Linneo, 1761) infestation in goats in Spain. Vet Parasitol 130:277. PUBMED Abstract
11. Alcaide M, Reina D, Sánchez-López J, et al. 2005. Seroprevalence of Oestrus ovis (Diptera, Oestridae) infestation and associated risk factors in ovine livestock from southwestern Spain. J Med Entomol 42:327. PUBMED Abstract
12. Roncalli RA. 1984. Efficacy of ivermectin against Oestrus ovis in sheep. Vet Med 79:1095.
13. Dorchies P, Cardinaud B, Fournier R. 1996. Efficacy of moxidectin as a 1% injectable solution and a 0.1% oral drench against nasal bots, pulmonary and gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Vet Parasitol 65:163. PUBMED Abstract
14. Hoste H, Lespine A, Lemercier P, et al. 2004. Efficacy of eprinomectin pour-on against gastrointestinal nematodes and the nasal bot fly (Oestrus ovis) in sheep. Vet Rec 154:782. PUBMED Abstract
15. Dorchies P, Jacquiet P, Bergeaud JP, et al. 2001. Efficacy of doramectin injectable against Oestrus ovis and gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep in the southwestern region of France. Vet Parasitol 96:147. PUBMED Abstract

Congenital Cystic Nasal Turbinates in Cattle

1. Ross MW, Richardson DW, Hackett RP, et al. 1986. Nasal obstruction caused by cystic nasal conchae in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:857. PUBMED Abstract
2. Cohen ND, Vacek JR, Seahorn TL, et al. 1991. Cystic nasal concha in a calf. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1035. PUBMED Abstract

Diseases of the Sinuses

Sinusitis

1. McPike Mundell LD, Smith BP, Hoffman RL. 1996. Maxillary sinus cysts in two cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:127. PUBMED Abstract
2. Crocker CB, Rings DM. 1998. Lymphosarcoma of the frontal sinus and nasal passage in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:1472. PUBMED Abstract
3. Nyack B, Padmore CL, Bernard N. 1982. Conservative therapy for right frontal sinusitis in a Brahma bull. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 77:107. PUBMED Abstract
4. Ward JL, Rebhun WC. 1992. Chronic frontal sinusitis in dairy cattle: 12 cases (1978-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:326. PUBMED Abstract
5. Greenough PR, Johnson L. 1974. The integumentary system, p 205. In Oehme FW, Prier JE (eds), Textbook of large animal surgery. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
6. Schneider JE. 1974. The respiratory system, p 350. In FW Oehme, JE Prier (eds), Textbook of large animal surgery. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
7. Schneider JE. 1988. The respiratory system, p 356. In FW Oehme (ed), Textbook of large animal surgery, ed 2. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
8. Misra SS, Angelo SJ. 1983. Sinus-probe in the clinical management of frontal sinusitis in zebu cattle. Indian Vet J 60:154.
9. Hoffsis G. 1995. Surgical (cosmetic) dehorning in cattle. Vet Clin Food Anim 11:159. PUBMED Abstract
10. Hull BL. 1995. Dehorning the adult goat. Vet Clin Food Anim 11:183. PUBMED Abstract
11. Hague B, Hooper RN. 1997. Cosmetic dehorning in goats. Vet Surg 26:332. PUBMED Abstract

Diseases of the Pharynx, Larynx, and Trachea

1. Davidson HP, Rebhun WC, Habel RE. 1981. Pharyngeal trauma in cattle. Cornell Vet 71:15. PUBMED Abstract
2. Vestweber JG, Roeder B. 1986. Medial retropharyngeal lymph node abscess as a cause of respiratory dyspnea in cattle. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 8:F71.
3. Ross CE, Rebhun WC. 1986. Megaesophagus in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:623. PUBMED Abstract
4. Thompson PN, Van Der Lugt JJ, Olivier-Carstens A. 2001. Botryomycosis associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the nasopharynx of a cow. Vet Rec 149:495. PUBMED Abstract
5. Anderson DE, St Jean G, Gaughan EM, et al. 1994. Persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate in two young bulls. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1071. PUBMED Abstract
6. Mattoon JS, Andrews D, Jones SL, et al. 1991. Subepiglottic cyst causing upper airway obstruction in a neonatal calf. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:747. PUBMED Abstract
7. Jensen R, Lauerman LH, Braddy PM. 1980. Laryngeal contact ulcers in feedlot cattle. Vet Pathol 17:667. PUBMED Abstract
8. Jensen R, Lauerman LH, England JJ, et al. 1981. Laryngeal diphtheria and papillomatosis in feedlot cattle. Vet Pathol 18:143. PUBMED Abstract
9. Beeman KB. 1985. Haemophilus somnus of cattle: an overview. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 7:S259.
10. Lekeux P, Art T. 1987. Functional changes induced by necrotic laryngitis in double muscled calves. Vet Rec 121:353. PUBMED Abstract
11. Gamboa JC, Angel KL, Shoemaker RS, et al. 1992. Laryngeal granuloma in a bull. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:460. PUBMED Abstract
12. Lawrence JA. 1967. Laryngeal abscesses in calves. Vet Rec 81:540. PUBMED Abstract
13. Lane JB, Brown PJ, Lancaster ML, et al. 1987. Laryngeal chondritis in Texel sheep. Vet Rec 121:81. PUBMED Abstract
14. Goulding R, Schumacher J, Barrett DC, et al. 2003. Use of a permanent tracheostomy to treat laryngeal chondritis and stenosis in a heifer. Vet Rec 152:809. PUBMED Abstract
15. Rings DM, Constable P, Biller DS. 1986. False carotid aneurysm in a sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:799. PUBMED Abstract
16. Sáez T, Ramos JJ, De Jalon JA, et al. 2003. Laryngeal hemiplegia in a ram associated with Sarcocystis species infection. Vet Rec 153:27. PUBMED Abstract
17. West HJ. 1997. Tracheolaryngostomy as a treatment for laryngeal obstruction in cattle. Vet J 153:81. PUBMED Abstract
18. Horney FD. 1975. Tracheal prosthesis in a calf. J Am Vet Med Assoc 167:463. PUBMED Abstract
19. Watt BR. 1983. Collapse of the trachea in two calves. Aust Vet J 60:309. PUBMED Abstract
20. Scarratt WK, Bradley RL, Booth LC, et al. 1985. Collapsed trachea in two calves. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 7:S45.
21. Belli CB, Benesi FJ, Leal ML, et al. 2003. Tracheal collapse in an adult goat. Can Vet J 44:835. PUBMED Abstract
22. Rings DM. 1995. Tracheal collapse. Vet Clin Food Anim 11:171. PUBMED Abstract
23. Thompson KG, Blair HT, Linney LE, et al. 2005. Inherited chondrodysplasia in Texel sheep. N Z Vet J 53:208. PUBMED Abstract
24. Keeler RF, Young S, Smart R. 1985. Congenital tracheal stenosis in lambs induced by maternal ingestion of Veratrum californicum. Teratology 31:83. PUBMED Abstract
25. Fingland RB, Rings DM, Vestweber JG. 1990. The etiology and surgical management of tracheal collapse in calves. Vet Surg 19:371. PUBMED Abstract
26. Superti-Furga A, Rossi A, Steinmann B, et al. 1996. A chondrodysplasia family produced by mutations in the diastrophic dysplasia sulphate transporter gene: genotype/phenotype correlations. Am J Med Genet 63:144. PUBMED Abstract
27. Boyd CL, Hanselka DV. 1976. Prosthesis for correction of collapsed trachea. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 12:829.
28. Reference deleted in pages.
29. Bertone AL, Rebhun WC. 1984. Tracheal actinomycosis in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:221. PUBMED Abstract
30. Erickson ED, Doster AR. 1993. Tracheal stenosis in feedlot cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 5:449. PUBMED Abstract
31. Panciera RJ, Williams DE. 1981. Tracheal edema (honker) syndrome of feeder cattle, p 800. In Howard JL (ed), Current veterinary therapy: food animal practice. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
32. Griffin D. 1998. Feedlot diseases. Vet Clin Food Anim 14:199. PUBMED Abstract

Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases

Clinical Classification of Pneumonia

1. Pierson RE, RA Kainer RA. 1980. Clinical classification of pneumonias in cattle. Bovine Pract 15:73.

Viral Agents

Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1

1. Reed DE, Bicknell EJ, Bury RJ. 1973. Systemic form of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in young calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:753. PUBMED Abstract
2. Yates WDG. 1982. A review of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, shipping fever pneumonia and viral-bacterial synergism in respiratory disease of cattle. Can J Comp Med 46:225. PUBMED Abstract
3. Ryan AM, Hutcheson DP, Womack JE. 1993. Type-I interferon genotypes and severity of clinical disease in cattle inoculated with bovine herpesvirus 1. Am J Vet Res 54:73. PUBMED Abstract
4. Roizmann B, Desrosiers RC, Fleckenstein B, et al. 1992. The family Herpesviridae: an update. Arch Virol 123:425. PUBMED Abstract
5. Bryan LA, Fenton RA, Misra V, et al. 1994. Fatal, generalized bovine herpesvirus type-1 infection associated with a modified-live infectious bovine rhinotracheitis parainfluenza-3 vaccine administered to neonatal calves. Can Vet J 35:223. PUBMED Abstract
6. Mars MH, de Jong MC, van Maanen C, et al. 2000. Airborne transmission of bovine herpesvirus 1 infections in calves under field conditions. Vet Microbiol 76:1. PUBMED Abstract
7. McLain DS, Fuller AO. 1994. Cell-specific kinetics and efficiency of herpes simplex virus type 1 entry are determined by two distinct phases of attachment. Virology 198:690. PUBMED Abstract
8. Jones C. 2003. Herpes simplex virus type 1 and bovine herpesvirus 1 latency. Clin Microbiol Rev 16:79. PUBMED Abstract
9. Holliman A, Lord M, Henderson T, et al. 2005. Observations on bovine herpesvirus type 1 infection in cattle in the UK. Vet Rec 156:59. PUBMED Abstract
10. Rogers RJ, McCubbin IK, McKenzie RA, et al. 1980. Severe rhinotracheitis and pneumonia of feedlot cattle due to bovine herpesvirus type 1 infection. Aust Vet J 56:147. PUBMED Abstract
11. Bielefeldt Ohmann H, Babiuk LA. 1985. Viral-bacterial pneumonia in calves: effect of bovine herpesvirus-1 on immunologic functions. J Infect Dis 151:937. PUBMED Abstract
12. Nataraj C, Eidmann S, Hariharan MJ, et al. 1997. Bovine herpesvirus 1 downregulates the expression of bovine MHC class I molecules. Viral Immunol 10:21. PUBMED Abstract
13. Hanon E, Vanderplasschen A, Lyaku S, et al. 1996. Inactivated bovine herpesvirus 1 induces apoptotic cell death of mitogen-stimulated bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Virol 70:4116.
14. Leite F, Sylte MJ, O'Brien S, et al. 2002. Effect of experimental infection of cattle with bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) on the ex vivo interaction of bovine leukocytes with Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica leukotoxin. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 84:97. PUBMED Abstract
15. Winkler MT, Doster A, Jones C. 2000. Persistence and reactivation of bovine herpesvirus 1 in the tonsils of latently infected calves. J Virol 74:5337. PUBMED Abstract
16. Inman M, Lovato L, Doster A, et al. 2002. A mutation in the latency-related gene of bovine herpesvirus 1 interferes with the latency-reactivation cycle. J Virol 76:6771. PUBMED Abstract
17. Castrucci G, Frigeri F, Salvatori D, et al. 2002. A study on latency in calves by five vaccines against bovine herpesvirus-1 infection. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 25:205. PUBMED Abstract
18. Lemaire M, Weynants V, Godfroid J, et al. 2000. Effects of bovine herpesvirus type 1 infection in calves with maternal antibodies on immune response and virus latency. J Clin Microbiol 38:1885. PUBMED Abstract
19. Bryson DG, McFerran JB, Ball HJ, et al. 1978. Observations on outbreaks of respiratory disease in housed calves—(1) Epidemiological, clinical and microbiological findings. Vet Rec 103:485. PUBMED Abstract
20. Verhoeff J, van Nieuwstadt AP. 1984. BRS virus, PI3 virus and BHV1 infections of young stock on self-contained dairy farms: epidemiological and clinical findings. Vet Rec 114:288. PUBMED Abstract
21. Van Donkersgoed J, Klassen P. 1995. Serological study of a modified-live virus IBR vaccine given to feedlot calves after arrival. Can Vet J 36:394. PUBMED Abstract
22. van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S, Myers D, Doig DA, et al. 2001. Identification of a mutant bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) in post-arrival outbreaks of IBR in feedlot calves and protection with conventional vaccination. Can J Vet Res 65:81. PUBMED Abstract
23. Ellis J, Waldner C, Rhodes C, et al. 2005. Longevity of protective immunity to experimental bovine herpesvirus-1 infection following inoculation with a combination modified-live virus vaccine in beef calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:123. PUBMED Abstract
24. Kucera CJ, Beckenhauer WH. 1978. Time required to stimulate protection with intranasal administration of a temperature-sensitive, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus vaccine. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 73:83. PUBMED Abstract
25. Sutton M. 1980. Rapid onset of immunity in cattle after intramuscular injection of a modified-live-virus IBR vaccine. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 75:1447. PUBMED Abstract
26. Gerber JD, Marron AE, Kucera CJ. 1978. Local and systemic cellular and antibody immune responses of cattle to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus vaccines administered intranasally or intramuscularly. Am J Vet Res 39:753. PUBMED Abstract
27. Woolums AR, Siger L, Johnson S, et al. 2003. Rapid onset of protection following vaccination of calves with multivalent vaccines containing modified-live or modified-live and killed BHV-1 is associated with virus-specific interferon gamma production. Vaccine 21:1158. PUBMED Abstract
28. Fairbanks KF, Campbell J, Chase CCL. 2004. Rapid onset of protection against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis with a modified-live virus multivalent vaccine. Vet Ther 5:17. PUBMED Abstract
29. Jericho KWF, Yates WDG, Babiuk LA. 1982. Bovine herpesvirus-1 vaccination against experimental bovine herpesvirus-1 and Pasteurella haemolytica respiratory tract infection: onset of protection. Am J Vet Res 43:1776. PUBMED Abstract
30. Curtis RA, Angulo A. 1974. A field trial to evaluate an intranasal infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine. Can Vet J 15:327. PUBMED Abstract
31. Duff GC, Malcolm-Callis KJ, Walker DA, et al. 2000. Effects of intranasal versus intramuscular modified live vaccines and vaccine timing on health and performance by newly received beef cattle. Bovine Pract 34:66.
32. Harland RJ, Potter AA, van Drunen-Littel-van den Hurk S, et al. 1992. The effect of subunit or modified live bovine herpesvirus-1 vaccines on the efficacy of a recombinant Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine for the prevention of respiratory disease in feedlot calves. Can Vet J 33 734. PUBMED Abstract
33. U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2000. Baseline reference of feedlot health and health management, 1999 USDA:APHIS:VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System: Ft Collins, N335.1000.
34. Cravens RL, Bechtol D. 1991. Clinical response of feeder calves under direct IBR and BVD virus challenges: a comparison of two vaccines and negative control. Bovine Pract 26:154.
35. Kerkhofs P, Renjifo X, Toussaint JF, et al. 2003. Enhancement of the immune response and virological protection of calves against bovine herpesvirus type 1 with an inactivated gE-deleted vaccine. Vet Rec 152:681. PUBMED Abstract
36. Jacobsen K. 2000. How should colostrum-deprived, transport-stressed calves be managed? Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 22:S14.
37. Todd JD. 1976. Intranasal vaccination of cattle against IBR and PI-3: field and laboratory observations in dairy, beef, and neonatal calf populations. Dev Biol Stand 33:391. PUBMED Abstract
38. McKercher DG, Crenshaw GL. 1971. Comparative efficacy of intranasally and parenterally administered infectious bovine rhinotracheitis vaccines. J Am Vet Med Assoc 159:1362. PUBMED Abstract
39. Baker JC, Rust SR, Walker RD. 1989. Transmission of a vaccinal strain of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus from intranasally vaccinated steers commingled with nonvaccinated steers. Am J Vet Res 50:814. PUBMED Abstract
40. Roth JA, Vaughn MB. 1998. Evaluation of viral shedding and immune response following vaccination with a modified live BHV1 vaccine. Bovine Pract 32:1.
41. Kleiboeker SB, Lee SM, Jones CA, et al. 2003. Evaluation of shedding of bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, and bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 after vaccination of calves with a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:1399. PUBMED Abstract
42. Flores EF, Osorio FA, Zanella EL, et al. 1993. Efficacy of a deletion mutant herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) vaccine that allows serologic differentiation of vaccinated from naturally infected animals. J Vet Diagn Invest 5:534. PUBMED Abstract

Respiratory Syncytial Virus of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

1. Baker JC, Ellis JA, Clark EG. 1997. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim 13:425. PUBMED Abstract
2. Duncan RB, Potgieter LND. 1993. Antigenic diversity of respiratory syncytial viruses and its implication for immunoprophylaxis of ruminants. Vet Microbiol 37:319. PUBMED Abstract
3. Alansari H, Duncan RB, Baker JC, et al. 1999. Analysis of ruminant respiratory syncytial virus isolates by RNAse protection of the G glycoprotein transcripts. J Vet Diagn Invest 11:215. PUBMED Abstract
4. Van der Poel WH, Langedijk JP, Kramps JA, et al. 1995. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus antibodies in non-bovine species. Arch Virol 140:1549. PUBMED Abstract
5. Prozzi D, Walravens K, Langedijk JP, et al. 1997. Antigenic and molecular analyses of the variability of the bovine respiratory syncytial virus G glycoprotein. J Gen Virol 78:359. PUBMED Abstract
6. Furze J, Wertz G, Lerch R, et al. 1994. Antigenic heterogeneity of the attachment protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus. J Gen Virol 75:363. PUBMED Abstract
7. Schrijver RS, Daus F, Kramps JA, et al. 1996. Subgrouping of bovine respiratory syncytial virus strains detected in lung tissue. Vet Microbiol 53:253. PUBMED Abstract
8. Baker JC, Wilson EG, McKay GL, et al. 1992. Identification of subgroups of bovine respiratory syncytial virus. J Clin Microbiol 30:1120. PUBMED Abstract
9. Valarcher JF, Schelcher F, Bourhy H. 2000. Evolution of bovine respiratory syncytial virus. J Virol 74:10714. PUBMED Abstract
10. Valentova V, Antonis AFG, Kovarcik K. 2005. Restriction enzyme analysis of RT-PCR amplicons as a rapid method for detection of genetic diversity among bovine respiratory syncytial virus isolates. Vet Microbiol 108:1. PUBMED Abstract
11. Pirie HM, Petrie L, Pringle CR, et al. 1981. Acute fatal pneumonia in calves due to respiratory syncytial virus. Vet Rec 108:411. PUBMED Abstract
12. Harrison LR, Pursell AR. 1985. An epizootic of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a dairy herd. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:716. PUBMED Abstract
13. Ellis JA, Philibert H, West K, et al. 1996. Fatal pneumonia in adult dairy cattle associated with active infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Can Vet J 37:103. PUBMED Abstract
14. Bryson DG, Evermann JF, Liggitt HD, et al. 1988. Studies on the pathogenesis and interspecies transmission of respiratory syncytial virus isolated from sheep. Am J Vet Res 49:1424. PUBMED Abstract
15. Viuff B, Tjørnehøj K, Larsen LE, et al. 2002. Replication and clearance of respiratory syncytial virus: apoptosis is an important pathway of viral clearance after experimental infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Am J Pathol 161:2195. PUBMED Abstract
16. Sharma AK, Woldehiwet Z. 1996. Antigens of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in peripheral blood lymphocytes of experimentally infected lambs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 50:93. PUBMED Abstract
17. Schrijver RS, Kramps JA, Middel WG, et al. 1995. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus replicates minimally in bovine alveolar macrophages. Arch Virol 140:1905. PUBMED Abstract
18. Liu L, Lehmkuhl HD, Kaeberle ML. 1999. Synergistic effects of bovine respiratory syncytial virus and non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on selected bovine alveolar macrophage functions. Can J Vet Res 63:41. PUBMED Abstract
19. Trigo E, Liggitt HD, Evermann JF, et al. 1985. Effect of in vitro inoculation of bovine respiratory syncytial virus on bovine pulmonary alveolar macrophage function. Am J Vet Res 46:1098. PUBMED Abstract
20. West K, Petrie L, Haines DM, et al. 1999. The effect of formalin-inactivated vaccine on respiratory disease associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection in calves. Vaccine 17:809. PUBMED Abstract
21. Belknap EB, Baker JC, Patterson JS, et al. 1991. The role of passive immunity in bovine respiratory syncytial virus-infected calves. J Infect Dis 163:470. PUBMED Abstract
22. Kimman TG, Zimmer GM, Westenbrink F, et al. 1988. Epidemiological study of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections in calves: influence of maternal antibodies on the outcome of disease. Vet Rec 123:104. PUBMED Abstract
23. Thomas LH, Cook RS, Howard CJ, et al. 1996. Influence of selective T-lymphocyte depletion on the lung pathology of gnotobiotic calves and the distribution of different T-lymphocyte subsets following challenge with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Res Vet Sci 61:38. PUBMED Abstract
24. Kimman TG, Westenbrink F, Straver PJ. 1989. Priming for local and systemic antibody memory responses to bovine respiratory syncytial virus: effect of amount of virus, virus replication, route of administration and maternal antibodies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 22:145. PUBMED Abstract
25. Grell SN, Tjørnehøj K, Larsen LE, et al. 2005. Marked induction of IL-6, haptoglobin and TNFgamma following experimental BRSV infection in young calves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 103:235. PUBMED Abstract
26. Antonis AF, de Jong MC, van der Poel WH, et al. 2010. Age-dependent differences in the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections related to the development of natural immunocompetence. J Gen Virol 91:2497. PUBMED Abstract
27. Van der Poel WHM. 1993. Dynamics of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infections: a longitudinal epidemiological study in dairy herds. Arch Virol 133:309. PUBMED Abstract
28. Kimman TG, Terpstra GK, Daha MR, et al. 1989. Pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. 2. Evidence of the involvement of complement and mast cell mediators. Am J Vet Res 50:694. PUBMED Abstract
29. Jolly S, Detilleux J, Desmecht D. 2004. Extensive mast cell degranulation in bovine respiratory syncytial virus-associated paroxystic respiratory distress syndrome. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 97:125. PUBMED Abstract
30. Stewart RS, Gershwin LJ. 1989. Detection of IgE antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 20:313. PUBMED Abstract
31. Gershwin LJ, Dungworth DL, Himes SR, et al. 1990. Immunoglobulin E responses and lung pathology resulting from aerosol exposure of calves to respiratory syncytial virus and Micropolyspora faeni. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 92:293. PUBMED Abstract
32. Gershwin LJ, Berghaus LJ, Arnold K, et al. 2005. Immune mechanisms of pathogenetic synergy in concurrent bovine pulmonary infection with Haemophilus somnus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 107:119. PUBMED Abstract
33. Kimman TG, Sol J, Westenbrink F, et al. 1989. A severe outbreak of respiratory tract disease associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus probably enhanced by vaccination with modified live vaccine. Vet Q 11:250. PUBMED Abstract
34. Schreiber P, Matheise JP, Dessy F, et al. 2000. High mortality rate associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection in Belgian White Blue calves previously vaccinated with an inactivated BRSV vaccine. J Vet Med B 47:535. PUBMED Abstract
35. Gershwin LJ, Schelegle ES, Gunther RA, et al. 1998. A bovine model of vaccine enhanced respiratory syncytial virus pathophysiology. Vaccine 16:1225. PUBMED Abstract
36. Antonis AF, Schrijver RS, Daus F, et al. 2003. Vaccine-induced immunopathology during bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection: exploring the parameters of pathogenesis. J Virol 77:12067. PUBMED Abstract
37. Openshaw PJM, Culley FJ, Olszewska W. 2001. Immunopathogenesis of vaccine-enhanced RSV disease. Vaccine 20:S27. PUBMED Abstract
38. Ellis J, West K, Konoby C, et al. 2001. Efficacy of an inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1973. PUBMED Abstract
39. Ellis JA, West KH, Waldner C, et al. 2005. Efficacy of a saponin-adjuvanted inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine in calves. Can Vet J 46:155. PUBMED Abstract
40. Kalina WV, Woolums AR, Gershwin LJ. 2005. Formalin-inactivated bovine RSV vaccine influences antibody levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and disease outcome in experimentally infected calves. Vaccine 23:4625. PUBMED Abstract
41. Woolums AR, Singer RS, Boyle GA, et al. 1999. Interferon gamma production during bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection is diminished in calves vaccinated with formalin-inactivated BRSV. Vaccine 17:1293. PUBMED Abstract
42. Kalina WV, Woolums AR, Berghaus RD, et al. 2004. Formalin-inactivated bovine RSV vaccine enhances a Th2 mediated immune response in infected cattle. Vaccine 22:1465. PUBMED Abstract
43. Sharma R, Woldehiwet Z. 1990. Increased susceptibility to Pasteurella haemolytica in lambs infected with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. J Comp Pathol 103:411. PUBMED Abstract
44. Brodersen BW, Kelling CL. 1998. Effect of concurrent experimentally induced bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on respiratory tract and enteric diseases in calves. Am J Vet Res 59:1423. PUBMED Abstract
45. Woolums AR, Anderson ML, Gunther RA, et al. 1999. Evaluation of severe disease induced by aerosol inoculation of calves with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Am J Vet Res 60:473. PUBMED Abstract
46. Mohanty SB, Ingling AL, Lillie MG. 1975. Experimentally induced respiratory syncytial viral infection in calves. Am J Vet Res 36:417. PUBMED Abstract
47. Elazhary MA, Galina M, Roy RS, et al. 1980. Experimental infection of calves with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (Quebec strain). Can J Comp Med 44:390. PUBMED Abstract
48. Baker JC. 1986. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus: pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 8:F31.
49. Ames TR. 1993. The epidemiology of BRSV infection. Vet Med 88:881.
50. Martin SW, Bateman KG, Shewen PE, et al. 1989. The frequency, distribution and effects of antibodies to seven putative respiratory pathogens on respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves from Ontario. Can J Vet Res 53:355. PUBMED Abstract
51. Martin SW, Harland RJ, Bateman KG, et al. 1998. The association of titers to Haemophilus somnus, and other putative pathogens, with the occurrence of bovine respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves. Can J Vet Res 62:262. PUBMED Abstract
52. Gagea MI, Bateman KG, van Dreumel T, et al. 2006. Diseases and pathogens associated with mortality in Ontario beef feedlots. J Vet Diagn Invest 18:18. PUBMED Abstract
53. De Jong MC, van der Poel WH, Kramps JA, et al. 1996. Quantitative investigation of population persistence and recurrent outbreaks of bovine respiratory syncytial virus on dairy farms. Am J Vet Res 57:628. PUBMED Abstract
54. Valarcher JF, Bourhy H, Lavenu A, et al. 2001. Persistent infection of B lymphocytes by bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Virology 291:55. PUBMED Abstract
55. West K, Petrie L, Konoby C, et al. 1999. The efficacy of modified-live bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccines in experimentally infected calves. Vaccine 18:907. PUBMED Abstract
56. Xue W, Ellis J, Mattick D, et al. 2010. Immunogenicity of a modified-live virus vaccine against bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus when administered intranasally in calves. Vaccine 28:3784. PUBMED Abstract
57. Vangeel I, Antonis AF, Fluess M, et al. 2007. Efficacy of a modified live intranasal bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine in 3-week-old calves experimentally challenged with BRSV. Vet J 174:627. PUBMED Abstract
58. Baker JC, Rust SR, Ciszewski DK, et al. 1986. A safety trial of bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine in feedlot calves. Bovine Pract 21:70.
59. Verhoeff J, van Nieuwstadt AP. 1984. Prevention of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection and clinical disease by vaccination. Vet Rec 115:488. PUBMED Abstract
60. Van Donkersgoed J, Janzen ED, Townsend HG, et al. 1990. Five field trials on the efficacy of a bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine. Can Vet J 31:93. PUBMED Abstract
61. MacGregor S, Wray MI. 2004. The effect of bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccination on health, feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of feeder cattle. Bovine Pract 38:162.

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

1. Potgieter LND. 1997. Bovine respiratory tract disease caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Clin Food Anim 13:471. PUBMED Abstract
2. Grooms DL. 1999. Role of bovine viral diarrhea virus in the bovine respiratory disease complex. Bovine Pract 32:7120.
3. Radostits OM, Townsend HG. 1989. The controversy surrounding the role of the bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle. Proc Am Assoc Bovine Pract 21:111.
4. Loneragan GH, Thomson DU, Montgomery DL, et al. 2005. Prevalence, outcome, and health consequences associated with persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:595. PUBMED Abstract
5. Fulton RW, Ridpath JF, Saliki JT, et al. 2002. Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 1b: predominant BVDV subtype in calves with respiratory disease. Can J Vet Res 66:181. PUBMED Abstract
6. Potgieter LN, McCracken MD, Hopkins FM, et al. 1984. Experimental production of bovine respiratory tract disease with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res 45:1582. PUBMED Abstract
7. Baule C, Kulcsár G, Belák K, et al. 2001. Pathogenesis of primary respiratory disease induced by isolates from a new genetic cluster of bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1. J Clin Microbiol 39:146. PUBMED Abstract
8. Perdrizet JA, Rebhun WC, Dubovi EJ, et al. 1987. Bovine virus diarrhea-clinical syndromes in dairy herds. Cornell Vet 77:46. PUBMED Abstract
9. Potgieter LN, McCracken D, Hopkins FM, et al. 1984. Effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on distribution of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis in calves. Am J Vet Res 45:687. PUBMED Abstract
10. Brodersen BW, Kelling CL. 1998. Effect of concurrent experimentally induced bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on respiratory tract and enteric diseases in calves. Am J Vet Res 59:1423. PUBMED Abstract
11. Potgieter LN, McCracken MD, Hopkins FM, et al. 1985. Comparison of the pneumopathogeniciy of two strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res 46:151. PUBMED Abstract
12. Gagea MI, Bateman KG, van Dreumel T, et al. 2006. Diseases and pathogens associated with mortality in Ontario beef feedlots. J Vet Diagn Invest 18:18. PUBMED Abstract
13. Reggiardo C. 1979. Role of BVD virus in shipping fever of feedlot cattle. Case studies and diagnostic considerations. Proc Am Assoc Lab Diagn 22:315.
14. Shahriar FM, Clark EG, Janzen E, et al. 2002. Coinfection with bovine viral diarrhea virus and Mycoplasma bovis in feedlot cattle with chronic pneumonia. Can Vet J 43:863. PUBMED Abstract
15. Haines DM, Martin KM, Clark EG, et al. 2001. The immunohistochemical detection of Mycoplasma bovis and bovine viral diarrhea virus in tissues of feedlot cattle with chronic, unresponsive respiratory disease and/or arthritis. Can Vet J 42:857. PUBMED Abstract
16. Edwards S. 1986. Evidence for an immunocompromising effect of bovine pestivirus on bovid herpesvirus 1 vaccination. Vet Res Commun 10:297. PUBMED Abstract
17. Fulton FW, Step DL, Ridpath JF, et al. 2003. Response of calves persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) subtype 1b after vaccination with heterologous BVDV strains in modified live virus vaccines and M. haemolytica bacterin-toxoid. Vaccine 21:2980.

Bovine Parainfluenza Virus 3 of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

1. Kapil S, Basaraba RJ. 1997. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza-3, and respiratory coronavirus. Vet Clin Food Anim 13:455. PUBMED Abstract
2. Greenberg DP, Walker RE, Lee MS, et al. 2005. A bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 vaccine is safe and immunogenic in early infancy. J Infect Dis 191:1116. PUBMED Abstract
3. Frank GH, Marshall RG. 1971. Relationship of serum and nasal secretion-neutralizing antibodies in protection of calves against parainfluenza-3 virus. Am J Vet Res 32:1707. PUBMED Abstract
4. McKercher DG, Saito JK, Franti CE, et al. 1972. Response of calves to parainfluenza-3 vaccines administered nasally or parenterally. Am J Vet Res 33:721. PUBMED Abstract
5. Bryson DG, Adair BM, McNulty MS, et al. 1999. Studies on the efficacy of intranasal vaccination for the prevention of experimentally induced parainfluenza type 3 virus pneumonia in calves. Vet Rec 145:33. PUBMED Abstract
6. Robinson RA. 1983. Respiratory disease of sheep and goats. Vet Clin North Am Large Animal Pract 5:539. PUBMED Abstract
7. Lamontagne L, Descoteaux JP, Roy R. 1985. Epizootiological survey of parainfluenza-3, reovirus-3, respiratory syncytial and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis viral antibodies in sheep and goat flocks in Quebec. Can J Comp Med 49:424. PUBMED Abstract
8. Bryson DG, McNulty MS, McCracken RM, et al. 1983. Ultrastructural features of experimental parainfluenza type 3 virus pneumonia in calves. J Comp Pathol 93:397. PUBMED Abstract
9. Adair BM, Bradford HE, Bryson DG, et al. 2000. Effect of parainfluenza-3 virus challenge on cell-mediated immune function in parainfluenza-3 vaccinated and non-vaccinated calves. Res Vet Sci 68:197. PUBMED Abstract
10. Graham DA, McShane J, Mawhinney KA, et al. 1998. Evaluation of a single dilution ELISA system for detection of seroconversion to bovine viral diarrhoea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza-3 virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus: comparison with testing by virus neutralization and haemagglutination inhibition. J Vet Diagn Invest 10:43. PUBMED Abstract
11. Bryson DG, McFerran JB, Ball HJ, et al. 1979. Observations on outbreaks of respiratory disease in calves associated with parainfluenza type 3 virus and respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vet Rec 104:45. PUBMED Abstract
12. Verhoeff J, van Nieuwstadt AP. 1984. BRS virus, PI3 virus and BHV1 infections of young stock on self contained dairy farms: epidemiological and clinical findings. Vet Rec 114:288. PUBMED Abstract
13. Bryson DG, McFerran JB, Ball HJ. 1978. Observations on outbreaks of respiratory disease in housed calves—(1) Epidemiological, clinical and microbiological findings. Vet Rec 103:485. PUBMED Abstract
14. Stott EJ, Thomas LH, Collins AP, et al. 1980. A survey of virus infections of the respiratory tract of cattle and their associations with disease. J Hyg (Lond) 85:257. PUBMED Abstract
15. Bryson DG, McFerran JB, Ball HJ, et al. 1978. Observations on outbreaks of respiratory disease in housed calves—(2) Pathological and microbiological findings. Vet Rec 103:503. PUBMED Abstract
16. Martin SW, Bateman KG, Shewen PE, et al. 1989. The frequency, distribution and effects of antibodies to seven putative respiratory pathogens on respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves from Ontario. Can J Vet Res 53:355. PUBMED Abstract
17. Martin SW, Harland RJ, Bateman KG, et al. 1998. The association of titers to Haemophilus somnus, and other putative pathogens, with the occurrence of bovine respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves. Can J Vet Res 62:262. PUBMED Abstract
18. Gagea MI, Bateman KG, van Dreumel T, et al. 2006. Diseases and pathogens associated with mortality in Ontario beef feedlots. J Vet Diagn Invest 18:18. PUBMED Abstract
19. Lehmkuhl HD, Cutlip RC. 1985. Protection from parainfluenza-3 virus and persistence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in sheep vaccinated with a modified live IBR-PI3 vaccine. Can J Comp Med 49:58. PUBMED Abstract

Bovine Coronavirus

1. McNulty MS, Bryson DG, Allan GM, et al. 1984. Coronavirus infection of the bovine respiratory tract. Vet Microbiol 9:425. PUBMED Abstract
2. Storz J, Stine L, Liem A, et al. 1996. Coronavirus isolations from nasal swabs samples in cattle with signs of respiratory tract disease after shipping. J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:1452. PUBMED Abstract
3. Hasoksuz H, Hoet AE, Loerch SC, et al. 2002. Detection of respiratory and enteric shedding of bovine coronaviruses in cattle at an Ohio feedlot. J Vet Diagn Invest 14:308. PUBMED Abstract
4. Gélinas AM, Boutin M, Sasseville AM, et al. 2001. Bovine coronaviruses associated with enteric and respiratory diseases in Canadian dairy cattle display different reactivities to anti-HE monoclonal antibodies and distinct amino acid changes in their HE, S and ns4.9 protein. Virus Res 76:43. PUBMED Abstract
5. Zhang X, Herbst W, Kousoulas KG, et al. 1994. Comparison of the S genes and the biological properties of respiratory and enteropathogenic bovine coronaviruses. Arch Virol 134:421. PUBMED Abstract
6. Storz J, Purdy CW, Lin X, et al. 2000. Isolation of respiratory coronaviruses, other cytocidal viruses and Pasteurella spp. From cattle involved in two natural outbreaks of shipping fever. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:1599. PUBMED Abstract
7. Storz J, Lin X, Purdy CW, et al. 2000. Coronavirus and Pasteurella infections in bovine shipping fever pneumonia and Evans' criteria for causation. J Clin Microbiol 38:3291. PUBMED Abstract
8. Fulton RW, Step DL, Wahrmund J, et al. 2011. Bovine coronavirus (BCV) infections in transported commingled beef cattle and sole-source ranch calves. Can J Vet Res 75:191. PUBMED Abstract
9. Lathrop SL, Wittum TE, Loerch SC, et al. 2000. Antibody titers against bovine coronavirus and shedding of the virus via the respiratory tract in feedlot cattle. Am J Vet Res 61:1057. PUBMED Abstract
10. Plummer PJ, Rohrbach BW, Daugherty RA, et al. 2004. Effect of intranasal vaccination against bovine enteric coronavirus on the occurrence of respiratory tract disease in a commercial backgrounding feedlot. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:726. PUBMED Abstract
11. O'Connor A, Martin SW, Nagy E, et al. 2001. The relationship between the occurrence of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease and titer changes to bovine coronavirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus in 3 Ontario feedlots. Can J Vet Res 65:137. PUBMED Abstract
12. Martin SW, Nagy E, Shewen PE, et al. 1998. The association of titers to bovine coronavirus with treatment for bovine respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves. Can J Vet Res 62:257. PUBMED Abstract
13. Lathrop SL, Wittum TE, Brock KV, et al. 2000. Association between infection of the respiratory tract attributable to bovine coronavirus and health and growth performance of cattle in feedlots. Am J Vet Res 61:1062. PUBMED Abstract

Bovine Herpesvirus Type 4

1. Castrucci G, Frigeri F, Ferrari M, et al. 1988. Comparative study of two strains of bovid herpesvirus-4. Comp Immunol Microibol Infect Dis 11:143. PUBMED Abstract

Adenoviruses of Cattle, Sheep, and Goats

1. Fent GM, Fulton RW, Saliki JT, et al. 2002. Bovine adenovirus serotype 7 infections in postweaning calves. Am J Vet Res 63:976. PUBMED Abstract
2. Narita M, Yamada M, Tsuboi T, et al. 2003. Bovine adenovirus type 3 pneumonia in dexamethasone-treated calves. Vet Pathol 40:128. PUBMED Abstract
3. Cutlip RC, McClurkin AW. 1975. Lesions and pathogenesis in young calves experimentally induced by a bovine adenovirus type 5 isolated from a calf with weak calf syndrome. Am J Vet Res 36:1095. PUBMED Abstract
4. Lehmkuhl HD, Cutlip RC, Brogden KA. 1993. Seroepidemiologic survey of adenovirus infection in lambs. Am J Vet Res 54:1277. PUBMED Abstract
5. Davies DH, Herceg M, Thurley DC. 1982. Experimental infection of lambs with an adenovirus followed by Pasteurella haemolytica. Vet Microbiol 7:369. PUBMED Abstract
6. Cutlip RC, Lehmkuhl HD, Brogden KH, et al. 1996. Lesions in lambs experimentally infected with ovine adenovirus serotype 6 and Pasteurella haemolytica. J Vet Diagn Invest 3:296. PUBMED Abstract

Calicivirus

1. Smith AW, Mattson DE, Skilling DE, et al. 1983. Isolation and partial characterization of a calicivirus from calves. Am J Vet Res 44:851. PUBMED Abstract

Influenza Virus

1. Lopez JW, Woods GT. 1987. Response of calves to exposure with swine influenza virus. Am J Vet Res 48:1264-1268. PUBMED Abstract
2. Brown IH, Crawshaw TR, Harris PA, et al. 1998. Detection of antibodies to influenza A virus in cattle in association with respiratory disease and reduced milk yield. Vet Rec 143:637. PUBMED Abstract
3. Graham DA, Calvert V, McLaren IE. 2002. Retrospective analysis of serum and nasal mucus from cattle in Northern Ireland for evidence of infection with influenza A virus. Vet Rec 150:201. PUBMED Abstract

Bacterial and Chlamydial Agents

Mannheimia haemolytica

1. Al-Ghamdi GM, Ames TR, Baker JC, et al. 2000. Serotyping Pasteurella haemolytica isolates from the upper midwest. J Vet Diagn Invest 12:576. PUBMED Abstract
2. Purdy CW, Raleigh RH, Collins JK, et al. 1997. Serotyping and enzyme characterization of Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida isolates recovered from pneumonic lungs of stressed feeder calves. Curr Microbiol 34:244. PUBMED Abstract
3. Frank GH, Smith PC. 1983. Prevalence of Pasteurella haemolytica in transported calves. Am J Vet Res 44:981. PUBMED Abstract
4. Odugbo MO, Odama LE, Umoh JU, et al. 2004. The comparative pathogenicity of strains of eight serovars and untypable strains of Mannheimia haemolytica in experimental pneumonia of sheep. Vet Res 35:661. PUBMED Abstract
5. Sabri MY, Zamri-Saad Z, Mutalib AR, et al. 2000. Efficacy of an outer membrane protein of Pasteurella haemolytica A2, A7, or A9-enriched vaccine against intratracheal challenge exposure in sheep. Vet Microbiol 73:13. PUBMED Abstract
6. Midwinter AC, Clarke JK, Alley MR. 1986. Pasteurella haemolytica serotypes from pneumonic goat lungs. N Z Vet J 34:35. PUBMED Abstract
7. Yoo HS, Maheswaran SK, Srinand S, et al. 1995. Increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta expression in the lungs of calves with experimental pneumonic pasteurellosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 49:15. PUBMED Abstract
8. Ames TR, Markham RJ, Opuda-Asibo J, et al. 1985. Pulmonary response to intratracheal challenge with Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida. Can J Comp Med 49:395. PUBMED Abstract
9. Gibbs HA, Allan EM, Wiseman A, et al. 1984. Experimental production of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Res Vet Sci 37:154. PUBMED Abstract
10. Ward AC, Weiser GC, DeLong WJ, et al. 2002. Characterization of Pasteurella spp isolated from healthy domestic pack goats and evaluation of the effects of a commercial Pasteurella vaccine. Am J Vet Res 63:119. PUBMED Abstract
11. Frank GH, Briggs RE, Duff GC, et al. 2002. Effects of vaccination prior to transit and administration of florfenicol at time of arrival in a feedlot on the health of transported calves and detection of Mannheimia haemolytica in nasal secretions. Am J Vet Res 63:251. PUBMED Abstract
12. Pass DA, Thomson RG, Ashton GC. 1971. Regional histological variations of the nasal mucosa in cattle. Can J Comp Med 35:212. PUBMED Abstract
13. Davies DH, Hercez M, Thurley DC. 1982. Experimental infection of lambs with an adenovirus followed by Pasteurella haemolytica. Vet Microbiol 7:369. PUBMED Abstract
14. Singh K, Ritchey JW, Confer AW. 2011. Mannheimia haemolytica: bacterial-host interactions in bovine pneumonia. Vet Pathol 48:338. PUBMED Abstract
15. Jeyaseelan S, Sreevatsan S, Maheswaran SK, 2002. Role of Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin in the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Anim Health Res Rev 3:69. PUBMED Abstract
16. Davies RL, Baillie S. 2003. Cytotoxic activity of Mannheimia haemolytica strains in relation to diversity of the leukotoxin structural gene lktA. Vet Microbiol 92:263. PUBMED Abstract
17. Deshpande MS, Ambagala TC, Ambagala AP, et al. 2002. Bovine CD18 is necessary and sufficient to mediate Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica leukotoxin-induced cytolysis. Infect Immun 70:5058. PUBMED Abstract
18. Thumbikat P, Dileepan T, Kannan MS, et al. 2005. Characterization of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica leukotoxin interaction with bovine alveolar macrophage beta2 integrins. Vet Res 36:771. PUBMED Abstract
19. Leite F, Gyles S, Atapattu D, et al. 2003. Prior exposure to Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin or LPS enhances (beta2integrin) expression by bovine neutrophils and augments LKT cytotoxicity. Microb Pathog 34:267. PUBMED Abstract
20. Sun Y, Clinkenbeard KD, Ownby CL, et al. 2000. Ultrastructural characterization of apoptosis in bovine lymphocytes exposed to Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin. Am J Vet Res 61:51. PUBMED Abstract
21. Highlander SK, Fedorova ND, Dusek DM, et al. 2000. Inactivation of Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica leukotoxin causes partial attenuation of virulence in a calf challenge model. Infect Immun 68:3916. PUBMED Abstract
22. Malazdrewich C, Ames TR, Abrahamsen MS, et al. 2001. Pulmonary expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-8 in the acute phase of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Vet Pathol 38:297. PUBMED Abstract
23. Bowersock TL, Walker RD, Maddux JM, et al. 1990. Hematological changes in calves exposed to a mixture of lipopolysaccharide and crude leukotoxin of Pasteurella haemolytica. Can J Vet Res 54:415. PUBMED Abstract
24. Lafleur RL, Malazdrewich C, Jeyaseelan S, et al. 2001. Lipopolysaccharide enhances cytolysis and inflammatory cytokine induction in bovine alveolar macrophages exposed to Pasteurella (Mannheimia) haemolytica leukotoxin. Microb Pathog 30:347. PUBMED Abstract
25. Caswell JL, Middleton DM, Gordon JR. 2001. The importance of interleukin-8 as a neutrophil chemoattractant in the lungs of cattle with pneumonic pasteurellosis. Can J Vet Res 65:229. PUBMED Abstract
26. Slocombe RF, Malark J, Ingersoll R, et al. 1985. Importance of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of acute pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves. Am J Vet Res 46:2253. PUBMED Abstract
27. Whiteley LO, Maheswaran SK, Weiss DJ, et al. 1992. Pasteurella haemolytica AI and bovine respiratory disease: a review of its pathogenesis. J Vet Intern Med 6:11. PUBMED Abstract
28. Confer AW, Panciera RJ, Clinkenbeard KD, et al. 1990. Molecular aspects of virulence of Pasteurella haemolytica. Can J Vet Res 54:S48. PUBMED Abstract
29. Deneer HG, Potter AA. 1989. Iron-repressible outer-membrane proteins of Pasteurella haemolytica. J Gen Microbiol 135:435. PUBMED Abstract
30. Iovane G, Galdiero M, Vitiello M, et al. 1998. Effect of Pasteurella haemolytica outer membrane proteins on bovine neutrophils. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 20:29. PUBMED Abstract
31. Jaramillo L, Díaz F, Hernández P, et al. 2000. Purification and characterization of an adhesion from Pasteurella haemolytica. Glycobiology 10:31. PUBMED Abstract
32. Milligan TW, Baker CJ, Straus DC, et al. 1978. Association of elevated levels of extracellular neuraminidase with clinical isolates of type III group B streptococci. Infect Immun 21:738. PUBMED Abstract
33. Abdullah KM, Udoh EA, Shewen PE, et al. 1992. A neutral glycoprotease of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 specifically cleaves O-sialoglycoproteins. Infect Immun 60:56. PUBMED Abstract
34. Gagea MI, Bateman KG, van Dreumel T, et al. 2006. Diseases and pathogens associated with mortality in Ontario beef feedlots. J Vet Diagn Invest 18:18. PUBMED Abstract
35. Jensen R, Pierson RE, Braddy PM, et al. 1976. Shipping fever pneumonia in yearling feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 169:500.
36. Martin SW, Meek AH, Davis DG, et al. 1982. Factors associated with mortality and treatment costs in feedlot calves: the Bruce County beef project, 1978, 1979, 1980. Can J Comp Med 46:341. PUBMED Abstract
37. Martin SW, Meek AH, Davis DG, et al. 1980. Factors associated with mortality in feedlot cattle: the Bruce County beef cattle project. Can J Comp Med 44:1. PUBMED Abstract
38. Martin SW, Bateman KG, Shewen PE, et al. 1989. The frequency, distribution and effects of antibodies to seven putative respiratory pathogens on respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves from Ontario. Can J Vet Res 53:355. PUBMED Abstract
39. Booker CW, Guichon PT, Jim GK, et al. 1999. Seroepidemiology of undifferentiated fever in feedlot calves in western Canada. Can Vet J 40:40. PUBMED Abstract
40. O'Connor A, Martin SW, Harland R, et al. 2001. The relationship between the occurrence of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease and titer changes to Haemophilus somnus and Mannheimia haemolytica at 3 Ontario feedlots. Can J Vet Res 65:143. PUBMED Abstract
41. Allen JW, Viel L, Bateman KG, et al. 1991. The microbial flora of the respiratory tract in feedlot calves: associations between the nasopharyngeal and bronchoalveolar lavage cultures. Can J Vet Res 55:341. PUBMED Abstract
42. Bryson DG, McFerran JB, Ball HJ, et al. 1978. Observations on outbreaks of respiratory disease in housed calves—(1) Epidemiological, clinical and microbiological findings. Vet Rec 103:485. PUBMED Abstract
43. Baker JC, Werdin RE, Ames TR, et al. 1986. Study on the etiologic role of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in pneumonia of dairy calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:66. PUBMED Abstract
44. Houghton SB, Gourlay RN. 1984. Bacteria associated with calf pneumonia and their effect on gnotobiotic calves. Res Vet Sci 37:194. PUBMED Abstract
45. Reinhold P, Rabeling B, Günther H, et al. 2002. Comparative evaluation of ultrasonography and lung function testing with the clinical signs and pathology of calves inoculated experimentally with Pasteurella multocida. Vet Rec 150:109. PUBMED Abstract
46. Jones GF, Feeney DA, Mews C. 1998. Comparison of radiographic and necropsy findings of lung lesions in calves after challenge exposure with Pasteurella multocida. Am J Vet Res 59:1108. PUBMED Abstract
47. Frank GH, Duff GC. 2000. Effects of tilmicosin phosphate, administered prior to transport or at time of arrival, and feeding of chlortetracycline, after arrival in a feedlot, on Mannheimia haemolytica in nasal secretions of transported steers. Am J Vet Res 61:1479. PUBMED Abstract
48. Ribble CS, Meek AH, Jim GK, et al. 1995. The pattern of fatal fibrinous pneumonia (shipping fever) affecting a large feedlot in Alberta (1985-1988). Can Vet J 36:753. PUBMED Abstract
49. Cole NA. 1985. Preconditioning calves for the feedlot. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1:401. PUBMED Abstract
50. Wilkie BN, Markham RJF, Shewen PE. 1980. Response of calves to lung challenge exposure with Pasteurella haemolytica after parenteral or pulmonary immunization. Am J Vet Res 41:1773. PUBMED Abstract
51. Srinand S, Maheswaran SK, Ames TR, et al. 1996. Evaluation of efficacy of three commercial vaccines against experimental bovine pneumonia pasteurellosis. Vet Microbiol 52:81. PUBMED Abstract
52. Mosier DA, Panciera RJ, Rogers DP, et al. 1998. Comparison of serologic and protective responses induced by two Pasteurella vaccines. Can J Vet Res 62:178. PUBMED Abstract
53. Hodgins DC, Shewen PE. 2000. Vaccination of neonatal colostrum-deprived calves against Pasteurella haemolytica A1. Can J Vet Res 64:3. PUBMED Abstract
54. Larson RL, Step DL. 2012. Evidence-based effectiveness of vaccination against Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni in feedlot cattle for mitigating the incidence and effect of bovine respiratory disease complex. Vet Clin Food Anim 28:97. PUBMED Abstract

Pasteurella multocida

1. Ames TR, Markham RJ, Opuda-Asibo J, et al. 1985. Pulmonary response to intratracheal challenge with Pasteurella haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida. Can J Comp Med 49:395. PUBMED Abstract
2. Gourlay RN, Thomas LH, Wyld SG. 1989. Experimental Pasteurella multocida pneumonia in calves. Res Vet Sci 47:185. PUBMED Abstract
3. Dowling A, Hodgson JC, Schock A, et al. 2002. Experimental induction of pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves by intratracheal infection with Pasteurella multocida biotype A:3. Res Vet Sci 73:37. PUBMED Abstract
4. Ward AC, Weiser GC, DeLong WJ, et al. 2002. Characterization of Pasteurella spp isolated from healthy domestic pack goats and evaluation of the effects of a commercial Pasteurella vaccine. Am J Vet Res 63:119. PUBMED Abstract
5. Davies RL, MacCorquodale R, Reilly S. 2004. Characterisation of bovine strains of Pasteurella multocida and comparison with isolates of avian, ovine and porcine origin. Vet Microbiol 99:145. PUBMED Abstract
6. Davies RL, Watson PJ, Caffrey B. 2003. Comparative analyses of Pasteurella multocida strains associated with the ovine respiratory and vaginal tracts. Vet Rec 152:7. PUBMED Abstract
7. Bryson DG, McFerran JB, Ball HJ, et al. 1978. Observations on outbreaks of respiratory disease in housed calves–(2) Pathological and microbiological findings. Vet Rec 103:503. PUBMED Abstract
8. Baker JC, Werdin RE, Ames TR, et al. 1986. Study on the etiologic role of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in pneumonia of dairy calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:66. PUBMED Abstract
9. Gagea MI, Bateman KG, van Dreumel T, et al. 2006. Diseases and pathogens associated with mortality in Ontario beef feedlots. J Vet Diagn Invest 18:18. PUBMED Abstract
10. Dabo SM, Confer AW, Murphy GL. 1997. Outer membrane proteins of bovine Pasteurella multocida serogroup A isolates. Vet Microbiol 54:167. PUBMED Abstract
11. Bosch M, Garrido ME, Perez de Rozas AM, et al. 2004. Pasteurella multocida contains multiple immunogenic haemin- and haemoglobin-binding proteins. Vet Microbiol 99:103. PUBMED Abstract
12. Martin SW, Meek AH, Davis DG, et al. 1980. Factors associated with mortality in feedlot cattle: the Bruce County Beef Cattle Project. Can J Comp Med 44:1. PUBMED Abstract
13. Allen JW, Viel L, Bateman KG, et al. 1991. The microbial flora of the respiratory tract in feedlot calves: associations between nasopharyngeal and bronchoalveolar lavage cultures. Can J Vet Res 55:341. PUBMED Abstract
14. Chengappa MM, McLaughlin BG, Kadel WL, et al. 1989. Efficacy of a live Pasteurella multocida vaccine for the prevention of experimentally induced bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Vet Microbiol 21:147. PUBMED Abstract
15. Confer AW, Nutt SH, Dabo SM, et al. 1996. Antibody responses of cattle to outer membrane proteins of Pasteurella multocida A:3. Am J Vet Res 57:1453. PUBMED Abstract
16. Larson RL, Step DL. 2012. Evidence-based effectiveness of vaccination against Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni in feedlot cattle for mitigating the incidence and effect of bovine respiratory disease complex. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 28:97. PUBMED Abstract

Histophilus somni

1. Ward AC, Weiser GC, Anderson BC, et al. 2006. Haemophilus somnus (Histophilus somni) in bighorn sheep. Can J Vet Res 70:34. PUBMED Abstract
2. Czuprynski CJ, Leite F, Sylte M, et al. 2004. Complexities of the pathogenesis of Mannheimia haemolytica and Haemophilus somnus infections: challenges and potential opportunities for prevention? Anim Health Res Rev 5:277. PUBMED Abstract
3. Humphrey JD, Little PB, Barnum DA, et al. 1982. Occurrence of “Haemophilus somnus” in bovine semen and in the prepuce of bulls and steers. Can J Comp Med 46:215. PUBMED Abstract
4. Corstvet RE. 1973. Survey of tracheas of feedlot cattle for Haemophilus somnus and other selected bacteria. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:870.
5. Harris FW, Janzen ED. 1989. The Haemophilus somnus disease complex (hemophilosis): a review. Can Vet J 30:816. PUBMED Abstract
6. Groom SC, Little PB. 1988. Effects of vaccination of calves against induced Haemophilus somnus pneumonia. Am J Vet Res 49:793. PUBMED Abstract
7. Corbeil LB. 1990. Molecular aspects of some virulence factors of Haemophilus somnus. Can J Vet Res 54 Suppl:S57. PUBMED Abstract
8. Orr JP. 1992. Haemophilus somnus infection: a retrospective analysis of cattle necropsied at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine from 1970 to 1990. Can Vet J 33:719. PUBMED Abstract
9. Potgieter LN, Helman RG, Greene W, et al. 1988. Experimental bovine respiratory tract disease with Haemophilus somnus. Vet Pathol 25:124. PUBMED Abstract
10. Inzana TJ, Iritani B, Gogolewski RP, et al. 1988. Purification and characterization of lipooligosaccharides from four strains of “Haemophilus somnus.” Infect Immun 56:2830. PUBMED Abstract
11. Tegtmeier C, Angen O, Grell SN, et al. 2000. Aerosol challenge of calves with Haemophilus somnus and Mycoplasma dispar. Vet Microbiol 72:229. PUBMED Abstract
12. Gershwin LJ, Berghaus LJ, Arnold K, et al. 2005. Immune mechanisms of pathogenetic synergy in concurrent bovine pulmonary infection with Haemophilus somnus and bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 107:119. PUBMED Abstract
13. Corbeil LB. 2007. Histophilus somni host-parasite relationships. Anim Health Res Rev 8:151. PUBMED Abstract
14. Czuprynski CJ, Hamilton HL. 1985. Bovine neutrophils ingest but do not kill Haemophilus somnus in vitro. Infect Immun 50:431. PUBMED Abstract
15. Inzana TJ, Hensley J, McQuiston J, et al. 1997. Phase variation and conservation of lipooligosaccharide epitopes in Haemophilus somnus. Infect Immun 65:4675. PUBMED Abstract
16. Sylte MJ, Inzana TJ, Czuprynski CJ. 2004. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates contribute to Haemophilus somnus lipooligosaccharide-mediated apoptosis of bovine endothelial cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 97:207. PUBMED Abstract
17. Ruby KW, Griffith RW, Gershwin LJ, et al. 2000. Haemophilus somnus-induced IgE in calves vaccinated with commercial monovalent H. somnus bacterins. Vet Microbiol 76:373. PUBMED Abstract
18. Ruby KW, Griffith RW, Kaeberle ML. 2002. Histamine production by Haemophilus somnus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 25:13. PUBMED Abstract
19. Dierks RE, Hanna SA, Dillman RC. 1973. Epizootiology and pathogenesis of Haemophilus somnus infection. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:866.
20. Martin SW, Harland RJ, Bateman KG, et al. 1998. The association of titers to Haemophilus somnus, and other putative pathogens, with the occurrence of bovine respiratory disease and weight gain in feedlot calves. Can J Vet Res 62:262. PUBMED Abstract
21. Booker CW, Guichon PT, Jim GK, et al. 1999. Seroepidemiology of undifferentiated fever in feedlot calves in western Canada. Can Vet J 40:40. PUBMED Abstract
22. O'Connor A, Martin SW, Harland R, et al. 2001. The relationship between the occurrence of undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease and titer changes to Haemophilus somnus and Mannheimia haemolytica at 3 Ontario feedlots. Can J Vet Res 65:143. PUBMED Abstract
23. Breeze RG, Pirie HM, Selman IE, et al. 1975. Fog fever in cattle: cytology of the hyperplastic alveolar epithelium. J Comp Pathol 85:147. PUBMED Abstract
24. Van Donkersgoed J, Janzen ED, Harland RJ. 1990. Epidemiological features of calf mortality due to hemophilosis in a large feedlot. Can Vet J 31:821. PUBMED Abstract
25. Ribble CS, Jim GK, Janzen ED. 1988. Efficacy of immunization of feedlot calves with a commercial Haemophilus somnus bacterin. Can J Vet Res 52:191. PUBMED Abstract
26. Baker JC, Werdin RE, Ames TR, et al. 1986. Study on the etiologic role of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in pneumonia of dairy calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:66. PUBMED Abstract
27. Houghton SB, Gourlay RN. 1984. Bacteria associated with calf pneumonia and their effect on gnotobiotic calves. Res Vet Sci 37:194. PUBMED Abstract
28. Haines DM, Moline KM, Sargent RA, et al. 2004. Immunohistochemical study of Hemophilus somnus, Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia hemolytica, and bovine viral diarrhea virus in death losses due to myocarditis in feedlot cattle. Can Vet J 45:231. PUBMED Abstract
29. Van Donkersgoed J, Janzen ED, Potter AA, et al. 1994. The occurrence of Haemophilus somnus in feedlot calves and its control by postarrival prophylactic mass medication. Can Vet J 35:573. PUBMED Abstract
30. Amstutz HE, Horstman LA, Morter RL. 1981. Clinical evaluation of the efficacy of Haemophilus somnus and Pasteurella sp bacterins. Bov Pract 16:106.
31. Morter RL, Amstutz HE, Crandell RA. 1982. Clinical evaluation of prophylactic regimens for bovine respiratory disease. Bov Pract 17:56.
32. Van Donkersgoed J, Potter AA, Mollison B, et al. 1994. The effect of a combined Pasteurella haemolytica and Haemophilus somnus vaccine and a modified-live bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine against enzootic pneumonia in young beef calves. Can Vet J 35:239. PUBMED Abstract
33. Larson RL, Step DL. 2012. Evidence-based effectiveness of vaccination against Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni in feedlot cattle for mitigating the incidence and effect of bovine respiratory disease complex. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 28:97. PUBMED Abstract

Mycoplasma bovis

1. Hale HH, Helmboldt CF, Plastridge WN, et al. 1962. Bovine mastitis caused by a Mycoplasma species. Cornell Vet 52:582. PUBMED Abstract
2. Maunsell FP, Woolums AR, Francoz D, et al. 2011. Mycoplasma bovis infections in cattle. J Vet Intern Med 25:772. PUBMED Abstract
3. Thomas LH, Howard CJ, Stott EJ, et al. 1986. Mycoplasma bovis infection in gnotobiotic calves and combined infection with respiratory syncytial virus. Vet Pathol 23:571. PUBMED Abstract
4. Maeda T, Shibahara T, Kimura K, et al. 2003. Mycoplasma bovis-associated suppurative otitis media and pneumonia in bull calves. J Comp Pathol 129:100. PUBMED Abstract
5. Gawthrop JC. 2005. Practitioners experience with Mycoplasma bovis outbreaks-dairy calves. Proc Am Assoc Bov Pract 38:11.
6. Walz PH, Mullaney TP, Render JA, et al. 1997. Otitis media in preweaned Holstein dairy calves in Michigan due to Mycoplasma bovis. J Vet Diagn Invest 9:250. PUBMED Abstract
7. Rosenbusch RF. 2005. Transmission of Mycoplasma bovis and the syndromes that result in beef and dairy cattle. Proc Am Assoc Bov Pract 38:1.
8. Adegboye DS, Halbur PG, Nutsch RG, et al. 1996. Mycoplasma bovis-associated pneumonia and arthritis complicated with pyogranulomatous tenosynovitis in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:647. PUBMED Abstract
9. Kotzeff P. 2005. Mycoplasma in beef cattle in Ontario. Proc Am Assoc Bov Pract 38:12.
10. Clark E. 2005. Mycoplasma bovis-unique features, pathogenesis and lesions update. Proc Am Assoc Bov Pract 38:63.
11. Janardhan KS, Hays M, Dyer N, et al. 2010. Mycoplasma bovis outbreak in a herd of North American bison (Bison bison). J Vet Diagn Invest 22:797. PUBMED Abstract
12. Gagea MI, Bateman KG, van Dreumel T, et al. 2006. Diseases and pathogens associated with mortality in Ontario beef feedlots. J Vet Diagn Invest 18:18. PUBMED Abstract
13. Thomas A, Sachse K, Farnir F, et al. 2003. Adherence of Mycoplasma bovis to bovine bronchial epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 34:141. PUBMED Abstract
14. Howard CJ, Thomas LH, Parsons KR. 1987. Comparative pathogenicity of Mycoplasma bovis and Mycoplasma dispar for the respiratory tract of calves. Isr J Med Sci 23:621. PUBMED Abstract
15. Razin S, Yogev D, Naot Y. 1998. Molecular biology and pathogenicity of mycoplasmas. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62:1094. PUBMED Abstract
16. Beier T, Hotzel H, Lysnyansky I, et al. 1998. Intraspecies polymorphism of vsp genes and expression profiles of variable surface protein antigens (Vsps) in field isolates of Mycoplasma bovis. Vet Microbiol 63:189. PUBMED Abstract
17. Thomas CB, Van Ess P, Wolfgram LJ, et al. 1991. Adherence to bovine neutrophils and suppression of neutrophil chemiluminescence by Mycoplasma bovis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 27:365. PUBMED Abstract
18. Vanden Bush TJ, Rosenbusch RF. 2002. Mycoplasma bovis induces apoptosis of bovine lymphocytes. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 32:97. PUBMED Abstract
19. Jungi TW, Krampe M, Sileghem M, et al. 1996. Differential and strain-specific triggering of bovine alveolar macrophage effector functions by mycoplasmas. Microb Pathog 21:487. PUBMED Abstract
20. Vanden Bush TJ, Rosenbusch RF. 2003. Characterization of the immune response to Mycoplasma bovis lung infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 94:23. PUBMED Abstract
21. Allen JW, Viel L, Bateman KG, et al. 1992. Changes in the bacterial flora of the upper and lower respiratory tracts and bronchoalveolar lavage differential cell counts in feedlot calves treated for respiratory diseases. Can J Vet Res 56:177. PUBMED Abstract
22. Soehnlen MK, Aydin A, Murthy KS, et al. 2012. Epidemiology of Mycoplasma bovis in Pennsylvania veal calves. J Dairy Sci 95:247. PUBMED Abstract
23. ter Laak EA, Noordergraaf JH, Boomsluiter E. 1992. The nasal mycoplasmal flora of healthy calves and cows. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 39:610. PUBMED Abstract
24. Gagea MI, Bateman KG, Shanahan RA, et al. 2006. Naturally occurring Mycoplasma bovis-associated pneumonia and polyarthritis in feedlot beef calves. J Vet Diagn Invest 18:29. PUBMED Abstract
25. Bennett RH, Jasper DE. 1977. Nasal prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis and IHA titers in young dairy animals. Cornell Vet 67:361. PUBMED Abstract
26. Springer WT, Fulton RW, Hagstad HV, et al. 1982. Prevalence of Mycoplasma and Chlamydia in the nasal flora of dairy calves. Vet Microbiol 7:351. PUBMED Abstract
27. Wiggins MC, Woolums AR, Sanchez S, et al. 2007. Prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis in backgrounding and stocker cattle operations. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1514. PUBMED Abstract
28. Allen JW, Viel L, Bateman KG, et al. 1991. The microbial flora of the respiratory tract in feedlot calves: associations between nasopharyngeal and bronchoalveolar lavage cultures. Can J Vet Res 55:341. PUBMED Abstract
29. Hanzlicek GA, White BJ, Renter DG, et al. 2011. Associations between the prevalence of Mollicutes and Mycoplasma bovis and health and performance in stocker calves. Vet Rec 168:21. PUBMED Abstract
30. Castillo-Alcala F, Bateman KG, Cai HY, et al. 2012. Prevalence and genotype of Mycoplasma bovis in beef cattle after arrival at a feedlot. Am J Vet Res 73:1932. PUBMED Abstract
31. Arcangioli MA, Aslan H, Tardy F, et al. 2012. The use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to investigate the epidemiology of Mycoplasma bovis in French calf feedlots. Vet J 192:96. PUBMED Abstract
32. Butler JA, Pinnow CC, Thomson JU, et al. 2001. Use of arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction to investigate Mycoplasma bovis outbreaks. Vet Microbiol 78:175. PUBMED Abstract
33. Haines DM, Martin KM, Clark EG, et al. 2001. The immunohistochemical detection of Mycoplasma bovis and bovine viral diarrhea virus in tissues of feedlot cattle with chronic, unresponsive respiratory disease and/or arthritis. Can Vet J 42:857. PUBMED Abstract
34. Hermeyer K, Buchenau I, Thomasmeyer A, et al. 2012. Chronic pneumonia in calves after experimental infection with Mycoplasma bovis strain 1067: characterization of lung pathology, persistence of variable surface protein antigens and local immune response. Acta Vet Scand. 54:9. PUBMED Abstract
35. Adegboye DS, Hallbur PG, Cavanaugh DL, et al. 1995. Immunohistochemical and pathological study of Mycoplasma bovis-associated lung abscesses in calves. J Vet Diagn Invest 7:333-. PUBMED Abstract
36. Haines DM, Moline KM, Sargent RA, et al. 2004. Immunohistochemical study of Hemophilus somnus, Mycoplasma bovis, Mannheimia hemolytica, and bovine viral diarrhea virus in death losses due to myocarditis in feedlot cattle. Can Vet J 45:231. PUBMED Abstract
37. Boothby JT, Jasper DE, Zinkl JG, et al. 1983. Prevalence of mycoplasmas and immune responses to Mycoplasma bovis in feedlot calves. Am J Vet Res 44:831. PUBMED Abstract
38. Rosenbusch RF. 2000. Should Mycoplasma bovis be a concern in feedlots? Proc Acad Vet Consult 28:20.
39. Rosenbusch RF, Kinyon JM, Apley M, et al. 2005. In vitro antimicrobial inhibition profiles of Mycoplasma bovis isolates recovered from various regions of the United States from 2002 to 2003. J Vet Diagn Invest 17:436. PUBMED Abstract
40. Francoz D, Fortin M, Fecteau G, et al. 2005. Determination of Mycoplasma bovis susceptibilities against six antimicrobial agents using the E test method. Vet Microbiol 105:57. PUBMED Abstract
41. Ayling RD, Baker SE, Peek ML, et al. 2000. Comparison of in vitro activity of danofloxacin, florfenicol, oxytetracycline, spectinomycin and tilmicosin against recent field isolates of Mycoplasma bovis. Vet Rec 146:745. PUBMED Abstract
42. Ball HJ, Reilly GA, Bryson DG. 1995. Antibiotic susceptibility of Mycoplasma bovis strains isolated in Northern Ireland. Irish Vet J 48:316.
43. Step DL, Kirkpatrick JG. 2001. Mycoplasma infection in cattle. I. Pneumonia-arthritis syndrome. Bov Pract 35:149.
44. Ayling RD, Nicholas RA. 2005. Treatment of mycoplasma infections: susceptibility of field isolates and outcome of treatment; recovered cattle: risk or bonus? Proc Am Assoc Bov Pract 38:6.
45. Howard CJ, Gourlay RN. 1983. Immune response of calves following the inoculation of Mycoplasma dispar and Mycoplasma bovis. Vet Microbiol 8:45-56. PUBMED Abstract
46. Chima JC, Wilkie BN, Nielsen KH, et al. 1981. Synovial immunoglobulin and antibody in vaccinated and nonvaccinated calves challenged with Mycoplasma bovis. Can J Comp Med 45:92. PUBMED Abstract
47. Maunsell FP, Donovan GA, Risco C, et al. 2009. Field evaluation of a Mycoplasma bovis bacterin in young dairy calves. Vaccine. 27:2781. PUBMED Abstract
48. Soehnlen MK, Aydin A, Lengerich EJ, et al. 2011. Blinded, controlled field trial of two commercially available Mycoplasma bovis bacterin vaccines in veal calves. Vaccine. 29:5347. PUBMED Abstract

Mycoplasma mycoides Subsp. mycodes, Large Colony Type

1. DaMassa AJ, Brooks DL, Adler HE. 1983. Caprine mycoplasmosis: widespread infection in goats with Mycoplasma mycoides subsp mycoides (large-colony type). Am J Vet Res 44:322. PUBMED Abstract
2. East NE, DaMassa AJ, Logan LL, et al. 1983. Milkborne outbreak of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides infection in a commercial goat dairy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1338. PUBMED Abstract
3. Manso-Silvan L, Vilei EM, Sachse K, et al. 2009. Mycoplasma leachii sp. nov. as a new species designation for Mycoplasma sp. bovine group 7 of Leach, and reclassification of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC as a serovar of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 59:1353. PUBMED Abstract
4. Kinde H, DaMassa AJ, Wakenell PS, et al. 1994. Mycoplasma infection in a commercial goat dairy caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (caprine biotype). J Vet Diagn Invest 6:423. PUBMED Abstract
5. Amores J, Corrales JC, Martin AG, et al. 2010. Comparison of culture and PCR to detect Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri in ear swabs taken from goats. Vet Microbiol 140:105. PUBMED Abstract
6. Bryson DG, McFerran JB, Ball HJ, et al. 1978. Observations on outbreaks of respiratory disease in housed calves—(1) Epidemiological, clinical and microbiological findings. Vet Rec 103:485. PUBMED Abstract
7. Baker JC, Werdin RE, Ames TR, et al. 1986. Study on the etiologic role of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in pneumonia of dairy calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:66. PUBMED Abstract
8. Hjerpe CA. 1980. The role of mycoplasma in bovine respiratory disease. Vet Med 75:297. PUBMED Abstract
9. Stalheim OH. 1983. Mycoplasmal respiratory diseases of ruminants: a review and update. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:403. PUBMED Abstract
10. Gourlay RN, Mackenzie A, Cooper JE. 1970. Studies of the microbiology and pathology of pneumonic lungs of calves. J Comp Pathol 80:575. PUBMED Abstract
11. Howard CJ, Gourlay RN, Thomas LH, et al. 1976. Induction of pneumonia in gnotobiotic calves following inoculation of Mycoplasma dispar and ureaplasmas (T-mycoplasmas). Res Vet Sci 21:227. PUBMED Abstract
12. Booker CW, Guichon PT, Jim GK, et al. 1999. Seroepidemiology of undifferentiated fever in feedlot calves in western Canada. Can Vet J 40:40. PUBMED Abstract

Bibersteinia trehalosi

1. Cortese VS, Braun DA, Crouch D, et al. 2012. Case report-peracute to acute fatal pneumonia in cattle caused by Bibersteinia trehalosi. Bov Pract 46:138.

Trueperella pyogenes (Formerly Arcanobacterium pyogenes)

1. Yassin AF, Hupfer H, Siering C, et al. 2011. Comparative chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic studies on the genus Arcanobacterium Collins et al. 1982. emend. Lehnen et al. 2006: proposal for Trueperella gen. nov. and emended description of the genus Arcanobacterium. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 61:1265. PUBMED Abstract
2. Jost BH, Billington SJ. 2005. Arcanobacterium pyogenes: molecular pathogenesis of an animal opportunist. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 88:87. PUBMED Abstract

Chlamydial Agents (Chlamydophila Species)

1. Reinhold P, Sachse K, Kaltenboeck B. 2011. Chlamydiaceae in cattle: commensals, trigger organisms, or pathogens? Vet J 189:257. PUBMED Abstract
2. Reinhold P, Ostermann C, Liebler-Tenorio E, et al. 2012. A bovine model of respiratory Chlamydia psittaci infection: challenge dose titration. PLoS One 7:e30125. PUBMED Abstract
3. Jee J, Degraves FJ, Kim T, et al. 2004. High prevalence of natural Chlamydophila species infection in calves. J Clin Microbiol 42:5664. PUBMED Abstract

Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Disease of Undetermined Cause (Undifferentiated Ruminant Respiratory Disease)

1. DeDonder K, Thomson DU, Loneragan GH, et al. 2010. Lung auscultation and rectal temperature as a predictor of lung lesions and bovine respiratory disease treatment outcome in feedyard cattle. Bov Pract 44:146.
2. University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Veterinary Medicine. Calf respiratory scoring chart. [WWW page]. http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/fapmtools/8calf/calf_respiratory_scoring_chart.pdf, accessed Dec 15, 2012
3. Panciera RJ, Confer AW. 2010. Pathogenesis and pathology of bovine pneumonia. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 26:191. PUBMED Abstract
4. Caswell JL, Hewson J, Slavic E, et al. 2012. Laboratory and postmortem diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 28:419. PUBMED Abstract
5. Woolums AR, Mason GL, Hawkins LL, et al. 2004. Microbiologic findings in feedlot cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia. Am J Vet Res 65:1525. PUBMED Abstract
6. Godinho KS, Sarasola P, Renoult E, et al. 2007. Use of deep nasopharyngeal swabs as a predictive diagnostic method for natural respiratory infections in calves. Vet Rec 160:22. PUBMED Abstract
7. DeRosa DC, Mechor GD, Staats JJ, et al. 2000. Comparison of Pasteurella spp. simultaneously isolated from nasal and transtracheal swabs from cattle with clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease. J Clin Microbiol 38:327. PUBMED Abstract
8. Allen JW, Viel L, Bateman KG, et al. 1991. The microbial flora of the respiratory tract in feedlot calves: associations between nasopharyngeal and bronchoalveolar lavage cultures. Can J Vet Res 55:341. PUBMED Abstract
9. Cooper VL, Brodersen BW. 2010. Respiratory disease diagnostics of cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 26:409. PUBMED Abstract
10. Osorio FA, Anderson GA, Sanders J, et al. 1989. Detection of bovine respiratory syncytial virus using a heterologous antigen-capture enzyme immunoassay. J Vet Diagn Invest 1:210. PUBMED Abstract
11. Virtala AM, Grohn YT, Mechor GD. 2000. Association of seroconversion with isolation of agents in transtracheal wash fluids collected from pneumonic calves less than three months of age. Bov Pract 34.

Treatment of Undifferentiated Ruminant Respiratory Disease

1. University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Veterinary Medicine. Calf respiratory scoring chart. [WWW page]. http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/fapmtools/8calf/calf_respiratory_scoring_chart.pdf, accessed Dec 15, 2012
2. Katsuda K, Kohmoto M, Mikami O, et al. 2012. Plasmid-mediated florfenicol resistance in Mannheimia haemolytica isolated from cattle. Vet Microbiol 155:444. PUBMED Abstract
3. Lamm CG, Love BC, Krehbiel CR, et al. 2012. Comparison of antemortem antimicrobial treatment regimens to antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of postmortem lung isolates from feedlot cattle with bronchopneumonia. J Vet Diagn Invest 24:277. PUBMED Abstract
4. McClary DG, Loneragan GH, Shryock TR, et al. 2011. Relationship of in vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations of tilmicosin against Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida and in vivo tilmicosin treatment outcome among calves with signs of bovine respiratory disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 239:129. PUBMED Abstract
5. Smith RA. 2007. Managing BRD using evidence-based programs and enhanced employee performance. Proc Ann Forum ACVIM, Seattle, WA.
6. Edwards TA. 2010. Control methods for bovine respiratory disease for feedlot cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 26:273. PUBMED Abstract
7. Gawthrop JC. 2005. Practitioners experience with Mycoplasma bovis outbreaks-dairy calves. Proc Am Assoc Bov Pract 38:11.
8. Ayling RD, Nicholas RA. 2005. Treatment of mycoplasma infections: susceptibility of field isolates and outcome of treatment; recovered cattle: risk or bonus? Proc Am Assoc Bov Pract 38:6.
9. Coetzee H, Apley M. 2010. BRD treatment in cattle. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, FL.
10. Francoz D, Buczinski S, Apley M. 2012. Evidence related to the use of ancillary drugs in bovine respiratory disease (anti-inflammatory and others): are they justified or not? Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 28:23. PUBMED Abstract
11. Friton GM, Cajal C, Ramirez-Romero R. 2005. Long-term effects of meloxicam in the treatment of respiratory disease in fattening cattle. Vet Rec 156:809. PUBMED Abstract
12. Hellwig DH, Kegley EB, Johnson Z. 2000. Flunixin meglumine as adjunct therapy for bovine respiratory disease in stocker cattle. AAES Res Ser 478:10.
13. Lockwood PW, Johnson JC, Katz TL. 2003. Clinical efficacy of flunixin, carprofen and ketoprofen as adjuncts to the antibacterial treatment of bovine respiratory disease. Vet Rec 152:392. PUBMED Abstract
14. Coetzee JF, Edwards LN, Mosher RA, et al. 2012. Effect of oral meloxicam on health and performance of beef steers relative to bulls castrated on arrival at the feedlot. J Anim Sci 90:1026. PUBMED Abstract
15. Heinrich A, Duffield TF, Lissemore KD, et al. 2009. The impact of meloxicam on postsurgical stress associated with cautery dehorning. J Dairy Sci 92:540. PUBMED Abstract
16. Apley M. 1997. Ancillary therapy of bovine respiratory disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 13:575. PUBMED Abstract
17. Roth JA, Kaeberle ML. 1985. In vivo effect of ascorbic acid on neutrophil function in healthy and dexamethasone-treated cattle. Am J Vet Res 46:2434. PUBMED Abstract

Epidemiology of Undifferentiated Ruminant Respiratory Disease

1. Waltner-Toews D, Martin SW, Meek AH, et al. 1986. Dairy calf management, morbidity and mortality in Ontario Holstein herds. I. The data. Prev Vet Med 4:103.
2. Sivula NJ, Ames TR, Marsh WE, et al. 1996. Descriptive epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in Minnesota dairy heifer calves. Prev Vet Med 27:155.
3. Lundborg GK, Svensson EC, Oltenacu PA. 2005. Herd-level risk factors for infectious diseases in Swedish dairy calves aged 0-90 days. Prev Vet Med 68:123. PUBMED Abstract
4. Van Donkersgoed J, Ribble CS, Boyer LG, et al. 1993. Epidemiological study of enzootic pneumonia in dairy calves in Saskatchewan. Can J Vet Res 57:247. PUBMED Abstract
5. Virtala AM, Mechor GD, Grohn YT, et al. 1996. Epidemiologic and pathologic characteristics of respiratory tract disease in dairy heifers during the first three months of life. J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:2035. PUBMED Abstract
6. Waltner-Toews D, Martin SW, Meek AH. 1986. Dairy calf management, morbidity and mortality in Ontario Holstein herds. III. Association of management with morbidity. Prev Vet Med 4:137.
7. Sargeant JM, Blackwell TE, Martin SW, et al. 1994. Production practices, calf health and mortality on six white veal farms in Ontario. Can J Vet Res 58:189. PUBMED Abstract
8. Curtis CE, Erb HN, White ME. 1988. Descriptive epidemiology of calfhood morbidity and mortality in New York Holstein herds. Prev Vet Med 5:293.
9. Waltner-Toews D, Martin SW, Meek AH. 1986. Dairy calf management, morbidity and mortality in Ontario Holstein herds. II. Age and seasonal patterns. Prev Vet Med 4:125.
10. Stott EJ, Thomas LH, Collins AP, et al. 1980. A survey of virus infections of the respiratory tract of cattle and their associations with disease. J Hyg (Lond) 85:257. PUBMED Abstract
11. Waltner-Toews D, Martin SW, Meek AH. 1986. The effect of early calfhood health status on survivorship and age at first calving. Can J Vet Res 50:314. PUBMED Abstract
12. Virtala AMK, Mechor GD, Gröhn YT, et al. 1996. The effect of calfhood diseases on growth of female dairy calves during the first 3 months of life in New York state. J Dairy Sci 79:1040. PUBMED Abstract
13. Correa MT, Curtis CR, Erb HN, et al. 1988. Effect of calfhood morbidity on age at first calving in New York Holstein herds. Prev Vet Med 6:253.
14. Donovan GA, Dohoo IR, Montgomer DM, et al. 1998. Calf and disease factors affecting growth in female Holstein calves in Florida, USA. Prev Vet Med 33:1. PUBMED Abstract
15. USDA. 2010. Beef 2007-08, Part IV: Reference of beef cow-calf management practices in the United States, 2007-08. USDA:APHIS:VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System: Ft. Collins, Colo N523.0210.
16. USDA. 1997. Part II: Reference of 1997 beef cow-calf health & health management practices. USDA:APHIS:VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System: Ft. Collins, Colo.
17. Muggli-Cockett NE, Cundiff LV, Gregory KE. 1992. Genetic analysis of bovine respiratory disease in beef calves during the first year of life. J Anim Sci 70:2013. PUBMED Abstract
18. Snowder GD, Van Vleck LD, Cundiff LV, et al. 2005. Influence of breed, heterozygosity, and disease incidence on estimates of variance components of respiratory disease in preweaned beef calves. J An Sci 83:1247. PUBMED Abstract
19. Dutil L, Fecteau G, Bouchard E, et al. 1999. A questionnaire on the health, management, and performance of cow-calf herds in Quebec. Can Vet J 40:649. PUBMED Abstract
20. Woolums AR, Berghaus RD, Smith DR, et al. 2013. A producer survey of herd-level risk factors for nursing beef calf respiratory disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 243:538. PUBMED Abstract
21. Jensen R, Pierson RE, Braddy PM, et al. 1976 Shipping fever pneumonia in yearling feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 169: 500.
22. Martin SW, Meek AH, Davis DG, et al. 1982. Factors associated with mortality and treatment costs in feedlot calves: the Bruce County Beef Project, years 1978, 1979, 1980. Can J Comp Med 46:341. PUBMED Abstract
23. Alexander BH, MacVean DW, Salman MD. 1989. Risk factors for lower respiratory tract disease in a cohort of feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:207. PUBMED Abstract
24. Ribble CS, Meek AH, Jim GK, et al. 1995. The pattern of fatal fibrinous pneumonia (shipping fever) affecting calves in a large feedlot in Alberta (1985-1988). Can Vet J 36:753. PUBMED Abstract
25. Babcock AH, Renter DG, White BJ, et al. 2010. Temporal distributions of respiratory disease events within cohorts of feedlot cattle and associations with cattle health and performance indices. Prev Vet Med 97:198. PUBMED Abstract
26. Fulton RW, Cook BJ, Step DL, et al. 2002. Evaluation of health status of calves and the impact on feedlot performance: assessment of a retained ownership program for postweaning calves. Can J Vet Res 66:173. PUBMED Abstract
27. Waggoner JW, Mathis CP, Löest CA, et al. 2007. Case study: impact of morbidity in finishing beef steers on feedlot average daily gain, carcass characteristics, and carcass value. Prof Anim Sci 23:174.
28. Holland BP, Burciaga-Robles LO, Van Overbeke DL, et al. 2010. Effect of bovine respiratory disease during preconditioning on subsequent feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and beef attributes. J Anim Sci 88:2486. PUBMED Abstract
29. Wittum TE, Woollen NE, Perino LJ, et al. 1996. Relationships among treatment for respiratory tract disease, pulmonary lesions evident at slaughter, and rate of weight gain in feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:814. PUBMED Abstract
30. Schneider MJ, Tait Jr RG, Ruble MV, et al. 2010. Evaluation of fixed sources of variation and estimation of genetic parameters for incidence of bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves and feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 88:1220. PUBMED Abstract
31. Smith RA, Gill DR. 1999. Backgrounding and stocker calf management, pp 105-109. In Smith RA (ed), Current veterinary therapy: food animal practice, ed 4. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
32. USDA. 2007. Dairy 2007, Part II: Changes in the U.S. Dairy Cattle Industry, 1991-2007. USDA:APHIS:VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System: Ft. Collins, Colo N481.0308.
33. Harrison LR, Pursell AR. 1985 An epizootic of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a dairy herd. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:716. PUBMED Abstract
34. Ellis JA, Philibert H, West K, et al. 1996 Fatal pneumonia in adult dairy cattle associated with active infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus. Can Vet J 37:103. PUBMED Abstract
35. USDA. 2001. National Animal Health Monitoring System. Part IV: Baseline reference of 2001 sheep feedlot health and management, USDA:APHIS:VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System: Ft. Collins, Colo. N403.0803.

Host and Environmental Risk Factors for Undifferentiated Ruminant Respiratory Disease

1. Waltner-Toews D, Martin SW, Meek AH. 1986a. Dairy calf management, morbidity and mortality in Ontario Holstein herds. II: Age and seasonal patterns. Prev Vet Med 4:125.
2. Waltner-Toews D, Martin SW, Meek AH. 1986. Dairy calf management, morbidity and mortality in Ontario Holstein herds. III. Association of management with morbidity. Prev Vet Med 4:137.
3. Curtis CE, Erb HN, White ME. 1988. Descriptive epidemiology of calfhood morbidity and mortality in New York Holstein herds. Prev Vet Med 5:293.
4. Sivula NJ, Ames TR, Marsh WE, et al. 1996. Descriptive epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in Minnesota dairy heifer calves. Prev Vet Med 27:155.
5. Van Donkersgoed J, Ribble CS, Boyer LG, et al. 1993. Epidemiological study of enzootic pneumonia in dairy calves in Saskatchewan. Can J Vet Res 57:247. PUBMED Abstract
6. Lundborg GK, Svensson EC, Oltenacu PA. 2005. Herd-level risk factors for infectious diseases in Swedish dairy calves aged 0-90 days. Prev Vet Med 68:123. PUBMED Abstract
7. Svensson C, Lundborg K, Emanuelson U, et al. 2003. Morbidity in Swedish dairy calves from birth to 90 days of age and individual calf-level risk factors for infectious diseases. Prev Vet Med 58:179. PUBMED Abstract
8. Virtala AM, Mechor GD, Grohn YT, et al. 1996. Epidemiologic and pathologic characteristics of respiratory tract disease in dairy heifers during the first three months of life. J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:2035. PUBMED Abstract
9. Gulliksen SM, Jor E, Lie KI, et al. 2009. Respiratory infections in Norwegian dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 92:5139. PUBMED Abstract
10. Torsein M, Lindberg A, Sandgren CH, et al. 2011. Risk factors for calf mortality in large Swedish dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 99:136. PUBMED Abstract
11. Muggli-Cockett NE, Cundiff LV, Gregory KE. 1992. Genetic analysis of bovine respiratory disease in beef calves during the first year of life. J Anim Sci 70:2013. PUBMED Abstract
12. Dutil L, Fecteau G, Bouchard E, et al. 1999. A questionnaire on the health, management, and performance of cow-calf herds in Quebec. Can Vet J 40:649. PUBMED Abstract
13. Ganaba R, Belanger D, Dea S, et al. 1995. A seroepidemiological study of the importance in cow-calf pairs of respiratory and enteric viruses in beef operations from northwestern Quebec. Can J Vet Res 59:26. PUBMED Abstract
14. Hanzlicek GA, Renter DG, White BJ, et al. 2013. Management practices associated with the rate of pre-weaning calf respiratory disease: results from a national survey of U.S. cow-calf operations. J Am Vet Med Assoc 242:1271. PUBMED Abstract
15. Woolums AR, Berghaus RD, Smith DR, et al. 2013. A producer survey of herd-level risk factors for nursing beef calf respiratory disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 243:538. PUBMED Abstract
16. Ribble CS, Meek AH, Jim GK, et al. 1995. The pattern of fatal fibrinous pneumonia (shipping fever) affecting calves in a large feedlot in Alberta (1985-1988). Can Vet J 36:753. PUBMED Abstract
17. Lofgreen GP. 1983. Nutrition and management of stressed beef calves. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 5:87. PUBMED Abstract
18. Cole NA. 1985. Preconditioning calves for the feedlot. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1:401. PUBMED Abstract
19. Step DL, Krehbiel CR, DePra HA, et al. 2008. Effects of commingling beef calves from different sources and weaning protocols during a forty-two-day receiving period on performance and bovine respiratory disease. J Anim Sci 86:3146. PUBMED Abstract
20. Martin SW, Meek AH, Davis DG, et al. 1982. Factors associated with mortality and treatment costs in feedlot calves: the Bruce County Beef Project, years 1978, 1979, 1980. Can J Comp Med 46:341. PUBMED Abstract
21. Alexander BH, MacVean DW, Salman MD. 1989. Risk factors for lower respiratory tract disease in a cohort of feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:207. PUBMED Abstract
22. Sanderson MW, Dargatz DA, Wagner BA. 2008. Risk factors for initial respiratory disease in United States' feedlots based on producer-collected daily morbidity counts. Can Vet J 49:373. PUBMED Abstract
23. Cernicchiaro N, White BJ, Renter DG, et al. 2012. Associations between the distance traveled from sale barns to commercial feedlots in the United States and overall performance, risk of respiratory disease, and cumulative mortality in feeder cattle during 1997 to 2009. J Anim Sci 90:1929. PUBMED Abstract
24. Ribble CS, Meek AH, Janzen ED, et al. 1995. Effect of time of year, weather, and the pattern of auction market sales on fatal fibrinous pneumonia (shipping fever) in calves in a large feedlot in Alberta (1985-1988). Can J Vet Res 59:167. PUBMED Abstract
25. Cernicchiaro N, Renter DG, White BJ, et al. 2012. Associations between weather conditions during the first 45 days after feedlot arrival and daily respiratory disease risks in autumn-placed feeder cattle in the United States. J Anim Sci 90:1328. PUBMED Abstract
26. Smith RA, Gill DR. 1999. Backgrounding and stocker calf management, pp 105-109. In Smith RA (ed), Current veterinary therapy: food animal practice, ed 4. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
27. Virtala AM, Grohn YT, Mechor GD, et al. 1999. The effect of maternally derived immunoglobulin G on the risk of respiratory disease in heifers during the first 3 months of life. Prev Vet Med 39:25. PUBMED Abstract
28. Svensson C, Liberg P. 2006. The effect of group size on health and growth rate of Swedish dairy calves housed in pens with automatic milk-feeders. Prev Vet Med 73:43. PUBMED Abstract
29. Lago A, McGuirk SM, Bennett TB, et al. 2006. Calf respiratory disease and pen microenvironments in naturally ventilated calf barns in winter. J Dairy Sci 89:4014. PUBMED Abstract

Prevention and Control of Undifferentiated Ruminant Respiratory Disease

1. Waltner-Toews D, Martin SW, Meek AH. 1986b. Dairy calf management, morbidity and mortality in Ontario Holstein herds. III. Association of management with morbidity. Prev Vet Med 4:137.
2. Virtala AM, Grohn YT, Mechor GD, et al. 1999. The effect of maternally derived immunoglobulin G on the risk of respiratory disease in heifers during the first 3 months of life. Prev Vet Med 39:25. PUBMED Abstract
3. Svensson C, Lundborg K, Emanuelson U, et al. 2003. Morbidity in Swedish dairy calves from birth to 90 days of age and individual calf-level risk factors for infectious diseases. Prev Vet Med 58:179. PUBMED Abstract
4. Svensson C, Liberg P. 2006. The effect of group size on health and growth rate of Swedish dairy calves housed in pens with automatic milk-feeders. Prev Vet Med 73:43. PUBMED Abstract
5. Lago A, McGuirk SM, Bennett TB, et al. 2006. Calf respiratory disease and pen microenvironments in naturally ventilated calf barns in winter. J Dairy Sci 89:4014. PUBMED Abstract
6. Bates DW, Anderson JF. 1984. Environmental design for a total animal health care system. Bov Pract 19:4.
7. Sivula NJ, Ames TR, Marsh WE, et al. 1996. Descriptive epidemiology of morbidity and mortality in Minnesota dairy heifer calves. Prev Vet Med 27:155.
8. Nordlund KV. 2008. Practical considerations for ventilating calf barns in winter. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 24:41. PUBMED Abstract
9. Kimman TG, Sol J, Westenbrink F, et al. 1989. A severe outbreak of respiratory tract disease associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus probably enhanced by vaccination with modified live vaccine. Vet Q. 11:250. PUBMED Abstract
10. Cole NA. 1985. Preconditioning calves for the feedlot. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1:401. PUBMED Abstract
11. Pritchard RH, Mendez JK. 1990. Effects of preconditioning on pre- and post-shipment performance of feeder steers. J Anim Sci 68:28. PUBMED Abstract
12. Jim GK, Guichon PT. 1989. Assessing the value of preconditioning to feedlots. Proc Am Assoc Bov Pract 22:90.
13. Wittum TE, Woollen NE, Perino LJ, et al. 1996. Relationships among treatment for respiratory tract disease, pulmonary lesions evident at slaughter, and rate of weight gain in feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:814. PUBMED Abstract
14. Waggoner JW, Mathis CP, Loest CA. 2007. Case study: impact of morbidity in finishing beef steers on feedlot average daily gain, carcass characteristics, and carcass value. Prof Anim Sci 23:174.
15. Schneider MJ, Tait RG Jr, Ruble MV, et al. 2010. Evaluation of fixed sources of variation and estimation of genetic parameters for incidence of bovine respiratory disease in preweaned calves and feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 88:1220. PUBMED Abstract
16. Holland BP, Burciaga-Robles LO, VanOverbeke DL, et al. 2010. Effect of bovine respiratory disease during preconditioning on subsequent feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and beef attributes. J Anim Sci 88:2486. PUBMED Abstract
17. Hilton WM, Olynk NJ. 2011. Profitability of preconditioning: lessons learned from an 11-year case study of an Indiana beef herd. Bov Pract 45:40.
18. Smith RA, Gill DR. 1999. Backgrounding and stocker calf management, pp 105-109. In Smith RA (ed), Current veterinary therapy: food animal practice, ed 4. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
19. Edwards TA. 2010. Control methods for bovine respiratory disease for feedlot cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 26:273. PUBMED Abstract
20. Sweiger SH, Nichols MD. 2010. Control methods for bovine respiratory disease in stocker cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 26:261. PUBMED Abstract
21. Van Donkersgoed J. 1992. Meta-analysis of field trials of antimicrobial mass medication for prophylaxis of bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle. Can Vet J 33:786. PUBMED Abstract
22. Guthrie CA, Laudert SB, Zimmerman AG. 2000. Metaphylaxis for undifferentiated bovine respiratory disease. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 22:S62.
23. Frank GH, Duff GC. 2000. Effects of tilmicosin phosphate, administered prior to transport or at time of arrival, and feeding of chlortetracycline, after arrival in a feedlot, on Mannheimia haemolytica in nasal secretions of transported steers. Am J Vet Res 61:1479. PUBMED Abstract
24. Frank GH, Briggs RE, Duff GC, et al. 2002. Effects of vaccination prior to transit and administration of florfenicol at time of arrival in a feedlot on the health of transported calves and detection of Mannheimia haemolytica in nasal secretions. Am J Vet Res 63:251. PUBMED Abstract
25. Stanton AL, Kelton DF, Leblanc SJ, et al. 2010. The effect of treatment with long-acting antibiotic at postweaning movement on respiratory disease and on growth in commercial dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 93:574. PUBMED Abstract

Vaccination to Prevent Undifferentiated Ruminant Respiratory Disease

1. Van Donkersgoed J, Potter AA, Mollison B, et al. 1994. The effect of a combined Pasteurella haemolytica and Haemophilus somnus vaccine and a modified-live bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine against enzootic pneumonia in young beef calves. Can Vet J 35:239. PUBMED Abstract
2. Van Donkersgoed J, Guenther C, Evans BN, et al. 1995. Effects of various vaccination protocols on passive and active immunity to Pasteurella haemolytica and Haemophilus somnus in beef calves. Can Vet J 36:424. PUBMED Abstract
3. Kaeberle ML, Sealock R, Honeyman M. 1998. Antibody responses of young calves to inactivated viral vaccines. Proc Am Assoc Bov Pract 31:229.
4. Ellis J, West K, Cortese V, et al. 2001. Effect of maternal antibodies on induction and persistence of vaccine-induced immune responses against bovine viral diarrhea virus type II in young calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:351. PUBMED Abstract
5. Ridpath JE, Neill JD, Endsley J, et al. 2003. Effect of passive immunity on the development of a protective immune response against bovine viral diarrhea virus in calves. Am J Vet Res 64:65. PUBMED Abstract
6. Sandbulte MR, Roth JA. 2002. T-cell populations responsive to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in seronegative calves. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 84:111. PUBMED Abstract
7. Kimman TG, Westenbrink F, Straver PJ. 1989. Priming for local and systemic antibody memory responses to bovine respiratory syncytial virus: effect of amount of virus, virus replication, route of administration and maternal antibodies. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 22:145. PUBMED Abstract
8. Stoltenow C, Cortese VS, Seeger JT. 2011. Immunologic responses of beef calves to concurrent application of modified-live viral vaccine (intranasal and systemic administration) and systemically administered Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid. Bov Pract 45:132.
9. Ellis JA, Gow SP, Goji N. 2010. Response to experimentally induced infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus following intranasal vaccination of seropositive and seronegative calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 236:991. PUBMED Abstract
10. Schunicht OC, Booker CW, Jim GK, et al. 2003. Comparison of a multivalent viral vaccine program versus a univalent viral vaccine program on animal health, feedlot performance, and carcass characteristics of feedlot calves. Can Vet J 44:43. PUBMED Abstract
11. Gummow B, Mapham PH. 2000. A stochastic partial-budget analysis of an experimental Pasteurella haemolytica feedlot vaccine trial. Prev Vet Med 43:29. PUBMED Abstract

The Interstitial Pneumonias

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndromes

1. Breeze RG. 1985. Respiratory disease in adult cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1:311. PUBMED Abstract
2. Dungworth DL. 1982. Interstitial pulmonary disease. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 26:173. PUBMED Abstract
3. Selman IE. 1977. Differential diagnosis of pulmonary disease in adult cattle in Britain. Bov Pract 12:63.
4. Ciszewski DK, Baker JC, Slocombe RF. 1988. Acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 10:766.
5. Breeze RG, Carlson JR. 1982. Chemical-induced lung injury in domestic animals. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 26:201. PUBMED Abstract
6. Dickinson EO, Spencer GR, Gorham JR. 1967. Experimental induction of an acute respiratory syndrome in cattle resembling bovine pulmonary emphysema. Vet Rec 80:487. PUBMED Abstract
7. Blake JT, Thomas DW. 1971. Acute bovine pulmonary emphysema in Utah. J Am Vet Med Assoc 158:2047. PUBMED Abstract
8. Heron BR, Suther DE. 1979. A retrospective investigation and random sample survey of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema in Northern California. Bov Pract 14:2.
9. Loneragan GH, Gould DH, Mason GL, et al. 2001. Association of 3-methyleneindolenine, a toxic metabolite of 3-methylindole, with acute interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle. Am J Vet Res 62:1525. PUBMED Abstract
10. Breeze RG. 1978. Fog fever and heaves: studies on respiratory diseases of adult cattle and horses. Proc Ann Forum ACVIM. 87.
11. Wikse SE, Craig TM, Hutcheson DP. 1991. Nutritional and dietary interrelationships with diseases of grazing beef cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 7:143. PUBMED Abstract
12. Johnson B. 1991. Nutritional and dietary interrelationships with diseases of feedlot cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 7:133. PUBMED Abstract
13. Woolums AR, Loneragan GH, Gould DH, et al. 2001. Infectious causes and control of acute interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 23:S110.
14. Woolums AR, McAllister TA, Loneragan GH, et al. 2001. Etiology of acute interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle: noninfectious causes. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 23:S86.
15. Ayroud M, Popp JD, VanderKop MA, et al. 2000. Characterization of acute interstitial pneumonia in cattle in southern Alberta feedyards. Can Vet J 41:547. PUBMED Abstract
16. Bingham HR, Morley PS, Wittum TE, et al. 2000. Effects of 3-methylindole production and immunity against bovine respiratory syncytial virus on development of respiratory tract disease and rate of gain of feedlot cattle. Am J Vet Res 61:1309. PUBMED Abstract
17. Loneragan GH. 2002. Epidemiological characteristics of AIP in feedlot cattle. Proc Acad Vet Consult Summer Meeting:1.
18. Sorden SD, Kerr RW, Janzen ED. 2000. Interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle: concurrent lesions and lack of immunohistochemical evidence for bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 12:510. PUBMED Abstract
19. Woolums AR, Mason GL, Hawkins LL, et al. 2004. Microbiologic findings in feedlot cattle with acute interstitial pneumonia. Am J Vet Res 65:1525. PUBMED Abstract
20. Popp JD, McAllister TA, Kastelic JP, et al. 1998. Effect of melengestrol acetate on development of 3-methylindole-induced pulmonary edema and emphysema in sheep. Can J Vet Res 62:268. PUBMED Abstract
21. McAllister TA. 1999. Characterization of AIP in southern Alberta feedlots. Proc Acad Vet Consult Winter Meeting:16.
22. Jensen R, Pierson RE, Braddy PM, et al. 1976. Atypical interstitial pneumonia in yearling feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 169:507.
23. Collins JK, Jensen R, Smith GH, et al. 1988. Association of bovine respiratory syncytial virus with atypical interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle. Am J Vet Res 49:1045. PUBMED Abstract
24. Smith RA. 1998. Impact of disease on feedlot performance: a review. J Anim Sci 76:272. PUBMED Abstract
25. Schiefer B, Jayasekara MU, Mills JH. 1974. Comparison of naturally occurring and tryptophan-induced bovine atypical interstitial pneumonia. Vet Pathol 11:327. PUBMED Abstract
26. Wikse SE. 1985. Feedlot cattle pneumonia. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1:289. PUBMED Abstract
27. Miles DG, Hoffman BW, Rogers KC, et al. 1998. Diagnosis of digestive deaths. J Anim Sci 76:320. PUBMED Abstract
28. Fulton WR, Klopfenstein TJ, Britton RA. 1979. Adaptation to high concentrate diets by beef cattle. I. Adaptation to corn and wheat diets. J Anim Sci 49:775.
29. Loneragan GH, Gould DH. 1999. Atypical interstitial pneumonia in U.S. feedlots. Proc Acad Vet Consult Summer Meeting:1.
30. Hjerpe CA. 1983. Clinical management of respiratory disease in feedlot cattle. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 5:119. PUBMED Abstract
31. Loneragan GH, Gould DH, Mason GL, et al. 2001. Involvement of microbial respiratory pathogens in acute interstitial pneumonia in feedlot cattle. Am J Vet Res 62:1519. PUBMED Abstract
32. Meduri GU, Kohler G, Headley S, et al. 1995. Inflammatory cytokines in the BAL of patients with ARDS. Persistent elevation over time predicts poor outcome. Chest. 108:1303. PUBMED Abstract
33. Woolums AR, Loneragan GH, Hawkins LL, et al. 2005. A survey of the relationship between management practices and risk of acute interstitial pneumonia at U.S. feedlots. Bov Pract 39:125.
34. Purdy CW, Straus DC, Chirase N, et al. 2002. Effects of aerosolized feedyard dust that contains natural endotoxins on adult sheep. Am J Vet Res 63:28. PUBMED Abstract
35. Purdy CW, Layton RC, Straus DC, et al. 2005. Virulence of fungal spores determined by tracheal inoculation of goats following inhalation of aerosolized sterile feedyard dust. Am J Vet Res 66:615.
36. MacVean DW, Franzen DK, Keefe TJ, et al. 1986. Airborne particle concentration and meteorologic conditions associated with pneumonia incidence in feedlot cattle. Am J Vet Res 47:2676. PUBMED Abstract
37. Campbell SG. 1970. Milk allergy, an autoallergic disease of cattle. Cornell Vet 60:684. PUBMED Abstract
38. Ladiges WC, Dickinson EO, Gorham JR. 1974. Clinical and pathologic comparison of the pulmonary response during experimentally induced anaphylaxis in sheep and cattle. Am J Vet Res 35:389. PUBMED Abstract
39. USDA. 2000. Health management and biosecurity in U.S. feedlots, 1999 USDA:APHIS:VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System: Ft Collins, Colo N336.1200.
40. Loneragan GH, Morley PS, Wagner JJ, et al. 2002. Effects of feeding aspirin and supplemental vitamin E on plasma concentrations of 3-methylindole, 3-methyleneindolenine-adduct concentrations in blood and pulmonary tissues, lung lesions, and growth performance in feedlot cattle. Am J Vet Res 63:1641. PUBMED Abstract
41. Bingham HR, Wittum TE, Morley PS, et al. 2000. Evaluation of the ability of orally administered aspirin to mitigate effects of 3-methylindole in feedlot cattle. Am J Vet Res 61:1209. PUBMED Abstract
42. Peckham JC, Mitchell FE, Jones OH Jr, et al. 1972. Atypical interstitial pneumonia in cattle fed moldy sweet potatoes. J Am Vet Med Assoc 160:169. PUBMED Abstract
43. Kerr LA, Johnson BJ, Burrows GE. 1986. Intoxication of cattle by Perilla frutescens (purple mint). Vet Hum Toxicol. 28:412. PUBMED Abstract
44. Cutlip RC. 1966. Experimental nitrogen dioxide poisoning in cattle. Pathol Vet 3:474. PUBMED Abstract
45. Brightwell AH. 1972. “Silo gas” poisoning in cattle. Can Vet J 13:224. PUBMED Abstract
46. Haynes NB. 1963. “Silo filler's disease” in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 143:593. PUBMED Abstract
47. Hilderman E, Taylor PA. 1974. Acute pulmonary emphysema in cattle exposed to zinc oxide fumes. Can Vet J 15:173. PUBMED Abstract
48. Tams TR. 1985. Aspiration pneumonia and complications of inhalation of smoke and toxic gases. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 15:971. PUBMED Abstract

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

1. Wiseman A, Selman IE, Dawson CO, et al. 1973. Bovine farmers' lung: a clinical syndrome in a herd of cattle. Vet Rec 93:410. PUBMED Abstract
2. Wiseman A, Allan EM, Selman IE. 1984. A study of the respiratory diseases of adult cattle in Britain: 3. Farmer's lung. Irish Vet J 38:22.
3. Wilkie BN. 1982. Allergic respiratory disease. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 26:233. PUBMED Abstract

Miscellaneous Chronic Pneumonias

1. Breeze RG. 1985. Respiratory disease in adult cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1:311. PUBMED Abstract

Parasitic Bronchitis and Pneumonia

1. Breeze RG. 1985. Parasitic bronchitis and pneumonia. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1:277. PUBMED Abstract
2. Eysker M. 1994. Dictyocaulosis in cattle. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 16:669.
3. Jarrett WFH, Jennings FW, McIntyre WIM, et al. 1960. Symposium on husk. 1. The disease process. Vet Rec 72:1066.
4. Larsson A, Uggla A, Waller PJ, et al. 2011. Performance of second-season grazing cattle following different levels of parasite control in their first grazing season. Vet Parasitol 175:135. PUBMED Abstract
5. Zajac AM, Conboy AM. 2006. Veterinary clinical parasitology, ed 7. Blackwell, Ames, IA.
6. Rode B, Jorgensen RJ. 1989. Baermannization of Dictyocaulus spp from faeces of cattle, sheep and donkeys. Vet Parasitol 30:205. PUBMED Abstract
7. Ploeger HW. 2002. Dictyocaulus viviparus: re-emerging or never been away? Trends Parasitol 18:329. PUBMED Abstract
8. Lekeux P, Hajer R, Breuking HJ. 1985. Longitudinal study of the effects of lungworm infection on bovine pulmonary function. Am J Vet Res 46:1392. PUBMED Abstract
9. Fiedor C, Strube D, Forbes A, et al. 2009. Evaluation of a milk ELISA for the serodiagnosis of Dictyocaulus viviparus in dairy cows. Vet Parasitol 166:255. PUBMED Abstract
10. Gozdzik K, Engström A, Höglund J. 2012. Optimization of in-house ELISA based on recombinant major sperm protein (rMSP) of Dictyocaulus viviparus for the detection of lungworm infection in cattle. Res Vet Sci 93:813. PUBMED Abstract
11. Ploeger HW, Verbeek PC, Dekkers CWH, et al. 2012. The value of a bulk-tank milk ELISA and individual serological and faecal examination for diagnosing (sub)clinical Dictyocaulus viviparus infection in dairy cows. Vet Parasitol 184:168. PUBMED Abstract
12. Eddi CS, Williams JC, Swalley RA. 1989. Epidemiology of Dictyocaulus viviparus in Louisiana (USA). Vet Parasitol 31:37. PUBMED Abstract
13. Winters JB, Worley DE. 1975. Distribution and seasonal prevalence of bovine lungworms in selected areas in western Montana. Am J Vet Res 36:327. PUBMED Abstract
14. Gupta RP, Gibbs HC. 1975. Studies of the incidence of lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparus Block, 1782) in Quebec cattle. Can Vet J 10:279. PUBMED Abstract
15. Eysker M, Saatkamp HW, Kloosterman A. 1993. Infection build-up and development of immunity in calves following primary Dictyocaulus viviparus infections of different levels at the beginning or in the middle of the grazing season. Vet Parasitol 49:243. PUBMED Abstract
16. David G. 1999. Strategies for the control of parasitic bronchitis in cattle. In Pract 21:62.
17. Vercruysse J, Rew R. 2002. General efficacy of the macrocyclic lactones to control parasites of cattle, p 185. In Vercruysse J, Rew R (eds), Macrocyclic lactones in antiparasitic therapy. CABI, Oxford, UK.
18. Yazwinski TA, Williams JC, Smith LL, et al. 2006. Dose determination of the persistent activity of moxidectin long-acting injectable formulations against various nematode species in cattle. Vet Parasitol 137:273. PUBMED Abstract
19. Eysker M, Boersema JH, Kooyman FN, et al. 1996. Comparison between fenbendazole and moxidectin applied in a dose and move system for the control of Dictyocaulus viviparus infections in calves. Vet Parasitol 64:187. PUBMED Abstract
20. Schnieder T, Epe C, Von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, et al. 1996. The development of protective immunity against gastrointestinal nematode and lungworm infections after use of an ivermectin bolus in first-year grazing calves. Vet Parasitol 64:239. PUBMED Abstract
21. Taylor SM, Kenny J, Edgar HW, et al. 1997. Protection against Dictyocaulus viviparus in second year cattle after first year treatment with doramectin or an ivermectin bolus. Vet Rec 141:593. PUBMED Abstract
22. Jacobs DE, Fox MT. 1985. Relationship between date of spring turnout and lungworm infection in calves. Vet Rec 116:75. PUBMED Abstract
23. Höglund J. 2006. Targeted selective treatment of lungworm infection in an organic dairy herd in Sweden. Vet Parasitol 138:318. PUBMED Abstract
24. Ploeger HW, Holzhauer M. 2012. Failure to eradicate the lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus on dairy farms by a single mass-treatment before turnout. Vet Parasitol 185:335. PUBMED Abstract
25. Woodbury MR, Copeland S, Wagner B, et al. 2012. Toxocara vitulorum in a bison (Bison bison) herd from western Canada. Can Vet J 53:791. PUBMED Abstract
26. Borgsteede FHM, Holzhauer M, Herder FL, et al. 2012. Toxocara vitulorum in suckling calves in the Netherlands. Res Vet Sci 92:254. PUBMED Abstract
27. Jones JR, Mitchell ESE, Redman E, et al. 2009. Toxocara vitulorum infection in a cattle herd in the UK. Vet Rec 164:171. PUBMED Abstract
28. Davila G, Irsik M, Greiner EC. 2010. Toxocara vitulorum in beef calves in North Central Florida. Vet Parasitol 168:261. PUBMED Abstract
29. Anderson RC. 2000. The superfamily Ascaridoidea, p 307. In Anderson RC (ed), Nematode parasites of vertebrates, their development and transmission. CABI, Oxford, UK.
30. Morrow DA. 1968. Pneumonia in cattle due to migrating Ascaris lumbricoides larvae. J Am Vet Med Assoc 153:184. PUBMED Abstract
31. Borgsteede FH, de Leeuw WA, Dijkstra T, et al. 1992. Illness in two dairy herds suspected of being due to Ascaris suum infection. Tijdschr Diergeneesk 117:296.
32. Urquhart GM, Armour J, Duncan JL et al. 1996. Veterinary parasitology, p 41. Blackwell Scientific, London.
33. Smith MC, Sherman DM. 1994. Goat medicine, p 261. Lea & Febiger, Baltimore, MD.
34. Oosthuizen WT, Erasmus JB, Boelema E, et al. 1993. Efficacy of moxidectin against internal parasites of sheep. J S Afr Vet Assoc 64:28. PUBMED Abstract
35. Dorchies P, Cardinaud B, Fournier R. 1996. Efficacy of moxidectin as a 1% injectable solution and a 0.1% drench against nasal bots, pulmonary and gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Vet Parasitol 65:163. PUBMED Abstract
36. Hidalgo-Argüello MR, Díez-Baños N, Rojo-Vázquez FA. 2002. Efficacy of moxidectin 1% injectable and 0.2% oral drench against natural infection by Dictyocaulus filaria in sheep. Vet Parasitol 107:95. PUBMED Abstract
37. Ashraf M, Nepote KH. 1990. Prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes, coccidia and lungworms in Maryland dairy goats. Small Rumin Res 3:291.
38. Anderson DL, Roberson EL. 1996. Gastrointestinal and respiratory parasitism in Georgia goats. Agri-Practice 17:20.
39. Levine ND. 1980. Nematode parasites of domestic animals and man, ed 2, pp 241-245. Burgess, Minneapolis, MN.
40. Nimmo JS. 1979. Six cases of verminous pneumonia (Muellerius spp) in goats. Can Vet J 20:49. PUBMED Abstract
41. Papadopoulos E, Sotiraki S, Himonas C, et al. 2000. Treatment of small lungworm infestation in sheep by using moxidectin. Vet Parasitol 121:329. PUBMED Abstract
42. McCraw BM, Menzies PI. 1986. Treatment of goats infected with the lungworm. Muellerius capillaris. Can Vet J 27:287. PUBMED Abstract
43. Bliss DL, Greiner EC. 1985. Efficacy of fenbendazole and cambendazole against Muellerius capillaris in dairy goats. Am J Vet Res 46:1923. PUBMED Abstract
44. Helle O. 1986. The efficacy of fenbendazole and albendazole against the lungworm Muellerius capillaris in goats. Vet Parasitol 22:293. PUBMED Abstract
45. Cabarnet J, Andjorand N, Leclerc C, et al. 1984. Le traitement de la muelleriose caprine: efficacité comparée de l'oxfendazole, Les maladies de la chèvre. Les Colloques de l'INRA 28:357.
46. Gregory E, Foreyt WJ, Breeze R. 1985. Efficacy of ivermectin and fenbendazole against lungworms. Vet Med 80:114.
47. Mansfield LS, Gamble HR, Baker JS, et al. 1993. Lungworm infection in a sheep flock in Maryland. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:601. PUBMED Abstract
48. Schaeffler WF. 1961. Die Invasion von fremden Wirten durch den Hundeparasiten Toxocara canis. Tierartzl Umshcau 16:137.
49. Sinh BN. 1970. Some observations on the pathological lesions caused by migrating larvae of Toxocara canis in Spanish goats. Southwest Vet 23:201.
50. Sweatman GK, Henshall TC, Manktelow BW. 1962. Experimental observations on parasitic liver white spot in New Zealand sheep. NZ Vet J 10:99.
51. Aldawek AM, Levkut M, Revajova V, et al. 2002. Larval toxocariasis in sheep: the immunohistochemical characterization of lesions in some affected organs. Vet Parasitol 105:207. PUBMED Abstract
52. Revajova V, Levkut M, Aldawek A, et al. 2006. Morphological, histological and immunohistochemical changes after multiple Toxocara canis infection of lambs. Folia Veterinaria. 50:83.
53. Lloyd S. 2006. Seroprevalence of Toxocara canis in sheep in Wales. Vet Parasitol 237:269. PUBMED Abstract
54. Satarém VA, Chesine PAF, Lamers BEL, et al. 2011. Anti-Toxocara spp. antibodies in sheep from southeastern Brazil. Vet Parasitol 179:283. PUBMED Abstract

Progressive Viral Pneumonias of Sheep and Goats

1. Bell S. 2012. Respiratory disease in sheep 1. Differential diagnoses and epidemiology. In Practice 30:200.
2. Brodie SJ, de la Concha-Bermejillo A, Snowder GD. 1998. Current concepts in the epizootiology, diagnosis, and economic importance of ovine progressive pneumonia in North America: a review. Small Rumin Res 27:1.
3. Cutlip RC, Lehmkuhl HD, Schmerr MJF, et al. 1988. Ovine progressive pneumonia (maedi-visna) in sheep. Vet Microbiol 17:237. PUBMED Abstract
4. Pritchard GC, McConnell I. 2007. Maedi-visna, pp 217-223. In Aiken ID (ed), Diseases of sheep, ed 4. Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
5. Christodoulopoulos G. 2006. Maedi-visna: clinical review and short reference on disease status in Mediterranean countries. Small Rumin Res 62:47.
6. Plummer PJ, Plummer CL, Still KM. 2012. Diseases of the respiratory system, pp 126-149. In Pugh DG, Baird AN (eds), Sheep and goat medicine, ed 2. Elsevier Saunders, Maryland Heights, MO.
7. de la Concha-Bermejillo A. 1997. Maedi-visna and ovine progressive pneumonia. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 13:13. PUBMED Abstract
8. Bulgin MS. 1990. Ovine progressive pneumonia, caprine arthritis-encephalitis, and related lentiviral diseases of sheep and goats. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 6:691. PUBMED Abstract
9. Knowles DP. 1997. Laboratory diagnostic tests for retroviral infections in small ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 13:1. PUBMED Abstract
10. Brodie SJ, Pearson LD, Snowder GD, et al. 1993. Host-virus interaction as defined by amplification of viral DNA and serology in lentivirus infected sheep. Arch Virol 130:413. PUBMED Abstract
11. Sharp JM, De las Heras M. 2007. Contagious respiratory tumours, pp 211-217. In Aiken ID (ed), Diseases of sheep, ed 4. Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
12. Griffiths DJ, Matineau HM, Cousens C. 2010.Pathology and pathogenesis of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. J Comp Path 142:260. PUBMED Abstract
13. DeMartini JC, York DF. 1997. Retrovirus-associated neoplasms of the respiratory system of sheep and goats. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 13:55. PUBMED Abstract
14. DeMartini JC, Rosadio RH, Lairmore MD. 1988. The etiology and pathogenesis of ovine pulmonary carcinoma (sheep pulmonary adenomatosis). Vet Microbiol 17:219. PUBMED Abstract
15. DeMartini JC, Carlson JO, Leroux C, et al. 2003. Endogenous retroviruses related to Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. Curr Topic Microbiol Immunol 275:117. PUBMED Abstract
16. Hecht SJ, Carlson JO, DeMartini JC. 1994. Analysis of type D retroviral capsid gene expressed in ovine pulmonary carcinoma and present in both affected and unaffected sheep genomes. Virology 202:480. PUBMED Abstract
17. Rosadio RH, Lairmore MD, Russell HI, et al. 1988. Retrovirus-associated ovine pulmonary carcinoma (sheep pulmonary adenomatosis) and lymphoid interstitial pneumonia. I. Lesion development and age susceptibility. Vet Pathol 25:475. PUBMED Abstract
18. De Las Heras M, Gonzáles L, Sharp JM. 2003. Pathology of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Curr Topic Microbiol Immunol 275:25.
19. Phelps SL, Smith MC. 1993. Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:1663. PUBMED Abstract
20. Cebra C, Cebra M. 2012. Diseases of the hematologic, immunologic and lymphatic systems, pp 466-502. In Pugh DG, Baird, AN (eds), Sheep and goat medicine, ed 2. Elsevier Saunders, Maryland Heights, MO.
21. Smith MC, Sherman DM. 2009. Respiratory system, pp 339-376. In Smith MC, Sherman DM (eds), Goat medicine, ed 2.Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA.
22. Cork LC, Naraya O. 1980. The pathogenesis of viral leukoencephalomyelitis-arthritis of goats. I, Persistent viral infection with progressive pathologic changes. Lab Invest 42:596. PUBMED Abstract
23. Ellis TM, Robinson WF, Wilcox GE. 1988. The pathology and aetiology of lung lesions in goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. Aust Vet J 65:69. PUBMED Abstract
24. Sims LD, Hale CJ, McCormick BM. 1983. Progressive interstitial pneumonia in goats. Aust Vet J 60:368. PUBMED Abstract
25. Williamson LH. 2001. Caseous lymphadenitis in small ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 17:359. PUBMED Abstract
26. Dorella FA, Pacheco LGC, Oliveira SC, et al. 2006. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: microbiology, biochemical properties, pathogenesis, and molecular studies of virulence. Vet Res 37:201. PUBMED Abstract
27. Baird GJ. 2007. Caseous lymphadenitis, pp 306-311. In Aiken ID (ed), Diseases of sheep, ed 4. Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
28. Smith MC, Sherman DM. 2009. Subcutaneous swellings, pp 61-84. In Smith MC, Sherman DM (eds), Goat medicine, ed 2. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA.
29. Smith MC, Sherman DM. 2009. Wasting diseases, pp 691-700. In Smith MC, Sherman DM (eds), Goat medicine, ed 2.Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA.
30. Roberson JR, Baird AN, Pugh DG. 2012. Diseases of the integumentary system, pp 256-279. In Pugh DG, Baird AN (eds), Sheep and goat medicine, ed 2. Elsevier Saunders, Maryland Heights, MO.
31. Dercksen DP, Brinkhoff JM, Dekker-Nooren T, et al. 2000. A comparison of four serological tests for the diagnosis of caseous lymhadenitis in sheep and goats. Vet Microbiol 75:167. PUBMED Abstract

Aspiration Pneumonia and Mycotic Pneumonia

1. Lopez A, Bildfell R. 1992. Pulmonary inflammation associated with aspirated meconium and epithelial cells in calves. Vet Pathol 29:104. PUBMED Abstract
2. Di Menna ME, Carter ME, Cordes DO. 1972. The identification of Mortierella wolfii isolated from cases of abortion and pneumonia in cattle and a search for its infection source. Res Vet Sci 13:439. PUBMED Abstract
3. Cordes DO, Carter ME, Di Menna ME. 1972. Mycotic pneumonia and placentitis caused by Mortierella wolfii. II. Pathology of experimental infection of cattle. Vet Pathol 9:190. PUBMED Abstract

Vena Caval Thrombosis and Metastatic Pneumonia

1. Gudmundson J, Radostits OM, Doige CE. 1978. Pulmonary thromboembolism in cattle due to thrombosis of the posterior vena cava associated with hepatic abscessation. Can Vet J 19:304. PUBMED Abstract
2. Breeze RG, Pirie HM, Selman IE, et al. 1976. Hemoptysis in cattle. Bov Pract 11:64.
3. Rebhun WC, Rendano VT, Dill SG, et al. 1980. Caudal vena caval thrombosis in four cattle with acute dyspnea. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:1366. PUBMED Abstract
4. Jensen R, Pierson RE, Braddy PM, et al. 1976. Embolic pulmonary aneurysms in yearling feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 169:518.

Bovine Tuberculosis

1. Cousins DV, Bastida R, Cataldi A, et al. 2003. Tuberculosis in seals caused by a novel member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex: Mycobacterium pinnipedii sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53:1305. PUBMED Abstract
2. Bovine TB eradication programme for England. Defra publications. 2011. [WWW page]. http://www.defra.gov.uk/publications/2011/07/19/pb13601-bovine-tb-eradication-programme, accessed Jun 2012.
3. de Kantor IN, Ritacco V. 2006. An update on bovine tuberculosis programmes in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Vet Microbiol 112:111. PUBMED Abstract
4. Michel AL, Müller B, van Helden PD. 2010. Mycobacterium bovis at the animal-human interface: a problem, or not? Vet Microbiol 140:371. PUBMED Abstract
5. Aranaz A, Cousins D, Mateos A, et al. 2003. Elevation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis subsp. caprae Aranaz et al. 1999 to species rank as Mycobacterium caprae comb nov., sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53:1785. PUBMED Abstract
6. Muñoz Mendoza M, Juan LD, Menéndez S, et al. 2012. Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium caprae in sheep. Vet J 191:267. PUBMED Abstract
7. Palmer MV, Waters WR. 2006. Advances in bovine tuberculosis diagnosis and pathogenesis: what policy makers need to know. Vet Microbiol 112:181. PUBMED Abstract
8. Palmer MV, Waters RW, Whipple DL. 2004. Investigation of the transmission of Mycobacterium bovis from deer to cattle through indirect contact. Amer J Vet Res 65:1483. PUBMED Abstract
9. Schiller I, Oesch B, Vordermeier HM, et al. 2010. Bovine tuberculosis: a review of current and emerging diagnostic techniques in view of their relevance for disease control and eradication. Transboundary Emerg Dis 201057:205. PUBMED Abstract
10. Connell KM, Vanderklok MS. 2010. Guidelines for the control of tuberculosis in elephants, 2010, p 578. Proceedings of 114th Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association, Nov 11-17, Minneapolis, MN.
11. Greenwald R, Lyashchenko O, Esfandiari J, et al. 2009. Highly accurate antibody assays for early and rapid detection of tuberculosis in African and Asian elephants. Clin Vaccine Immunol 16:605. PUBMED Abstract
12. Waters WR, Stevens GE, Schoenbaum MA, et al. 2011. Bovine tuberculosis in a Nebraska herd of farmed elk and fallow deer: a failure of the tuberculin skin test and opportunities for serodiagnosis. Vet Med Int 2011:953985. PUBMED Abstract
13. Antognoli MC, Remmenga MD, Bengtson SD, et al. 2011. Analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of the gamma interferon assay for detection of bovine tuberculosis in U.S. herds. Prev Vet Med 101:35. PUBMED Abstract
14. Claridge J, Diggle P, McCann CM, et al. 2012. Fasciola hepatica is associated with the failure to detect bovine tuberculosis in dairy cattle. Nat Commun 3:853. PUBMED Abstract
15. Vordermeier M, Gordon SV, Hewinson RG. 2011. Mycobacterium bovis antigens for the differential diagnosis of vaccinated and infected cattle. Vet Microbiol 151:8. PUBMED Abstract
16. Waters WR, Nonnecke BJ, Palmer MV, et al. 2004. Use of recombinant ESAT-6:CFP-10 fusion protein for differentiation of infections of cattle by Mycobacterium bovis and by M. avium subsp. avium and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 11:729. PUBMED Abstract
17. Phillips CJC, Foster CRW, Morris PA, et al. 2003. The transmission of Mycobacterium bovis infection to cattle. Res Vet Sci 74:1. PUBMED Abstract
18. Palmer MV, Whipple DL, Payeur JB, et al. 2000. Naturally occurring tuberculosis in white-tailed deer. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:1921. PUBMED Abstract
19. Di Marco V, Mazzone P, Capucchio MT, et al. 2012. Epidemiological significance of the domestic black pig (Sus scrofa) in maintenance of bovine tuberculosis in Sicily. J Clin Microbiol 50:1209. PUBMED Abstract
20. Gortazar C, Vicente J, Gavier-Widen D. 2003. Pathology of bovine tuberculosis in the European wild boar (Sus scrofa). Vet Rec 152:779. PUBMED Abstract
21. Johnson L, Dean G, Rhodes S, et al. 2007. Low-dose Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle results in pathology indistinguishable from that of high-dose infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 87:71. PUBMED Abstract
22. Dungworth DL. 1993. The respiratory system, pp 641-652. In Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer NC (eds), Pathology of domestic animals, ed 4. Academic Press, London.
23. Wangoo A, Johnson L, Gough J, et al. 2005. Advanced granulomatous lesions in Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle are associated with increased expression of Type 1 procollagen, (WC1+) T cells and CD 68+ cells. J Comp Path 133:223. PUBMED Abstract
24. USDA, APHIS. 2005. Bovine tuberculosis eradication uniform methods and rules (APHIS 91-45-011), pp 1-29. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
25. World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) [WWW page]. http://www.oie.int/, Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals [WWW page]. http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/default.aspx?site=160&page=3323, Chapter 2.4.7. Bovine tuberculosis [WWW page]. http://www.oie.int/?leadmin/Home/eng/Healthstandards/tahm/2.04.07_BOVINE_TB.pdf.
26. Waters WR, Palmer MV, Buddle BM, et al. 2012. Bovine tuberculosis vaccine research: historical perspectives and recent advances. Vaccine 30:2611. PUBMED Abstract

Diseases of the Thoracic Wall and Cavity and Miscellaneous Conditions

1. Guard C. 1985. Pneumothorax after parturition in a cow. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 7:S191.
2. Slack JA, Thomas CB, Peek SF. 2004. Pneumothorax in dairy cattle: 30 cases (1990-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:732. PUBMED Abstract
3. Peek SF, Slack JA, McGuirk SM. 2003. Management of pneumothorax in cattle by continuous-flow evacuation. J Vet Intern Med 17:119. PUBMED Abstract
4. Kumar R, Kohli RN, Prasad B, et al. 1980. Radiographic diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernia in cattle. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 75:305. PUBMED Abstract
5. McCullagh KG, Mews AR, Pinsent PJ. 1979. Diffuse pleural mesothelioma in a goat. Vet Pathol 16:119. PUBMED Abstract
6. Baskerville A. 1967. Mesothelioma in the calf. Pathol Vet 4:149. PUBMED Abstract
7. Wolfe DF, Carson RL, Hudson RS, et al. 1991. Mesothelioma in cattle: eight cases (1970-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:486. PUBMED Abstract
8. Migaki G, Helmboldt CF, Robinson FR. 1974. Primary pulmonary tumors of epithelial origin in cattle. Am J Vet Res 35:1397. PUBMED Abstract
9. Sanford SE, Bundza A. 1982. Multicentric bronchiolo-alveolar neoplasm in a steer. Vet Pathol 19:95. PUBMED Abstract