Diseases of the Equine Alimentary Tract

Diagnostic Procedures in the Examination of the Equine Alimentary System

1. Bain FT, Petrizzi L, Valbonetti L, et al. 2004. Gastroscopy and duodenoscopy, pp 147-168. In Slovis N (ed), Atlas of equine endoscopy. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
2. Murray MJ. 1997. Gastric endoscopy in foals. In Brown CM, Traub-Dargatz JL (eds), Equine endoscopy. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
3. Galuppo LD, Snyder JR, Pascoe JR. 1995. Laparoscopic anatomy of the equine abdomen. Am J Vet Res 56:518. PUBMED Abstract
4. Fischer AT. 1997. Standing laparoscopic surgery. In Freeman DE (ed), Veterinary clinics of North America: equine practice, surgical management of colic. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
5. Fischer AT Jr, Lloyd KC, Carlson GP, et al. 1986. Diagnostic laparoscopy in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:289. PUBMED Abstract
6. Freeman S, England G. 2001. Effect of romifidine on gastrointestinal motility, assessed by transrectal ultrasonography. Equine Vet J 33:570. PUBMED Abstract
7. Mitchell C, Malone E, Sage A, et al. 2005. Evaluation of gastrointestinal activity patterns in healthy horses using B mode and Doppler ultrasonography. Can Vet J 46:134. PUBMED Abstract
8. Busoni V, De Busscher V, Lopez D, et al. 2011. Evaluation of a protocol for fast localized abdominal ultrasonography of horses (FLASH) admitted for colic. Vet J 188:77. PUBMED Abstract
9. Rantanen N. 1986. Diseases of the abdomen. Vet Clin North Amer Equine Pract 21:7. PUBMED Abstract
10. Hendrickson E, Malone E, Sage A. 2007. Identification of normal parameters for ultrasonographic examination of the equine large colon and cecum. Can Vet J 48:289. PUBMED Abstract
11. Reef V. 1998. Equine diagnostic ultrasound. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
12. Freeman S. 2003. Diagnostic ultrasonography of the mature equine abdomen. Equine Vet Educ 15:319.
13. Cannon J, Andrews A. 1992. Ultrasound of the equine abdomen. Proceedings of the 38th Annual American Association of Equine Practitioners Convention, Nov 29-Dec 2, Orlando, FL.
14. Reef V, Whittier M, Allam L. 2004. Sonographic evaluation of the adult abdomen. Clin Tech in Equine Practice 3:294.
15. Lores M, Stryhn H, McDuffee L, et al. 2007. Transcutaneous ultrasonographic evaluation of gastric distension with fluid in horses. Amer J Vet Res 68:153. PUBMED Abstract
16. Draper A, Bowen M, Hallowell G. 2012. Reference ranges and reliability of transabdominal ultrasonographic renal dimension in Thoroughbred horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 53:336. PUBMED Abstract
17. Hoffman K, Wood A, McCarthy P. 1995. Sonographic-anatomic correlation and imaging protocol for the kidneys of horses. Amer J Vet Res 56:1403. PUBMED Abstract
18. Santschi E, Slone D, Frank, W. 1993. Use of ultrasound in horses for diagnosis of left dorsal displacement of the large colon and monitoring its nonsurgical correction. Vet Surg 22:281. PUBMED Abstract
19. Pease A, Scrivani P, Erb H, et al. 2004. Accuracy of increased large-intestine wall thickness during ultrasonography for diagnosing large-colon torsion in 42 horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:220. PUBMED Abstract
20. Abutarbush S. 2006. Use of ultrasonography to diagnose large colon volvulus in horses. J Amer Vet Med Assoc 228:409. PUBMED Abstract
21. Ness S, Bain F, Zantingh A, et al. 2012. Ultrasonographic visualization of colonic mesenteric vasculature as an indicator of large colon right dorsal displacement or 180° volvulus (or both) in horses. Can Vet J 53:378. PUBMED Abstract
22. Korolainen R, Ruohoniemi M. 2002. Reliability of ultrasonography compared to radiography in revealing intestinal sand accumulations in horses. Equine Vet J 34:499. PUBMED Abstract
23. Klohnen A, Vachon A, Fisher A. 1996. Use of diagnostic ultrasound in horses with signs of acute abdominal pain. J Amer Vet Med Assoc 209:1597. PUBMED Abstract
24. Beccati F, Pepe M, Gialletti R, et al. 2011. Is there a statistical correlation between ultrasonographic findings and definitive diagnosis in horses with acute abdominal pain? Equine Vet J 43:98. PUBMED Abstract
25. Dechant JE, Whitcomb MB, Magdesian KG. 2008. Ultrasonographic diagnosis—idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the small intestine in a miniature horse. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:300. PUBMED Abstract
26. Bernard W, Reef V, Reimer J, et al. 1989. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of small intestinal intussusception in three foals. J Amer Vet Med Assoc 194:395. PUBMED Abstract
27. Kirkberger R, van den Berg J, Gottschalk R, et al. 1995. Duodenal ultrasonography in the normal adult horse. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 36:50.
28. Jones SL, Davis JL, Rowlingson K. 2003. Ultrasonographic findings in horses with right dorsal colitis: five cases (2000-2001). J Amer Vet Med Assoc 222:1248. PUBMED Abstract
29. Campbell ML, Ackerman N, Peyton LC. 1984 Radiographic gastrointestinal anatomy of the foal. Vet Radiol 25:194.
30. Yarbrough TB, Langer DL, Snyder JR, et al. 1994. Abdominal radiography for diagnosis of enterolithiasis in horses: 141 cases (1990-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:592. PUBMED Abstract
31. Ruohoniemi M, Kaikkonen R, Raekallio M, et al. 2001. Abdominal radiography in monitoring the resolution of sand accumulations from the large colon of horses treated medically. Equine Vet J 33:59. PUBMED Abstract
32. Fischer AT Jr, Kerr LY, O'Brien TR. 1987. Radiographic diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders in the foal. Vet Radiol 28:42.
33. Korolainen R, Ruohoniemi M. 2002. Reliability of ultrasonography compared to radiography in revealing intestinal sand accumulations in horses. Equine Vet J 34:499. PUBMED Abstract
34. Bushburg JT, Siebert JA, Leidholdt EMJ, et al. 2002. Digital radiography, p 293. In The essential physics of medical imaging, ed 2. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
35. Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al. 2000. The alimentary and urinary systems, pp 651-684. In Clinical radiology of the horse, ed 2. Blackwell Science, London.
36. Greet TR, Whitwell KE. 1986. Barium swallow as an aid to the diagnosis of grass sickness. Equine Vet J 18:294. PUBMED Abstract
37. Watson TD, Sullivan M. 1991. Effects of detomidine on equine oesophageal function as studied by contrast radiography. Vet Rec 129:67. PUBMED Abstract
38. Dik KJ, Kalsbeek HC. 1985. Radiography of the equine stomach. Vet Radiol 26:48.
39. Fischer AT, Yarbrough TY. 1995. Retrograde contrast radiography of the distal portions of the intestinal tract in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:734. PUBMED Abstract
40. Bauer S, Livesey MA, Bjorling DE, et al. 2006. Computed tomographic assisted surgical correction of persistent right aortic arch in a neonatal foal. Equine Vet Educ 8:40.
41. Lohmann KL, Roussel AJ, Cohen ND, et al. 2000. Comparison of nuclear scintigraphy and acetaminophen absorption as a means of studying gastric emptying in horses. Am J Vet Res 61:310. PUBMED Abstract
42. Metayer N, Lhote M, Bahr A, et al. 2004. Meal size and starch content affect gastric emptying in horses. Equine Vet J 36:436. PUBMED Abstract
43. Sutton DG, Bahr A, Preston T, et al. 2002. Quantitative detection of atropine-delayed gastric emptying in the horse by the 13C-octanoic acid breath test. Equine Vet J 34:479. PUBMED Abstract
44. Sutton DG, Preston T, Christley RM, et al. 2002. The effects of xylazine, detomidine, acepromazine and butorphanol on equine solid phase gastric emptying rate. Equine Vet J 34:486. PUBMED Abstract
45. Sutton DG, Bahr A, Preston T, et al. 2003. Validation of the 13C-octanoic acid breath test for measurement of equine gastric emptying rate of solids using radioscintigraphy. Equine Vet J 35:27. PUBMED Abstract
46. Ringger NC, Lester GD, Neuwirth L, et al. 1996. Effect of bethanechol or erythromycin on gastric emptying in horses. Am J Vet Res 57:1771. PUBMED Abstract
47. East LM, Trumble TN, Steyn PF, et al. 2000. The application of technetium-99m hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99mTc-HMPAO) labeled white blood cells for the diagnosis of right dorsal ulcerative colitis in two horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:360. PUBMED Abstract
48. Menzies-Gow NJ, Weller R, Bowen IM, et al. 2003. Use of nuclear scintigraphy with 99mTc-HMPAO-labelled leucocytes to assess small intestinal malabsorption in 17 horses. Vet Rec 153:457. PUBMED Abstract
49. Bracamonte JL, Bouré LP, Geor RJ, et al. 2008. Evaluation of a laparoscopic technique for collection of serial full-thickness small intestinal biopsy specimens in standing sedated horses. Am J Vet Res 69:431. PUBMED Abstract
50. Pearson EG, Smith BB, McKim JM. 1987. Fecal blood determinations and interpretations. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 33:77.
51. Roberts MC. 1975. Carbohydrate digestion and absorption studies in the horse. Res Vet Sci 18:64. PUBMED Abstract
52. Martens RJ, Malone PS, Brust DM. 1985. Oral lactose tolerance test in foals: technique and normal values. Am J Vet Res 46:2163. PUBMED Abstract
53. Murphy D, Reid SW, Love S. 1997. The effect of age and diet on the oral glucose tolerance test in ponies. Equine Vet J 29:467. PUBMED Abstract
54. Mair TS, Hillyer MH, Taylor FG, et al. 1991. Small intestinal malabsorption in the horse: an assessment of the specificity of the oral glucose tolerance test. Equine Vet J 23:344. PUBMED Abstract
55. Savarino V, Vigneri S, Celle G. 1999. The 13C urea breath test in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 45:118.
56. Murphy D, Reid SW, Love S. 1998. Breath hydrogen measurement in ponies: a preliminary study. Res Vet Sci 65:47. PUBMED Abstract
57. Bracher V, Steiger R, Huser S. 1995. Preliminary results using a combined xylose absorption/hydrogen exhalation test in horses. Schweiz Archiv Tierheilkd 137:297. PUBMED Abstract

Dentistry and Oral Disease

1. Sisson S. 1975. Equine digestive system. In Getty R (ed), Sisson and Grossman's the anatomy of domestic animals. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
2. Nickel R, Schummer A, Seiferle E. 1979. The viscera of domestic animals, ed 2. Paul Parey, Berlin.
3. Easley J, Dixon PM, Schumacher J. 2011. Equine dentistry, ed 3. Elsevier Saunders, Edinburgh.
4. White C, Dixon PM. 2010. A study of the thickness of cheek teeth sub-occlusal secondary dentine in horses of different ages. Equine Vet J 42:119. PUBMED Abstract
5. Bettiol N, Dixon PM. 2011. An anatomical study to evaluate the risk of pulpar exposure during mechanical widening of equine cheek teeth diastemata and “bit seating.” Equine Vet J 43:163. PUBMED Abstract
6. Dixon PM. 2002. The gross, histological and ultrastructural anatomy of equine teeth and their relationship to disease. Proceedings of the 48th Annual AAEP Convention, Orlando, FL.
7. Brown SL, Arkins S, Shaw DJ, et al. 2008. Occlusal angles of cheek teeth in normal horses and horses with dental disease. Vet Record 162:807. PUBMED Abstract
8. du Toit N, Burden FA, Dixon PM. 2009. Clinical dental examinations of 357 donkeys in the UK. Part 1: Prevalence of dental disorders. Equine Vet J 41:390. PUBMED Abstract
9. du Toit N, Burden FA, Dixon PM. 2009. Clinical dental examinations of 357 donkeys in the UK. Part 2: Epidemiological studies on the potential relationships between dental disease and systemic disorders. Equine Vet J 41:395. PUBMED Abstract
10. Fitzgibbons CM, du Toit N, Dixon P. 2009. Anatomical studies of maxillary cheek teeth infundibula in clinically normal horses. Equine Vet J 42:37. PUBMED Abstract
11. Van den Enden MSD, Dixon PM. 2008. Prevalence of occlusal pulpar exposure in 110 equine cheek teeth with apical infections and idiopathic fractures. Equine Vet J 178:364. PUBMED Abstract
12. Dacre IT, Kempson S, Dixon, PM. 2008. Pathological studies of cheek teeth apical infections in horses. Part 1. Vet J 178:341.
13. Scocco P, Pedini V. 2006. Equine mandibular gland: in situ characterization of sialoderivatives. Equine Vet J 38:410. PUBMED Abstract
14. Pirie RS, Tremaine WH. 1997. Neoplasia of the mouth and surrounding structures, pp 153-155. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 4. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
15. Milne E. 1997. Differential diagnosis of dysphagia, pp 141-143. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 4. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
16. Henneke D. 1985. A condition score system for horses. Equine Pract 7:13.
17. American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP). 1995. Official guide for determining the age of the horse. AAEP, Lexington, KY.
18. Tucker RL, Farrell E. 2001. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the equine head. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 17:131. PUBMED Abstract
19. Stazyk C, Beinert A, Kreutzer R, et al. 2008. Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption with hypercementosis. Equine Vet J 178:372. PUBMED Abstract
20. Ramzan PHL, Palmer L, Barquero N, et al. 2009. The chronology and sequence of emergence of permanent premolar teeth in the horse: a study of deciduous premolar “cap” removal in thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 41:107. PUBMED Abstract

Disorders of the Esophagus

1. Schummer A, Nickel R, Sack WO. 1979. The alimentary canal. The viscera of the domestic mammals. Springer-Verlag, New York.
2. Sisson S. 1999. Equine digestive system. In Getty R (ed), Sisson and Grossman's anatomy of the domestic animals. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
3. Stick JA, Derksen FJ, McNitt DL, et al. 1983. Equine esophageal pressure profile. Am J Vet Res 44:272. PUBMED Abstract
4. Clark ES, Morris DD, Whitlock RH. 1987. Esophageal manometry in horses, cows, and sheep during deglutition. Am J Vet Res 48:547. PUBMED Abstract
5. Fubini SL, Starrack GS, Freeman DE. 1999. Esophagus. In Auer JA, Stick JA (eds), Equine surgery. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
6. Stick JA, Robinson NE, Krehbiel JD. 1981. Acid-base and electrolyte alterations associated with salivary loss in the pony. Am J Vet Res 42:733. PUBMED Abstract
7. Greet TR. 1982. Observations on the potential role of oesophageal radiography in the horse. Equine Vet J 14:73. PUBMED Abstract
8. Stick JA. 1982. Surgery of the esophagus. Vet Clin North Am Large Anim Pract 4:33. PUBMED Abstract
9. Peroni JF, Horner NT, Robinson NE, et al. 2001. Equine thoracoscopy: normal anatomy and surgical technique. Equine Vet J 33:231. PUBMED Abstract
10. Meagher DM, Spier SJ. 1989. Foreign body obstruction in the cervical esophagus of the horse: a case report. J Equine Vet Sci 9:137.
11. Grubb TL, von Mathiessen W, Scott EA. 1991. A stone in the esophagus of a horse—surgical removal without esophagomyotomy. Equine Pract 13:15.
12. Lundvall RL, Kingrey BW. 1958. Choke in Shetland ponies caused by boluses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 132:75. PUBMED Abstract
13. Appt SA, Moll HD, Scarratt WK, et al. 1996. Esophageal foreign body obstruction in a mustang. Equine Pract 18:8.
14. MacDonald MH, Richardson DW, Morse CC. 1987. Esophageal phytobezoar in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1455. PUBMED Abstract
15. Hillyer M. 1995. Management of oesophageal obstruction (choke) in horses. In Pract 17:450.
16. Murray MJ, Ball MM, Parker GA. 1988. Megaesophagus and aspiration pneumonia secondary to gastric ulceration in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:381. PUBMED Abstract
17. Craig DR, Shivy DR, Pankowski RL, et al. 1989. Esophageal disorders in 61 horses. Results of nonsurgical and surgical management. Vet Surg 18:432. PUBMED Abstract
18. Traver DS, Egger E, Moore JN. 1978. Retrieval of an esophageal foreign body in a horse. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 73:783. PUBMED Abstract
19. Baird AN, True CK. 1989. Fragments of nasogastric tubes as esophageal foreign bodies in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1068. PUBMED Abstract
20. Harris JM. 1981. Esophageal obstruction by a wood bolus. Mod Vet Pract 62:302. PUBMED Abstract
21. Moore JN, Kintner LD. 1976. Recurrent esophageal obstruction due to squamous cell carcinoma in a horse. Cornell Vet 66:590. PUBMED Abstract
22. Roberts MC, Kelly WR. 1979. Squamous cell carcinoma of the lower cervical oesophagus in a pony. Equine Vet J 11:199. PUBMED Abstract
23. Green S, Green EM, Aronson E. 1986. Squamous cell carcinoma: an unusual cause of choke in a horse. Mod Vet Pract 67:870.
24. Butt TD, MacDonald DG, Crawford WH, et al. 1998. Persistent right aortic arch in a yearling horse. Can Vet J 39:714. PUBMED Abstract
25. Scott EA, Snoy P, Prasse KW, et al. 1977. Intramural esophageal cyst in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 171:652. PUBMED Abstract
26. Hackett RP, Dyer RM, Hoffer RE. 1978. Surgical correction of esophageal diverticulum in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:998. PUBMED Abstract
27. Orsini JA, Sepesy L, Donawick WJ, et al. 1988. Esophageal duplication cyst as a cause of choke in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:474. PUBMED Abstract
28. Alexander JE. 1967. Radiologic findings in equine choke. J Am Vet Med Assoc 151:47. PUBMED Abstract
29. Quick CB, Rendano VT. 1978. Equine radiology: the esophagus. Mod Vet Pract 59:625. PUBMED Abstract
30. King JN, Davies JV, Gerring EL. 1990. Contrast radiography of the equine oesophagus: effect of spasmolytic agents and passage of a nasogastric tube. Equine Vet J 22:133. PUBMED Abstract
31. Meyer GA, Helms RJ, Rashmir-Ravin A, et al. 1997. Effect of oxytocin on contractility of the equine esophagus: treatment for esophageal obstruction? Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:337. PUBMED Abstract
32. Hance SR, Noble J, Holcomb S, et al. 1997. Treating choke with oxytocin. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:338.
33. Wooldridge AA, Eades SC, Hosgood GL, et al. 2002. Effects of treatment with oxytocin, xylazine butorphanol, guaifenesin, acepromazine, and detomidine on esophageal manometric pressure in conscious horses. Am J Vet Res 63:1738. PUBMED Abstract
34. Wooldridge AA, Eades SC, Hosgood GL, et al. 2002. In vitro effects of oxytocin, acepromazine, detomidine, xylazine, butorphanol, terbutaline, isoproterenol, and dantrolene on smooth and skeletal muscles of the equine esophagus. Am J Vet Res 63:1732. PUBMED Abstract
35. Hardy J, Stewart RH, Beard WL, et al. 1992. Complications of nasogastric intubation in horses: nine cases (1987-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:483. PUBMED Abstract
36. Schoeb TR, Panciera RJ. 1979. Pathology of blister beetle (Epicauta) poisoning in horses. Vet Pathol 16:18. PUBMED Abstract
37. Lang J, Blikslager A, Regina D, et al. 1998. Synergistic effect of hydrochloric acid and bile acids on the pars esophageal mucosa of the porcine stomach. Am J Vet Res 59:1170. PUBMED Abstract
38. Clark ES, Morris DD, Whitlock RH. 1987. Esophageal dysfunction in a weanling thoroughbred. Cornell Vet 77:151. PUBMED Abstract
39. Barber SM, McLaughlin BG, Fretz PB. 1983. Esophageal ectasia in a quarterhorse colt. Can Vet J 24:46. PUBMED Abstract
40. Rohrbach BW. 1980. Congenital esophageal ectasia in a thoroughbred foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 177:65. PUBMED Abstract
41. Bowman KF, Vaughan JT, Quick CB, et al. 1978. Megaesophagus in a colt. J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:334. PUBMED Abstract
42. Greet TR, Whitwell KE. 1986. Barium swallow as an aid to the diagnosis of grass sickness. Equine Vet J 18:294. PUBMED Abstract
43. Watson TD, Sullivan M. 1991. Effects of detomidine on equine oesophageal function as studied by contrast radiography. Vet Rec 129:67. PUBMED Abstract
44. Clabough DL, Roberts MC, Robertson I. 1991. Probable congenital esophageal stenosis in a thoroughbred foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:483. PUBMED Abstract
45. Peek SF, De Lahunta A, Hackett RP. 1995. Combined oesophageal and tracheal duplication cyst in an Arabian filly. Equine Vet J 27:475. PUBMED Abstract
46. Gaughan EM, Gift LJ, Frank RK. 1992. Tubular duplication of the cervical portion of the esophagus in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:748. PUBMED Abstract
47. Rohrbach BW. 1980. Congenital esophageal ectasia in a thoroughbred foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 177:65. PUBMED Abstract
48. Mackey VS, Large SM, Breznock EM, et al. 1986. Surgical correction of a persistent right aortic arch in a foal. Vet Surg 15:325.
49. Sams AE, Weldon AD, Rakestraw P. 1993. Surgical treatment of intramural esophageal inclusion cysts in three horses. Vet Surg 22:135. PUBMED Abstract
50. Freeman DE. 1989. Wounds of the esophagus and trachea. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:683. PUBMED Abstract
51. Digby NJ, Burguez PN. 1982. Traumatic oesophageal rupture in the horse. Equine Vet J 14:169. PUBMED Abstract
52. Lunn DP, Peel JE. 1985. Successful treatment of traumatic oesophageal rupture with severe cellulitis in a mare. Vet Rec 116:544. PUBMED Abstract
53. Todhunter RJ, Stick JA, Trotter GW, et al. 1984. Medical management of esophageal stricture in seven horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:784. PUBMED Abstract
54. Craig D, Todhunter R. 1987. Surgical repair of an esophageal stricture in a horse. Vet Surg 16:251. PUBMED Abstract
55. Green EM, MacFadden KE. 1996. Esophageal disorders of the horse, p 98. In Smith BP (ed), Large animal internal medicine, ed 2. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
56. Gideon L. 1984. Esophageal anastomosis in two foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:1146. PUBMED Abstract
57. Suann CJ. 1982. Oesophageal resection and anastomosis as a treatment for oesophageal stricture in the horse. Equine Vet J 14:163. PUBMED Abstract
58. Nixon AJ, Aanes WA, Nelson AW, et al. 1983. Esophagomyotomy for relief of an intrathoracic esophageal stricture in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:794. PUBMED Abstract
59. Wagner PC, Rantanen NW. 1980. Myotomy as a treatment for esophageal stricture in a horse. Equine Pract 2:40.
60. Hoffer RE, Barber SM, Kallfelz FA, et al. 1977. Esophageal patch grafting as a treatment for esophageal stricture in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 171:350. PUBMED Abstract
61. Ford TS, Schumacher J, Chaffin MK, et al. 1991. Surgical repair of an intrathoracic esophageal pulsion diverticulum in a horse. Vet Surg 20:316. PUBMED Abstract
62. Frauenfelder HC, Adams SB. 1982. Esophageal diverticulectomy in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:771. PUBMED Abstract
63. Campbell-Beggs CL, Kiper ML, MacAllister C, et al. 1993. Use of esophagoscopy in the diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:617. PUBMED Abstract
64. Ford TS, Vaala WE, Sweeney CR, et al. 1987. Pleuroscopic diagnosis of gastroesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:1556. PUBMED Abstract
65. Boy MG, Palmer JE, Heyer G, et al. 1992. Gastric leiomyosarcoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1363. PUBMED Abstract

Disorders of the Stomach

1. Andrews F, et al. 1999. Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). Equine Vet Educ 11:262.
2. Merritt A. 2009. Appeal for proper usage of the term “EGUS”: Equine gastric ulcer syndrome. Equine Vet J 41:616. PUBMED Abstract
3. Dionne R, Vrins A, Doucet M. 2003. Gastric ulcers in Standardbred racehorses: prevalence, lesion description, and risk factors. J Vet Int Med 17:218. PUBMED Abstract
4. Luthersson N, Nielsen KH, Harris P, et al. 2009. Risk factors associated with equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) in 201 horses in Denmark. Equine Vet J 41:625. PUBMED Abstract
5. White G, McClure S, Sifferman R. 2007. Effects of short-term light to heavy exercise on gastric ulcer development in horses and efficacy of omeprazole paste in preventing gastric ulceration. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1680. PUBMED Abstract
6. Nieto JE, et al. 2001. Comparison of omeprazole and cimetidine in healing of gastric ulcers and prevention of recurrence in horses. Equine Vet Educ 13:260.
7. McClure S, Carithers D, Gross S. 2005. Gastric ulcer development in horses in a simulated show or training environment. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:775. PUBMED Abstract
8. Habershon-Butcher JL, Hallowell GD, Bowen IM, et al. 2012. Prevalence and risk factors for ulceration of the gastric glandular mucosa in Thoroughbred racehorses in training in the UK and Australia. Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Annual Congress, May 30-Jun 2, New Orleans, LA.
9. Begg LM, O'Sullivan CB. 2003 The prevalence and distribution of gastric ulceration in 345 racehorses. Aust Vet J 81:199. PUBMED Abstract
10. Luthersson N, Nielsen KH, Harris P, et al. 2009. The prevalence and anatomical distribution of equine gastric ulceration syndrome (EGUS) in 201 horses in Denmark. Equine Vet J 41:619. PUBMED Abstract
11. Murray MJ, Nout YS, Ward DL. 2001. Endoscopic findings of the gastric antrum and pylorus in horses: 162 cases (1996-2000). J Vet Int Med 15:401. PUBMED Abstract
12. Sykes BW, Sykes KM, Hallowell GD. 2012. A comparison of two doses of omeprazole in the treatment of EGUS: a blinded, randomised, clinical trial. J Vet Int Med 26:737. PUBMED Abstract
13. Sykes BW, Sykes KM, Hallowell GD. 2013. A comparison between pre- and post-exercise administration of omeprazole in the treatment of EGUS: a randomised, blinded clinical trial. J Vet Int Med 27:651.
14. Sykes BW, Sykes KM, Hallowell GD. 2013. A comparison of three doses of omeprazole in the treatment of gastric ulceration in the horse: a randomised, blinded clinical trial. J Vet Int Med 27:652. PUBMED Abstract
15. Hepburn R. 2012. Equine glandular ulceration: pathophysiology and epidemiology. American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Annual Congress, May 30-Jun 2, New Orleans, LA.
16. Murray MJ, Grodinsky C, Anderson CW, et al. 1989. Gastric ulcers in horses: a comparison of endoscopic findings in horses with and without clinical signs. Equine Vet J Suppl 21:68. PUBMED Abstract
17. Murray MJ. 2009. Diseases of the stomach, pp 695-702. In Smith BP (ed), Large animal internal medicine, ed 4. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
18. Hewetson M, et al. 2006. Sucrose concentration in blood: a new method for assessment of gastric permeability in horses with gastric ulceration. J Vet Int Med 20:388. PUBMED Abstract
19. O'Conner MS, et al. 2004. Evaluation of urine sucrose concentration for detection of gastric ulcers in horses. Am J Vet Res 65:31. PUBMED Abstract
20. Campbell-Thompson ML, Merritt AM. 1987. Effect of ranitidine on gastric acid secretion in young male horses. Am J Vet Res 48:1511. PUBMED Abstract
21. Murray MJ, Eichorn ES. 1996. Effects of intermittent feed deprivation, intermittent feed deprivation with ranitidine administration, and stall confinement with ad libitum access to hay on gastric ulceration in horses. Am J Vet Res 57:1599. PUBMED Abstract
22. Widenhouse TV, Lester GD, Merritt AM. 2002. Effect of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, or taurocholate on bioelectric properties of gastric squamous mucosa in horses. Am J Vet Res 63:744. PUBMED Abstract
23. Nadeau JA, et al. 2003. Effects of hydrochloric, valeric, and other volatile fatty acids on pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses. Am J Vet Res 64:413. PUBMED Abstract
24. Bell RJW, Kingston JK, Mogg TD, et al. 2007. The prevalence of gastric ulceration in racehorses in New Zealand. New Zealand Vet J 55:13.
25. Murray MJ, Schusser GRF, Piper FS, et al. 1996. Factors associated with gastric lesions in thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 28:368. PUBMED Abstract
26. Vatistas NJ, et al. 1999. Cross-sectional study of gastric ulcers of the squamous mucosa in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 31:34. PUBMED Abstract
27. Rabuffo TS, et al. 2002. Associations between age or sex and prevalence of gastric ulceration in Standardbred racehorses in training. J Am Vet Med Ass 221:1156. PUBMED Abstract
28. Nieto JE, et al. 2004. Prevalence of gastric ulcers in endurance horses—a preliminary report. Vet J 167:33. PUBMED Abstract
29. Tamzali Y, Marguet C, Priymenko N, et al. 2011. Prevalence of gastric ulcer syndrome in high-level endurance horses. Equine Vet J 43:141. PUBMED Abstract
30. McClure SR, Glickman LT, Glickman NW. 1999. Prevalence of gastric ulcers in show horses. J Am Vet Med Ass 215:1130. PUBMED Abstract
31. Bertone J. 2000. Prevalence of gastric ulcers in elite heavy use western performance horses. Proceedings of the 46th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Nov 26-29, San Antonio, TX.
32. Lorenzo-Figueras M, Merritt A. 2002. Effects of exercise on gastric volume and pH in the proximal portion of the stomach of horses. Am J Vet Res 63:1481. PUBMED Abstract
33. Nadeau J, Andrews F, Mathew A. 2000. Evaluation of diet as a cause of gastric ulcers in horses. Am J Vet Res 61:784. PUBMED Abstract
34. Vatistas N, Sifferman R, Holste J. 1999. Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training. Equine Vet J 29:40. PUBMED Abstract
35. Andrews FM, et al. 1999. Efficacy of omeprazole paste in the treatment and prevention of gastric ulcers in horses. Equine Vet J Suppl 31:81. PUBMED Abstract
36. Doucet MY, Vrins AA, Dionne R, et al. 2003. Efficacy of a paste formulation of omeprazole for the treatment of naturally occurring gastric ulcers in training Standardbred racehorses in Canada. Canadian Vet J 44:581. PUBMED Abstract
37. Lester GD, Smith RL, Robertson ID. 2005. Effects of treatment with omeprazole or ranitidine on gastric squamous ulceration in racing Thoroughbreds. J Am Vet Med Ass 227:1636. PUBMED Abstract
38. MacAllister CG, et al. 1999. Effects of omeprazole paste on healing of spontaneous gastric ulcers in horses and foals: a field trial. Equine Vet J Suppl 31:77. PUBMED Abstract
39. Murray MJ, et al. 1997. Effects of omeprazole on healing of naturally-occurring gastric ulcers in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 29:425. PUBMED Abstract
40. Jenkins CC, et al. 1992. Pharmacokinetics and antisecretory effects of intravenous omeprazole in horses. Equine Vet J 24:84.
41. Jenkins CC, et al. 1992. Duration of antisecretory effects of oral omeprazole in horses with chronic gastric cannulae. Equine Vet J 24:89.
42. Andrews F, Jenkins C. 1992. Effect of oral omeprazole on basal and pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion in young female horses. Equine Vet J 24:80.
43. Daurio CP, et al. 1999. Effect of omeprazole paste on gastric acid secretion in horses. Equine Vet J 31:59. PUBMED Abstract
44. Sandin A, Andrews FM, Nadeau JA, et al. 1999. Effects of intramuscular omeprazole on gastric acid secretion in horses over a twenty-four hour period. Equine Vet J 31:50. PUBMED Abstract
45. Andrews FM, et al. 2006. Effects of intravenously administrated omeprazole on gastric juice pH and gastric ulcer scores in adult horses. J Vet Int Med 20:1202. PUBMED Abstract
46. Haven ML, et al. 1999. Comparison of the antisecretory effects of omeprazole when administered intravenously, as acid-stable granules and as an oral paste in horses. Equine Vet J 31:54. PUBMED Abstract
47. Merritt AM, Sanchez LC, Burrow JA, et al. 2003. Effect of GastroGard and three compounded oral omeprazole preparations on 24 h intragastric pH in gastrically cannulated mature horses. Equine Vet J 35:691. PUBMED Abstract
48. Murray MJ, Grodinsky C. 1992. The effects of famotidine, ranitidine and magnesium hydroxide/aluminium hydroxide on gastric fluid pH in adult horses. Equine Vet J Suppl 24:52. PUBMED Abstract
49. Murray MJ, Schusser GF. 1993. Measurement of 24-h gastric pH using an indwelling pH electrode in horses unfed, fed and treated with ranitidine. Equine Vet J 25:417. PUBMED Abstract
50. Sangiah S, McAllister CC, Amouzadeh HR. 1988. Effects of cimetidine and ranitidine on basal gastric pH, free and total acid contents in horses. Research Vet Sci 45:291. PUBMED Abstract
51. Clark CK, Merritt AM, Burrow J A, et al. 1996. Effect of aluminium hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide antacid and bismuth subsalicylate on gastric pH in horses. J Am Vet Med Ass 208:1687. PUBMED Abstract
52. McClure SR, et al. 2005. Efficacy of omeprazole paste for prevention of gastric ulcers in horses in race training. J Vet Int Med 226:1681.
53. Sykes BW, Sykes KM, Hallowell GD. 2013. A comparison of two doses of omeprazole in the prevention of squamous gastric ulceration: a randomised, blinded clinical trial. J Vet Int Med 27:656. PUBMED Abstract
54. Sykes BW, Sykes KM, Hallowell GD. 2013. Administration of once daily trimethoprim-sulphadimidine does not improve healing of glandular gastric ulceration in horses receiving omeprazole: a randomised, blinded clinical trial. Proceedings of the American Veterinary Internal Medicine Annual Forum, June, Seattle, WA.
55. Chan F, Leung W. 2002. Peptic-ulcer disease. Lancet 374:1449.
56. Al Jassim R, McGowan T, Andrews F, et al. 2008. Gastric ulceration in horses: the role of bacteria and lactic acid. Australian Government, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Barton, Australia.
57. Contreras M, Morales A, García-Amado MA, et al. 2007. Detection of Helicobacter-like DNA in the gastric mucosa of Thoroughbred horses. Lett Appl Microbiol 45:553. PUBMED Abstract
58. Morales A, Garcia F, Bermudez V. 2010. Detection of Helicobacter-like organisms in Thoroughbred horses from Venezuela. Braz J Vet Path 3:52.
59. Fox J. 2002. The non-H pylori helicobacters: their expanding role in gastrointestinal and systemic diseases. Gut 50:273. PUBMED Abstract
60. Husted L, Jensen TK, Olsen SN, et al. 2010. Examination of equine glandular stomach lesions for bacteria, including Helicobacter spp by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. BMC Microbiology 10:1. PUBMED Abstract
61. Martineau H, Thomson H, Taylor D. 2009. Pathology of gastritis and gastric ulceration in the horse. Part 1: Range of lesions present in 21 mature individuals. Equine Vet J 41:638. PUBMED Abstract
62. MacAllister CG, Morgan SJ, Borne AT, et al. 1993. Comparison of adverse effects of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:71. PUBMED Abstract
63. Andrews F, Reinemeyer CR, Longhofer SL. 2009. Effects of top-dress formulations of suxibuzone and phenylbutazone on development of gastric ulcers in horses. Vet Ther 10:113. PUBMED Abstract
64. Hepburn R. 2011. Gastric ulceration in horses. In Practice 33:116.
65. Nadeau JA, Andrews FM. 2009. Equine gastric ulcer syndrome: the continuing conundrum. Equine Vet J 41:611. PUBMED Abstract
66. Hepburn R. 2012. Equine glandular ulceration: comparative aspects and management. Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Annual Congress, May 30-Jun 2, New Orleans, LA.
67. Koller G, Recknagel S, Spallek A, et al. 2010. Magenschleimkonzentration und intragastraler pH-wert adulter pferde wahrend der nahrungskarenz und nach oraler applikation von Pronutrin. Pferdeheilkunde 26:186.
68. Venner M, Lauffs S. 1999. Treatment of gastric lesions in horses with pectin-lecithin complex. Equine Vet J 29:91. PUBMED Abstract
69. Cargile J, Burrow J, Kim I. 2004. Effect of dietary corn oil supplementation on equine gastric fluid acid, sodium, and prostaglandin E2 content before and during pentagastrin infusion. J Vet Int Med 18:545. PUBMED Abstract
70. Vainio K, Sykes BW, Blikslager AT. 2011. Primary gastric impaction in horses: a retrospective study of 20 cases (2005-2008). Equine Vet Educ 23:186.
71. Banse H, Gilliam L. 2011. Gastric and enteric phytobezoars caused by ingestion of persimmon in equids. J Am Vet Med Ass 239:1110. PUBMED Abstract
72. Hurtado IR, Stewart A, Pellegrini-Masini A. 2007. Successful treatment for a gastric persimmon bezoar in a pony using nasogastric lavage with a carbonated cola soft drink. Equine Vet Educ 19:571.
73. Lopes MAF, Walker BL, White NA, et al. 2002. Treatments to promote colonic hydration: enteral fluid therapy versus intravenous fluid therapy and magnesium sulphate. Equine Vet J 34:505. PUBMED Abstract
74. Parker RA, Barr ED, Dixon PM. 2011. Treatment of equine gastric impaction by gastrotomy. Equine Vet Educ 23:169.
75. Todhunter RJ, Erb HN, Roth L. 1986. Gastric rupture in horses: a review of 54 cases. Equine Vet J 18:288. PUBMED Abstract
76. Taylor SD, Haldorson GJ, Vaughan B, et al. 2009. Gastric neoplasia in horses. J Vet Int Med 23:1097. PUBMED Abstract
77. Venner M. 2010. Pyloric stenosis: a rare disease with a typical anamnesis. Equine Vet Educ 16:176.
78. Zedler ST, Embertson RM, Bernard WV, et al. 2009. Surgical treatment of gastric outflow obstruction in 40 foals. Vet Surg 38:623. PUBMED Abstract
79. Coleman MC, Slovis NM, Hunt RJ. 2009. Long-term prognosis of gastrojejunostomy in foals with gastric outflow obstruction: 16 cases (2001-2006). Equine Vet J 41:653. PUBMED Abstract

Intestinal Injury and Healing in the Horse

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2. Luscinskas FW. 2001. Cytokines and endothelial cell activation, pp 80-89. In Ley K (ed), Physiology of inflammation. Oxford University Press, New York.
3. Luster AD, Maclean J. 2001. Chemokines and chemokine receptors, pp 90-110. In Ley K (ed), Physiology of inflammation. Oxford University Press, New York.
4. Little D, Tomlinson JE, Blikslager AT. 2005. Post operative neutrophilic inflammation in equine small intestine after manipulation and ischaemia. Equine Vet J 37:329. PUBMED Abstract
5. Oikawa M, Ohnami Y, Koike M, et al. 2007. Endotoxin-induced injury of the central, autonomic and enteric nervous systems and intestinal muscularis in Thoroughbred horses. J Comp Pathol 136:127. PUBMED Abstract
6. Diebel LN, Liberati DM, Taub JS, et al. 2005. Intestinal epithelial cells modulate PMN activation and apoptosis following bacterial and hypoxic challenges. J Trauma 58:1126. PUBMED Abstract
7. Kimball ES, Prouty SP, Pavlick KP, et al. 2007. Stimulation of neuronal receptors, neuropeptides and cytokines during experimental oil of mustard colitis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 19:390. PUBMED Abstract
8. MacDermott RP. 1999. Chemokines in the inflammatory bowel diseases. J Clin Immunol 19:266. PUBMED Abstract
9. Kim J, Eckmann L, Savidge T, et al. 1998. Apoptosis of human intestinal epithelial cells after bacterial invasion. J Clin Invest 102:1815. PUBMED Abstract
10. Kunkel S, Lukacs N, Strieter R. 1996. Cytokines and inflammatory disease, pp 23-35. In Sirica A (ed), Cellular and molecular pathogenesis. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, PA.
11. Payan D. 1992. The role of neuropeptides in inflammation, pp 177-192. In Gallin J, Goldstein I (eds), Inflammation: basic principles and clinical correlates. Raven Press, New York.
12. Keates AC, Castagliuolo I, Qiu B, et al. 1998. CGRP upregulation in dorsal root ganglia and ileal mucosa during Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis. Am J Physiol 274:G196. PUBMED Abstract
13. Raithel M, Schneider HT, Hahn EG. 1999. Effect of substance P on histamine secretion from gut mucosa in inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 34:496. PUBMED Abstract
14. Postlethwaite A, Kang A. 1992. Fibroblasts and matrix proteins, pp 747-773. In Gallin J, Goldstein I (eds), Inflammation: basic principles and clinical correlates. Raven Press, New York.
15. Cronauer M, Stadlmann S, Klocker H, et al. 1999. Basic fibroblast growth factor synthesis by human peritoneal mesothelial cells: induction by interleukin-1. Am J Pathol 155:1977. PUBMED Abstract
16. Swee M, Wilson CL, Wang Y, et al. 2008. Matrix metalloproteinase-7 (matrilysin) controls neutrophil egress by generating chemokine gradients. J Leukoc Biol 83:1404. PUBMED Abstract
17. Van Assche G, Barbara G, Deng Y, et al. 1999. Neurotransmitters modulate cytokine-stimulated interleukin 6 secretion in rat intestinal smooth muscle cells. Gastroenterology 116:346. PUBMED Abstract
18. Kalff JC, Buchholz BM, Eskandari MK, et al. 1999. Biphasic response to gut manipulation and temporal correlation of cellular infiltrates and muscle dysfunction in rat. Surgery 126:498. PUBMED Abstract
19. Kalff JC, Carlos TM, Schraut WH, et al. 1999. Surgically induced leukocytic infiltrates within the rat intestinal muscularis mediate postoperative ileus. Gastroenterology 117:378. PUBMED Abstract
20. Hopster-Iversen C, Hopster K, Staszyk C, et al. 2011. Influence of mechanical manipulations on the local inflammatory reaction in the equine colon. Equine Vet J 43 Suppl 39:1. PUBMED Abstract
21. Moore RM, Muir WW, Granger DN. 1995. Mechanisms of gastrointestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury and potential therapeutic interventions: a review and its implications in the horse. J Vet Intern Med 9:115. PUBMED Abstract
22. Dabareiner RM, Snyder JR, White NA, et al. 1995. Microvascular permeability and endothelial cell morphology associated with low-flow ischemia/reperfusion injury in the equine jejunum. Am J Vet Res 56:639. PUBMED Abstract
23. Bueno L, Fioramonti J. 1999. Effects of inflammatory mediators on gut sensitivity. Can J Gastroenterol 13 Suppl A:42A. PUBMED Abstract
24. Linden J. 2001. Blood flow regulation in inflammation, pp 52-64. In Ley K (ed), Physiology of inflammation. Oxford University Press, New York.
25. Moore RM, Charalambous AC, Masty J. 1996. Alterations in colonic arterial and venous plasma neuropeptide concentrations in horses during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion of the large colon. Am J Vet Res 57:1200. PUBMED Abstract
26. Soares AL, Coelho FR, Guabiraba R, et al. 2010. Tumor necrosis factor is not associated with intestinal ischemia/reperfusion-induced lung inflammation. Shock 34:306.
27. Paller M, Greene E. 1994. Role of calcium in reperfusion injury of the kidney. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 723:59. PUBMED Abstract
28. White NA, Moore JN, Trim CM. 1980. Mucosal alterations in experimental small intestinal strangulation obstruction in ponies. Am J Vet Res 41:193.
29. Sullins KE, Stashak TS, Mero KN. 1985. Pathologic changes associated with induced small intestinal strangulation obstruction and nonstrangulating infarction in horses. Am J Vet Res 46:913. PUBMED Abstract
30. Snyder JR, Pascoe JR, Olander JH, et al. 1986. Comparison of histologic findings in naturally occurring colon torsion and experimental colonic ischemia. Veterinary Surgery 15:134.
31. Kurose I, Granger DN. 1994. Evidence implicating xanthine oxidase and neutrophils in reperfusion-induced microvascular dysfunction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 273:158. PUBMED Abstract
32. Grootjans J, Lenaerts K, Derikx JP, et al. 2010. Human intestinal ischemia-reperfusion-induced inflammation characterized: experiences from a new translational model. Am J Pathol 176:2283. PUBMED Abstract
33. Dabareiner RM, Snyder JR, Sullins KE, et al. 1993. Evaluation of the microcirculation of the equine jejunum and ascending colon after ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Vet Res 54:1683. PUBMED Abstract
34. Nalini S, Mathan MM, Balasubramanian KA. 1993. Oxygen free radical induced damage during intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in normal and xanthine oxidase deficient rats. Mol Cell Biochem 124:59. PUBMED Abstract
35. Gerard MP, Blikslager AT, Roberts MC, et al. 1999. The characteristics of intestinal injury peripheral to strangulating obstruction lesions in the equine small intestine. Equine Vet J 31:331. PUBMED Abstract
36. Koike K, Moore EE, Moore FA, et al. 1994. Gut ischemia/reperfusion produces lung injury independent of endotoxin. Crit Care Med 22:1438. PUBMED Abstract
37. Ikeda H, Suzuki Y, Suzuki M, et al. 1998. Apoptosis is a major mode of cell death caused by ischaemia and ischaemia/reperfusion injury to the rat intestinal epithelium. Gut 42:530. PUBMED Abstract
38. Shah KA, Shurey S, Green CJ. 1997. Apoptosis after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury: a morphological study. Transplantation 64:1393. PUBMED Abstract
39. Shah KA, Shurey S, Green CJ. 1997. Characterization of apoptosis in intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury—a light and electron microscopic study. Int J Exp Pathol 78:355. PUBMED Abstract
40. Rowe EL, White NA, Buechner-Maxwell V, et al. 2003. Detection of apoptotic cells in intestines from horses with and without gastrointestinal tract disease. Am J Vet Res 64:982. PUBMED Abstract
41. Daemen MA, van 't Veer C, Denecker G, et al. 1999. Inhibition of apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion prevents inflammation. J Clin Invest 104:541. PUBMED Abstract
42. Blikslager AT, Roberts MC, Gerard MP, et al. 1997. How important is intestinal reperfusion injury in horses? J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1387. PUBMED Abstract
43. Dabareiner RM, White NA, Snyder JR, et al. 2005. Effects of Carolina rinse solution, dimethyl sulfoxide, and the 21-aminosteroid, U-74389G, on microvascular permeability and morphology of the equine jejunum after low-flow ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Vet Res 66:525. PUBMED Abstract
44. Moore RM, Bertone AL, Muir WW, et al. 1994. Histopathologic evidence of reperfusion injury in the large colon of horses after low-flow ischemia. Am J Vet Res 55:1434. PUBMED Abstract
45. Hierholzer C, Kalff JC, Audolfsson G, et al. 1999. Molecular and functional contractile sequelae of rat intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Transplantation 68:1244. PUBMED Abstract
46. Schusser GE, White NA. 1997. Morphologic and quantitative evaluation of the myenteric plexuses and neurons in the large colon of horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:928. PUBMED Abstract
47. Burns GA, Karcher LF, Cummings JF. 1990. Equine myenteric ganglionitis: a case of chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Cornell Vet 80:53. PUBMED Abstract
48. Dabareiner RM, White NA. 1995. Large colon impaction in horses: 147 cases (1985-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:679. PUBMED Abstract
49. Cook VL, Jones Shults J, McDowell MR, et al. 2009. Anti-inflammatory effects of intravenously administered lidocaine hydrochloride on ischemia-injured jejunum in horses. Am J Vet Res 70:1259. PUBMED Abstract
50. Guschlbauer M, Hoppe S, Geburek F, et al. 2010. In vitro effects of lidocaine on the contractility of equine jejunal smooth muscle challenged by ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Equine Vet J 42:53. PUBMED Abstract
51. Dabareiner R, White N, Donaldson L. 2003. Evaluation of Carolina rinse solution as a treatment for ischemia reperfusion of the equine jejunum. Equine Vet J 35:642. PUBMED Abstract
52. Henninger DD, Snyder JR, Pascoe JR, et al. 1992. Microvascular permeability changes in ischemia/reperfusion injury in the ascending colon of horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1191. PUBMED Abstract
53. Prichard M, Ducharme NG, Wilkins PA, et al. 1991. Xanthine oxidase formation during experimental ischemia of the equine small intestine. Can J Vet Res 55:310. PUBMED Abstract
54. Dabareiner RM, Sullins KE, White NA, et al. 2001. Serosal injury in the equine jejunum and ascending colon after ischemia-reperfusion or intraluminal distention and decompression. Vet Surg 30:114. PUBMED Abstract
55. Dabareiner RM, White NA, Donaldson LL. 2001. Effects of intraluminal distention and decompression on microvascular permeability and hemodynamics of the equine jejunum. Am J Vet Res 62:225. PUBMED Abstract
56. Cohen ND, Matejka PL, Honnas CM, et al. 1995. Case-control study of the association between various management factors and development of colic in horses. Texas Equine Colic Study Group. J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:667. PUBMED Abstract
57. White NA. 1981. Intestinal infarction associated with mesenteric vascular thrombotic disease in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:259. PUBMED Abstract
58. Kalff JC, Hierholzer C, Tsukada K, et al. 1999. Hemorrhagic shock results in intestinal muscularis intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) expression, neutrophil infiltration, and smooth muscle dysfunction. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 119:89. PUBMED Abstract
59. Blikslager AT. 2008. Pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disease: obstruction and strangulation, pp 100-115. In White N, Moore J, Mair T (eds), The equine acute abdomen. Teton NewMedia, Jackson, WY.
60. Rowe E, White N. 2002. Reperfusion injury in the equine intestine, pp 148-162. In Freeman D (ed), Clinical techniques in equine practice. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
61. Snyder JR, Tyler WS, Pascoe JR, et al. 1989. Angioarchitecture of normal and ischemic equine colon: a correlative study using scanning electron microscopy of vascular replicas, microangiography, and light microscopy. Vet Surg 18:67.
62. Snyder JR, Pascoe JR, Olander HJ, et al. 1992. Ultrastructural mucosal injury after experimental ischemia of the ascending colon in horses. Am J Vet Res 53:1917. PUBMED Abstract
63. Vatistas NJ, Snyder JR, Nieto J, et al. 1998. Morphologic changes and xanthine oxidase activity in the equine jejunum during low flow ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Vet Res 59:772. PUBMED Abstract
64. White N. 1999. Pathophysiology of obstruction, strangulation, strangulation/obstruction ischemia, pp 590-602. In Colahan P, Merritt A, Moore J, et al. (eds), Equine medicine and surgery. American Veterinary Publications, Santa Barbara, CA.
65. Moore RM, Bertone AL, Bailey MQ, et al. 1994. Neutrophil accumulation in the large colon of horses during low-flow ischemia and reperfusion. Am J Vet Res 55:1454. PUBMED Abstract
66. Laws EG, Freeman DE. 1995. Significance of reperfusion injury after venous strangulation obstruction of equine jejunum. J Invest Surg 8:263. PUBMED Abstract
67. Freeman D. 2008. Intestinal viability, pp 502-512. In White N, Moore J, Mair T (eds), The equine acute abdomen. Teton NewMedia, Jackson, WY.
68. Allen D Jr, White NA II, Tyler DE. 1988. Morphologic effects of experimental distention of equine small intestine. Vet Surg 17:10. PUBMED Abstract
69. Faleiros RR, Macoris DG, Alessi AC, et al. 2002. Effect of intraluminal distention on microvascular perfusion in the equine small colon. Am J Vet Res 63:1292. PUBMED Abstract
70. Donawick WJ, Ramberg CF, Tropkis GA. 1982. Absorption and secretion of water and electrolytes by normal and obstructed ileum in ponies. Proc Eq Colic Res Symp, Sept, Athens, GA.
71. Lundin C, Sullins KE, White NA, et al. 1989. Induction of peritoneal adhesions with small intestinal ischaemia and distention in the foal. Equine Vet J 21:451. PUBMED Abstract
72. Moore RM, Hance SR, Hardy J, et al. 1996. Colonic luminal pressure in horses with strangulating and nonstrangulating obstruction of the large colon. Vet Surg 25:134. PUBMED Abstract
73. Allen D Jr, White NA, Tyler DE. 1986. Factors for prognostic use in equine obstructive small intestinal disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:777. PUBMED Abstract
74. Nieto JE, Van Hoogmoed LM, Spier SJ, et al. 2002. Use of an extracorporeal circuit to evaluate effects of intraluminal distention and decompression on the equine jejunum. Am J Vet Res 63:267. PUBMED Abstract
75. Schusser GE, Scheidemann W, Huskamp B. 1998. Muscle layer thickness and neuron density in the cecum of horses with chronic recurrent cecal impaction, pp 61. Proceedings of the 6th Equine Colic Research Symposium, Nov 8-11, University of Georgia, Athens, GA.
76. Woywodt A, Ludwig D, Neustock P, et al. 1999. Mucosal cytokine expression, cellular markers and adhesion molecules in inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 11:267. PUBMED Abstract
77. Schmitz H, Fromm M, Bentzel CJ, et al. 1999. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) regulates the epithelial barrier in the human intestinal cell line HT-29/B6. J Cell Sci 112:137. PUBMED Abstract
78. Madara JL. 1999. Pathobiology of neutrophil interactions with polarized columnar epithelia, pp 247-257. In Serhan CN, PA Ward (eds), Molecular and cellular basis of inflammation. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.
79. Argenzio RA. 1980. Pathophysiology of diarrhea, pp 163-172. In Anderson NV (ed), Veterinary gastroenterology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
80. Clarke L, Argenzio R. 1990. NaCl transport across equine proximal colon and the effect of endogenous prostanoids. Am J Physiol 259:G62. PUBMED Abstract
81. White NA II, Tyler DE, Blackwell RB, et al. 1987. Hemorrhagic fibrinonecrotic duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses: 20 cases (1977-1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:311. PUBMED Abstract
82. Tuskada K, Katoh H, Shiojima M, et al. 1993. Concentrations of cytokines in peritoneal fluid after abdominal surgery. Eur J Surg 159:475. PUBMED Abstract
83. Rogers KE, diZerega GS. 1993. Function of peritoneal exudate cells after abdominal surgery. J Invest Surg 6:9. PUBMED Abstract
84. Flessner MF. 1999. Changes in the peritoneal interstitium and their effect on peritoneal transport. Perit Dial Int 19 Suppl 2:S77. PUBMED Abstract
85. Kaidi AA, Gurchumelidze T, Nazzal M, et al. 1995. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha: a marker for peritoneal adhesion formation. J Surg Res 58:516. PUBMED Abstract
86. Kaidi AA, Nazzal M, Gurchumelidze T, et al. 1995. Preoperative administration of antibodies against tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) and their impact on peritoneal adhesion formation. Am Surg 61:569. PUBMED Abstract
87. Sullins KE, White NA, Lundin CS, et al. 2004. Prevention of ischaemia-induced small intestinal adhesions in foals. Equine Vet J 36:370. PUBMED Abstract
88. Tomlinson JE, Wilder BO, Young KM, et al. 2004. Effects of flunixin meglumine or etodolac treatment on mucosal recovery of equine jejunum after ischemia. Am J Vet Res 65:761. PUBMED Abstract
89. Papaconstantinou HT, Hwang KO, Rajaraman S, et al. 1998. Glutamine deprivation induces apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. Surgery 124:152. PUBMED Abstract
90. Dammeirer J, Braunchle M, Falk W, et al. 1998. Connective tissue growth factor: a novel regulator of mucosal repair and fibrosis in inflammatory bowel disease? Int J Biochem Cell Biol 30:909. PUBMED Abstract
91. Tomlinson JE, Blikslager AT. 2004. Effects of ischemia and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor flunixin on in vitro passage of lipopolysaccharide across equine jejunum. Am J Vet Res 65:1377. PUBMED Abstract
92. Cook VL, Jones Shults J, McDowell M, et al. 2008. Attenuation of ischaemic injury in the equine jejunum by administration of systemic lidocaine. Equine Vet J 40:353. PUBMED Abstract
93. Little D, Brown SA, Campbell NB, et al. 2007. Effects of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor meloxicam on recovery of ischemia-injured equine jejunum. Am J Vet Res 68:614. PUBMED Abstract
94. Cook VL, Meyer CT, Campbell NB, et al. 2009. Effect of firocoxib or flunixin meglumine on recovery of ischemic-injured equine jejunum. Am J Vet Res 70:992. PUBMED Abstract

Endotoxemia and Sepsis

1. Rietschel E, Kirikae T, Schade F, et al. 1993. The chemical structure of bacterial endotoxin in relation to bioactivity. Immunobiology 187:169. PUBMED Abstract
2. Moore J, Garner H, Shapland J, et al. 1981. Equine endotoxemia: an insight into cause and treatment. J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:473. PUBMED Abstract
3. Rietschel E, Brade H. 1992. Bacterial endotoxins. Sci Amer 267:54. PUBMED Abstract
4. Carroll E, Schalm O, Wheat J. 1965. Endotoxemia in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 146:1300. PUBMED Abstract
5. Burrows G. 1971. Escherichia coli endotoxemia in the conscious pony. Am J Vet Res 32:243. PUBMED Abstract
6. Burrows G. 1979. Equine Escherichia coli endotoxemia: comparison of intravenous and intraperitoneal endotoxin administration. Am J Vet Res 40:991. PUBMED Abstract
7. Burrows G. 1979. The effects of repeated administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides to ponies. Can J Comp Med 43:321. PUBMED Abstract
8. Burrows G. 1981. Dose-response on ponies to parenteral Escherichia coli endotoxin. Can J Comp Med 45:207. PUBMED Abstract
9. Moore J, Garner H, Berg J, et al. 1979. Intracecal endotoxin and lactate during the onset of equine laminitis: a preliminary report. Am J Vet Res 40:722. PUBMED Abstract
10. Moore J, Garner H, Shapland J, et al. 1980. Lactic acidosis and arterial hypoxemia during sublethal endotoxemia in conscious ponies. Am J Vet Res 41:1696. PUBMED Abstract
11. Sprouse R, Garner H, Green E. 1987. Plasma endotoxin levels in horses subjected to carbohydrate induced laminitis. Equine Vet J 19:25. PUBMED Abstract
12. Moore J, White N, Berg J, et al. 1981. Endotoxemia following experimental intestinal strangulation obstruction in ponies. Can J Comp Med 45:330. PUBMED Abstract
13. Breuhaus B, Gegraves F. 1993. Plasma endotoxin concentration in clinically normal and potentially septic equine neonates. J Vet Intern Med 7:296. PUBMED Abstract
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171. Keh D, Sprung C. 2004. Use of corticosteroid therapy in patients with sepsis and septic shock: an evidence-based review. Crit Care Med 32:S527. PUBMED Abstract
172. Marik P, Pastores S, Annane D, et al. 2008. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med 36:1937. PUBMED Abstract
173. Marik P, Zaloga G. 2003. Adrenal insufficiency during septic shock. Crit Care Med 31:141. PUBMED Abstract
174. Sprung C, Annane D, Keh D, et al. 2008. Hydrocortisone therapy for patients with septic shock. N Engl J Med 358:111. PUBMED Abstract
175. Hart K, Barton M, Vandenplas M, et al. 2011. Effects of low-dose hydrocortisone therapy on immune function in neonatal horses. Pediatr Res 70:72. PUBMED Abstract
176. Moore J, Mahaffey E, Zboran M. 1987. Heparin-induced agglutination of erythrocytes in horses. Am J Vet Res 48:68. PUBMED Abstract
177. Monreal L, Villatoro A, Monreal M, et al. 1995. Comparison of the effects of low-molecular-weight and unfractionated heparin in horses. Am J Vet Res 56:1281. PUBMED Abstract
178. de la Rebière de Pouvade G, Grulke S, Detilleux J, et al. 2009. Evaluation of low-molecular-weight heparin for the prevention of equine laminitis after colic surgery. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 19:113. PUBMED Abstract
179. Feige K, Schwarzwald C, Bombeli T. 2003. Comparison of unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin for prophylaxis of coagulopathies in 52 horses with colic: a randomised double-blind clinical trial. Equine Vet J 35:506. PUBMED Abstract
180. Armengou L, Monreal L, Delgado M, et al. 2010. Low-molecular weight heparin dosage in newborn foals. J Vet Intern Med 24:1190. PUBMED Abstract
181. Lochner F, Sangiah S, Burrows G, et al. 1989. Effects of allopurinol in experimental endotoxin shock in horses. Res Vet Sci 47:178. PUBMED Abstract
182. Chang C, Albarillo M, Schumer W. 2001. Therapeutic effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on ICAM-1 gene expression and activation of NF-kappaB and AP-1 in septic rats. J Surg Res 95:181. PUBMED Abstract
183. Kelmer G, Doherty T, Elliott S, et al. 2008. Evaluation of dimethyl sulphoxide effects on initial response to endotoxin in the horse. Equine Vet J 40:358. PUBMED Abstract
184. Das U. 2006. Pyruvate is an endogenous anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant molecule. Med Sci Monit 12:RA79. PUBMED Abstract
185. Cook V, Holcombe S, Gandy J, et al. 2011. Ethyl pyruvate decreases proinflammatory gene expression in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated equine monocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 141:92. PUBMED Abstract
186. Jacobs C, Holcombe S, Cook V, et al. 2013. Ethyl pyruvate diminishes the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide infusion in horses. Equine Vet J 45:333. PUBMED Abstract
187. Schroeder E, Holcombe S, Cook V, et al. 2011. Preliminary safety and biological efficacy studies of ethyl pyruvate in normal mature horses. Equine Vet J 43:341. PUBMED Abstract
188. Weld J, Kamerling S, Combie J, et al. 1984. The effects of naloxone on endotoxic and hemorrhagic shock in horses. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 44:227. PUBMED Abstract
189. Moore A, Roesel O, Fessler J, et al. 1983. Bottoms G. Effects of naloxone on endotoxin-induced changes in ponies. Am J Vet Res 44:103. PUBMED Abstract
190. Kamerling S, Hamra J, Bagwell C. 1990. Naloxone-induced abdominal distress in the horse. Equine Vet J 22:241. PUBMED Abstract
191. Longworth K, Smith B, Staub N, et al. 1996. Use of detergent to prevent initial responses to endotoxin in horses. Am J Vet Res 57:1063. PUBMED Abstract
192. Winchell W, Hardy J, Levine D, et al. 2002. Effect of administration of a phospholipid emulsion on the initial response of horses administered endotoxin. Am J Vet Res 63:1370. PUBMED Abstract
193. Harkins J, Carney J, Meier M, et al. 1997. Effect of alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone on endotoxin toxemia in horses. Vet Hum Toxicol 39:268. PUBMED Abstract
194. Carrick J, Morris D, Moore J. 1993. Administration of a receptor antagonist for platelet-activating factor during equine endotoxemia. Equine Vet J 25:152. PUBMED Abstract
195. Kilbourn R, Jubran A, Gross S, et al. 1990. Reversal of endotoxin-mediated shock by NG-methyl-L-arginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 172:1132. PUBMED Abstract
196. Bueno A, Seahorn T, Cornick-Seahorn J, et al. 1999. Plasma and urine nitric oxide concentrations in horses given below a low dose of endotoxin. Am J Vet Res 60:969. PUBMED Abstract
197. Poulin Braim A, MacDonald M, Bruss M, et al. 2009. Effects of intravenous administration of pirfenidone on horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia. Am J Vet Res 70:1031. PUBMED Abstract
198. Baumwart C, Doherty T, Schumacher J, et al. 2011. Effects of hyperbaric oxygen treatment on horses with experimentally induced endotoxemia. Am J Vet Res 72:1266. PUBMED Abstract
199. Lankveld D, Bull S, Van Dijk P, et al. 2005. Ketamine inhibits LPS-induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 in an equine macrophage cell line. Vet Res 36:257. PUBMED Abstract
200. Alcott C, Sponseller B, Wong D, et al. 2011. Clinical and immunomodulating effects of ketamine in horses with experimental endotoxemia. J Vet Intern Med 25:934. PUBMED Abstract
201. Mazar J, Rogachev B, Saked G, et al. 2005. Involvement of adenosine in the anti-inflammatory action of ketamine. Anesthesiology 102:1174. PUBMED Abstract
202. Riedel S. 2012. Procalcitonin and the role of biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of sepsis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 73:221. PUBMED Abstract
203. Sankar V, Webster N. 2013. Clinical application of sepsis biomarkers. J Anesth 27:269. PUBMED Abstract
204. Giamarellos-Bourboulis E, Raftogiannis M. 2012. The immune response to severe bacterial infections: consequences for therapy. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 10:369. PUBMED Abstract
205. Kong Q, Chen Y, Lv Z, et al. 2012. Infecting mice with recombinant Ad5-BPI23-Fcγ1 virus protects against systemic Escherichia coli challenge. J Med Microbiol 61:1262. PUBMED Abstract

Medical Disorders of the Small Intestine

1. Elfenbein JR, Sanchez LC. 2012. Prevalence of gastric and duodenal ulceration in 691 nonsurviving foals (1995-2006). Equine Vet J Suppl 44:76. PUBMED Abstract
2. McColl K, el-Omar EM, Gillen D. 1997. The role of H. pylori infection in the pathophysiology of duodenal ulcer disease. J Physiol Pharmacol 48:287. PUBMED Abstract
3. Miller TA. 1991. Bicarbonate secretory breakdown: explanation for increased incidence of duodenal ulcer with age? Gastroenterology 100:1471. PUBMED Abstract
4. Wilson JH. 1986. Gastric and duodenal ulcers in foals: a retrospective study, pp 126-129. Proceedings of the Second Annual Equine Colic Research Symposium, Athens, GA.
5. Ettlinger JJ, Ford T, Palmer JE. 1990. Ulcerative duodenitis with luminal constriction in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1628. PUBMED Abstract
6. Acland HM, Gunson DE, Gillette DM. 1983. Ulcerative duodenitis in foals. Vet Pathol 20:653. PUBMED Abstract
7. Kitchen DL, Merritt AM, Burrow JA, et al. 1998. Source of non-parietal component of pentagastrin-stimulated fasting equine gastric contents, p 35. Proceedings of the Sixth Equine Colic Research Symposium, Athens, GA.
8. Becht JL, Byars TD. 1986. Gastroduodenal ulcers in foals. Equine Vet J 18:307. PUBMED Abstract
9. Campbell-Thompson ML, Brown MP, Slone DE, et al. 1986. Gastroenterostomy for treatment of gastroduodenal ulcer disease in 14 foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:840. PUBMED Abstract
10. Jenkins CC, Blackford JT, Andrews F, et al. 1992. Duration of antisecretory effects of oral omeprazole in horses with chronic gastric cannulae. Equine Vet J Suppl 13:89.
11. Moshal MG, Spitaels JH, Manion GL. 1982. Double-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of one-year therapy with sucralfate in healed duodenal ulcer. Scand J Gastroenterol 18 (Suppl 83):57. PUBMED Abstract
12. Blackwell RB, White NA. 1982. Duodenitis proximal jejunitis in the horse. Proceedings of the First Equine Colic Research Symposium, vol. 1, Athens, GA.
13. White NA 2nd, Tyler DE, Blackwell RB, et al. 1987. Hemorrhagic fibrinonecrotic duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses: 20 cases (1977-1984). J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:311. PUBMED Abstract
14. Johnston JK, Morris DD. 1987. Comparison of duodenitis proximal jejunitis and small intestinal obstruction in horses: 68 cases (1977-1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 91:849. PUBMED Abstract
15. Morris DD. 1988. Medical therapy of colic. In Gordon BJ, Allen D (eds), Colic management in the horse. Veterinary Medicine Publishing, Lenexa, KS.
16. Davis JL, Blikslager AT, Catto K, et al. 2003. A retrospective analysis of hepatic injury in horses with proximal enteritis (1984-2002). J Vet Intern Med 17:896. PUBMED Abstract
17. Davis JL, Jones SL. 2003. Suppurative cholangiohepatitis and enteritis in adult horses. J Vet Intern Med 17:583. PUBMED Abstract
18. Arroyo LG, Stampfli HR, Weese JS. 2006. Potential role of Clostridium difficile as a cause of duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses. J Med Microbiol 55(Pt 5):605. PUBMED Abstract
19. Gilbert RJ, Pothoulakis C, LaMont JT. 1989. Effect of purified Clostridium difficile toxins on intestinal smooth muscle. II. Toxin B. Am J Physiol 256(4 Pt 1):G767.
20. Gilbert RJ, Triadafilopoulos G, Pothoulakis C, et al. 1989. Effect of purified Clostridium difficile toxins on intestinal smooth muscle. I. Toxin A. Am J Physiol 256(4 Pt 1):G759.
21. Kalff JC, Schraut WH, Simmons RL, et al. 1998. Surgical manipulation of the gut elicits an intestinal muscularis inflammatory response resulting in postsurgical ileus. Ann Surg 228:652. PUBMED Abstract
22. Schoster A, Arroyo LG, Staempfli HR, et al. 2012. Presence and molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in intestinal compartments of healthy horses. BMC Vet Res 8:94. PUBMED Abstract
23. Cohen ND, Toby E, Roussel AJ, et al. 2006. Are feeding practices associated with duodenitis-proximal jejunitis? Equine Vet J 38:526. PUBMED Abstract
24. Schumacher J, Mullen J, Shelby R, et al. 1995. An investigation of the role of Fusarium moniliforme in duodenitis/proximal jejunitis of horses. Vet Hum Toxicol 37:39. PUBMED Abstract
25. Helman RG, Edwards WC. 1997. Clinical features of blister beetle poisoning in equids: 70 cases (1983-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1018. PUBMED Abstract
26. Seahorn TL, Cornick JL, Cohen ND. 1992. Prognostic indicators for horses with duodenitis-proximal jejunitis. 75 horses (1985-1989). J Vet Intern Med 6:307. PUBMED Abstract
27. Luth B, Robertson J. 1988. A retrospective comparison of surgical to medical management of proximal enteritis in the horse, p 69. Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, San Diego, CA.
28. Dukti SA, Perkins S, Murphy J, et al. 2006. Prevalence of gastric squamous ulceration in horses with abdominal pain. Equine Vet J 38:347. PUBMED Abstract
29. Cesarini C, Monreal L, Armengou L, et al. 2010. Association of admission plasma D-dimer concentration with diagnosis and outcome in horses with colic. J Vet Intern Med 24:1490. PUBMED Abstract
30. Jones PA, Bain FT, Byars TD, et al. 2001. Effect of hydroxyethyl starch infusion on colloid oncotic pressure in hypoproteinemic horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1130. PUBMED Abstract
31. Jones PA, Tomasic M, Gentry PA. 1997. Oncotic, hemodilutional, and hemostatic effects of isotonic saline and hydroxyethyl starch solutions in clinically normal ponies. Am J Vet Res 58:541. PUBMED Abstract
32. Steinman A, Gips M, Lavy E, et al. 2000. Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in horses after intravenous, rectal and oral administration. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 23:353. PUBMED Abstract
33. Van Hoogmoed LM, Nieto JE, Snyder JR, et al. 2004. Survey of prokinetic use in horses with gastrointestinal injury. Vet Surg 33:279. PUBMED Abstract
34. Malone E, Ensink J, Turner T, et al. 2006. Intravenous continuous infusion of lidocaine for treatment of equine ileus. Vet Surg 35:60. PUBMED Abstract
35. Underwood C, Southwood LL, McKeown LP, et al. 2008. Complications and survival associated with surgical compared with medical management of horses with duodenitis-proximal jejunitis. Equine Vet J 40:373. PUBMED Abstract
36. Cohen ND, Parson EM, Seahorn TL, et al. 1994. Prevalence and factors associated with development of laminitis in horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis: 33 cases (1985-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:250. PUBMED Abstract
37. Lavoie JP, Drolet R, Parsons D, et al. 2000. Equine proliferative enteropathy: a cause of weight loss, colic, diarrhoea and hypoproteinemia in foals on three breeding farms in Canada. Equine Vet J 32:418. PUBMED Abstract
38. Frazer ML. 2008. Lawsonia intracellularis infection in horses: 2005-2007. J Vet Intern Med 22:1243. PUBMED Abstract
39. McGurrin MK, Vengust M, Arroyo LG, et al. 2008. An outbreak of Lawsonia intracellularis infection in a standardbred herd in Ontario. Can Vet J 48:927. PUBMED Abstract
40. Merlo JL, Sheats MK, Elce Y, et al. 2009. Outbreak of Lawsonia intracellularis on a standardbred farm in North Carolina. Equine Vet Educ 21:179.
41. Shimizu C, Shibahara T, Takai S, et al. 2010. Lawsonia intracellularis and virulent Rhodococcus equi infection in a thoroughbred colt. J Comp Pathol 143:303. PUBMED Abstract
42. Jordan DM, Knittel JP, Schwartz KJ, et al. 2004. A Lawsonia intracellularis transmission study using a pure culture inoculated seeder-pig sentinel model. Vet Microbiol 104:83. PUBMED Abstract
43. Friedman M, Bednár V, Klimes J, et al. 2008. Lawsonia intracellularis in rodents from pig farms with the occurrence of porcine proliferative enteropathy. Lett Appl Microbiol 47:117. PUBMED Abstract
44. Collins AM, Fell S, Pearson H, et al. 2011. Colonisation and shedding of Lawsonia intracellularis in experimentally inoculated rodents and in wild rodents on pig farms. Vet Microbiol 150:384. PUBMED Abstract
45. Vannucci FA, Pusterla N, Mapes SM, et al. 2012. Evidence of host adaptation in Lawsonia intracellularis infections. Vet Res 43:53. PUBMED Abstract
46. Pusterla N, Mapes SM, Rejmanek D, et al. 2008. Detection of Lawsonia intracellularis by real-time PCR in the feces of free-living animals from equine farms with documented occurrence of equine proliferative enteropathy. J Wildl Dis 44:992. PUBMED Abstract
47. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Gebhart CJ, 2012. A follow up study on the investigation of the occurrence of Lawsonia intracellularis infection in wild and feral animals captured on horse properties with equine proliferative enteropathy. Vet J 194:253. PUBMED Abstract
48. Pusterla N, Wattanaphansak S, Mapes SM, et al. 2010. Oral infection of weanling foals with an equine isolate of Lawsonia intracellularis, agent of equine proliferative enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 24:622. PUBMED Abstract
49. Pusterla N, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Vannucci FA, et al. 2013. Transmission of Lawsonia intracellularis to weanling foals using feces from experimentally infected rabbits. Vet J 195:241. PUBMED Abstract
50. Collins AM, Love RJ. 2007. Re-challenge of pigs following recovery from proliferative enteropathy. Vet Microbiol 120:381. PUBMED Abstract
51. Collins A, Love RJ, Pozo J, et al. 2000. Studies on the ex vivo survival of Lawsonia intracellularis. J Swine Health Prod 8:211.
52. Lawson GH, Gebhart CJ. 2000. Proliferative enteropathy. J Comp Pathol 122:77. PUBMED Abstract
53. Smith DG, Lawson GH. 2001. Lawsonia intracellularis: getting inside the pathogenesis of proliferative enteropathy. Vet Microbiol 82:331. PUBMED Abstract
54. Page AE, Fallon LH, Bryant UK, et al. 2012. Acute deterioration and death with necrotizing enteritis associated with Lawsonia intracellularis in 4 weanling foals. J Vet Intern Med 26:1476. PUBMED Abstract
55. Wong DM, Alcott CJ, Sponseller BA, et al. 2009. Impaired intestinal absorption of glucose in 4 foals with Lawsonia intracellularis infection. J Vet Intern Med 23:940. PUBMED Abstract
56. Nathues H, Holthaus K, Beilage E. 2009. Quantification of Lawsonia intracellularis in porcine faeces by real-time PCR. J Appl Microbiol 107:2009. PUBMED Abstract
57. Pusterla N, Mapes SM, Johnson C, et al. 2010. Comparison of feces versus rectal swabs for the molecular detection of Lawsonia intracellularis in foals with equine proliferative enteropathy. J Vet Diagn Invest 22:741. PUBMED Abstract
58. Richter B, Ladinig A, Nedorost N, et al. 2010. A TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Lawsonia intracellularis in fecal and tissue samples from pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 22:70. PUBMED Abstract
59. Guedes RM, Gebhart CJ, Winkelman NL, et al. 2002. Comparison of different methods for diagnosis of porcine proliferative enteropathy. Can J Vet Res 66:99. PUBMED Abstract
60. Guedes RM, Gebhart CJ, Winkelman NL, et al. 2002. A comparative study of an indirect fluorescent antibody test and an immunoperoxidase monolayer assay for the diagnosis of porcine proliferative enteropathy. J Vet Diagn Invest 14:420. PUBMED Abstract
61. Wattanaphansak S, Asawakarn T, Gebhart CJ, et al. 2008. Development and validation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of porcine proliferative enteropathy. J Vet Diagn Invest 20:170. PUBMED Abstract
62. Gebhart CJ, Page AE, Kelley M, et al. 2012. Comparative study of serology assays for equine proliferative enteropathy. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 58:503.
63. Frazer M. 2011. Sale price and race earnings in horses previously diagnosed by Lawsonia intracellularis. J Vet Intern Med 25:677.
64. Guedes RM, Gebhart CJ. 2003. Onset and duration of fecal shedding, cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in pigs after challenge with a pathogenic isolate or attenuated vaccine strain of Lawsonia intracellularis. Vet Microbiol 91:35. PUBMED Abstract
65. Kroll JJ, Roof MB, McOrist S. 2004. Evaluation of protective immunity in pigs following oral administration of an avirulent live vaccine of Lawsonia intracellularis. Am J Vet Res 65:559. PUBMED Abstract
66. McOrist S, Smits RJ. 2007. Field evaluation of an oral attenuated Lawsonia intracellularis vaccine for porcine proliferative enteropathy (ileitis). Vet Rec 161:26. PUBMED Abstract
67. Pusterla N, Hilton H, Wattanaphansak S, et al. 2009. Evaluation of the humoral immune response and fecal shedding in weanling foals after oral and intra-rectal administration of an avirulent live vaccine of Lawsonia intracellularis. Vet J 182:458. PUBMED Abstract
68. Pusterla N, Mapes S, Gebhart CJ. 2012. Lawsonia intracellularis-specific interferon γ gene expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vaccinated and naturally infected foals. Vet J 192:249. PUBMED Abstract
69. Nogradi N, Slovis NM, Gebhart CJ, et al. 2012. Evaluation of the field efficacy of an avirulent live Lawsonia intracellularis vaccine in foals. Vet J 192:511. PUBMED Abstract
70. Pusterla N, Vannucci FA, Mapes SM, et al. 2012. Efficacy of an avirulent live vaccine against Lawsonia intracellularis in the prevention of proliferative enteropathy in experimentally infected weanling foals. Am J Vet Res 73:741. PUBMED Abstract
71. Reuss SM, Chaffin MK, Cohen ND. 2009. Extrapulmonary disorders associated with Rhodococcus equi infection in foals: 150 cases (1987-2007). J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:855. PUBMED Abstract
72. Takai S, Iimori S, Tsubaki S. 1986. Quantitative fecal culture for early diagnosis of Corynebacterium (Rhodococcus) equi enteritis in foals. Can J Vet Res 50:479. PUBMED Abstract
73. Cimprich RE, Rooney JR, 1977. Corynebacterium equi enteritis in foals. Vet Pathol 14:95. PUBMED Abstract
74. Takai S, Murata N, Kudo R, et al. 2001. Two new variants of the Rhodococcus equi virulence plasmid, 90 kb type III and type IV, recovered from a foal in Japan. Vet Microbiol 82:373. PUBMED Abstract
75. Shimizu C, Shibahara T, Takai S, et al. 2010. Lawsonia intracellularis and virulent Rhodococcus equi infection in a thoroughbred colt. J Comp Pathol 143:303. PUBMED Abstract
76. De Cock AW, Mendoza L, Padhye AA, et al. 1987. Pythium insidiosum sp. nov., the etiologic agent of pythiosis. J Clin Microbiol 25:344. PUBMED Abstract
77. Miller RI. 1985. Gastrointestinal phycomycosis in 63 dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:473. PUBMED Abstract
78. Purcell KL, Johnson PJ, Kreeger JM, Wilson DA. 1994. Jejunal obstruction caused by a Pythium insidiosum granuloma in a mare. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:337. PUBMED Abstract
79. Allison N, Gillis JP. 1990. Enteric pythiosis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:462. PUBMED Abstract
80. Brown CC, Roberts ED. 1988. Intestinal pythiosis in a horse. Aust Vet J 65:88. PUBMED Abstract
81. Morton LD, Morton DG, Baker GJ, et al. 1991. Chronic eosinophilic enteritis attributed to Pythium sp. in a horse. Vet Pathol 28:542. PUBMED Abstract
82. Platt H. 1986. Chronic inflammatory and lymphoproliferative lesions of the equine small intestine. J Comp Pathol 96:671. PUBMED Abstract
83. Pass DA, Bolton JR. 1983. Chronic eosinophilic gastroenteritis in the horse. Vet Pathol 19:486. PUBMED Abstract
84. Pass DA, Bolton JR, Mills JN. 1984. Basophilic enterocolitis in a horse. Vet Pathol 21:362. PUBMED Abstract
85. MacAllister CG, Mosier D, Qualls CW Jr, et al. 1990. Lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1995. PUBMED Abstract
86. Schumacher J, Edwards JF, Cohen ND. 2000. Chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases of the horse. J Vet Intern Med 14:258. PUBMED Abstract
87. Kemper DL, Perkins GA, Schumacher J, et al. 2000. Equine lymphocytic-plasmacytic enterocolitis: a retrospective study of 14 cases. Equine Vet J Suppl 32:108. PUBMED Abstract
88. Scott EA, Heidel JR, Snyder SP, et al. 1999. Inflammatory bowel disease in horses: 11 cases (1988-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1527. PUBMED Abstract
89. Fiocchi C. 1997. Intestinal inflammation: a complex interplay of immune and nonimmune cell interactions. Am J Physiol 273:G769. PUBMED Abstract
90. Gibson KT, Alders RG. 1987. Eosinophilic enterocolitis and dermatitis in two horses. Equine Vet J 19:247. PUBMED Abstract
91. Morris DD, Vaala WE, Sarton E. 1982. Protein-losing enteropathy in a yearling filly with subclinical DIC and autoimmune hemolytic disease. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 4:S542.
92. van der Kolk JH, van Putten LA, Mulder CJ, et al. 2012. Gluten-dependent antibodies in horses with inflammatory small bowel disease (ISBD). Vet Q 32:3. PUBMED Abstract
93. Lindberg R, Nygren A, Oersson SGB. 1996. Rectal biopsy diagnosis in horses with clinical signs of intestinal disorders: a retrospective study of 116 cases. Equine Vet J 28:275. PUBMED Abstract
94. Proudman CJ, Kipar A. 2006. IFEE: new acronym, new challenge. Equine Vet J 38:290. PUBMED Abstract
95. Archer DC, Barrie Edwards G, Kelly DF, et al. 2006. Obstruction of equine small intestine associated with focal idiopathic eosinophilic enteritis: an emerging disease? Vet J 171:504. PUBMED Abstract
96. Southwood LL, Kawcak CE, Trotter GW, et al. 2000. Idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis associated with small intestinal obstruction in 6 horses. Vet Surg 29:415. PUBMED Abstract
97. Mäkinen PE, Archer DC, Baptiste KE, et al. 2008. Characterisation of the inflammatory reaction in equine idiopathic focal eosinophilic enteritis and diffuse eosinophilic enteritis. Equine Vet J 40:386. PUBMED Abstract
98. Perez Olmos JF, Schofield WL, Dillon H, et al. 2006. Circumferential mural bands in the small intestine causing simple obstructive colic: a case series. Equine Vet J 38:354. PUBMED Abstract
99. Duryea JH, Ainsworth DM, Mauldin EA, et al. 1997. Clinical remission of granulomatous enteritis in a standardbred gelding long-term dexamethasone administration. Equine Vet J 29:164. PUBMED Abstract
100. Barr BS. 2006. Infiltrative intestinal disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 22:1. PUBMED Abstract
101. Cotchin C. 1977. A general survey of tumours in the horse. Equine Vet J 9:16. PUBMED Abstract
102. Rebhun WC, Bertone A. 1984. Equine lymphosarcoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:720. PUBMED Abstract
103. Saulez MN, Schlipf JW Jr, Cebra CK, et al. 2004. Use of chemotherapy for treatment of a mixed-cell thoracic lymphoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:733. PUBMED Abstract
104. Honnas CM, Snyder JR, Olander HJ, et al. 1987. Small intestinal adenocarcinoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:845. PUBMED Abstract
105. Mair TS, Taylor FG, Brown PJ. 1990. Leiomyosarcoma of the duodenum in two horses. J Comp Pathol 102:119. PUBMED Abstract
106. Kirchhof N, Scheidemann W, Baumgartner W. 1996. Multiple peripheral nerve sheath tumors in the small intestine of a horse. Vet Pathol 33:727. PUBMED Abstract
107. Ogilvie GK. 1998. Paraneoplastic syndromes. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 14:439. PUBMED Abstract
108. Kim DY, Taylor HW, Eades SC, et al. 2005. Systemic AL amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma in a horse. Vet Pathol 42:81. PUBMED Abstract
109. Schultheiss PC, Traub-Dargatz JL, Knight AP, et al. 1995. Intestinal fibrosis and vascular remodeling in ten horses and two ponies. J Vet Diagn Invest 7:575. PUBMED Abstract
110. Traub-Dargatz JL, Schultheiss PC, Kiper ML, et al. 1992. Intestinal fibrosis with partial obstruction in five horses and two ponies. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:603. PUBMED Abstract
111. Johnson PJ, Pace LW, Mrad DR, et al. 1997. Small intestinal fibrosis in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1013. PUBMED Abstract
112. Hanselaer JR, Nyland TG. 1983. Chyloabdomen and ultrasonographic detection of an intra-abdominal abscess in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:1465. PUBMED Abstract
113. Campbell-Beggs CL, Johnson PJ, Wilson DA, et al. 1995. Chyloabdomen in a neonatal foal. Vet Rec 137:96. PUBMED Abstract
114. May KA, Cheramie HS, Prater DA. 1999. Chyloperitoneum and abdominal adhesions in a miniature horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:676. PUBMED Abstract

Surgical Disorders of the Small Intestine

1. Clarke LL, Roberts MC, Argenzio RA. 1990. Feeding and digestive problems in horses. Physiologic responses to a concentrated meal. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 6:433. PUBMED Abstract
2. Clarke LL, Argenzio RA, Roberts MC. 1990. Effect of meal feeding on plasma volume and urinary electrolyte clearance in ponies. Am J Vet Res 51:571. PUBMED Abstract
3. Dabareiner RM, Sullins KE, Snyder JR, et al. 1993. Evaluation of the microcirculation of the equine small intestine after intraluminal distention and subsequent decompression. Am J Vet Res 54:1673. PUBMED Abstract
4. Dabareiner RM, Sullins KE, White NA, et al. 2001. Serosal injury in the equine jejunum and ascending colon after ischemia-reperfusion or intraluminal distention and decompression. Vet Surg 30:114. PUBMED Abstract
5. Allen DJ, White NA, Tyler DE. 1988. Morphologic effects of experimental distention of equine small intestine. Vet Surg 17:10. PUBMED Abstract
6. Southwood LL, Ragle CA, Snyder JR, et al. 1996. Surgical treatment of ascarid impactions in horses and foals, pp 258-263. Proceedings of the Forty-Second Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Denver, CO.
7. Clayton HM. 1986. Ascarids. Recent advances. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2:313. PUBMED Abstract
8. Tatz AJ, Segev G, Steinman A, et al. 2012. Surgical treatment for acute small intestinal obstruction caused by Parascaris equorum infection in 15 horses (2002-2011). Equine Vet J 44:111. PUBMED Abstract
9. Parks AH, Allen D. 1998. The purported role of coastal Bermuda hay in the etiology of ileal impactions: results of a questionnaire. Proc Equine Colic Res Symp 6:37.
10. Little D, Blikslager AT. 2002. Factors associated with development of ileal impaction in horses with surgical colic: 78 cases (1986-2000). Equine Vet J 34:464. PUBMED Abstract
11. Proudman CJ, French NP, Trees AJ. 1998. Tapeworm infection is a significant risk factor for spasmodic colic and ileal impaction colic in the horse. Equine Vet J 30:194. PUBMED Abstract
12. Hanson RR, Wright JC, Schumacher J, et al. 1998. Surgical reduction of ileal impactions in the horse: 28 cases. Vet Surg 27:555. PUBMED Abstract
13. Parks AH, Doran RE, White NA, et al. 1989. Ileal impaction in the horse: 75 cases. Cornell Vet 79:83. PUBMED Abstract
14. Hanson RR, Schumacher J, Humburg J, et al. 1996. Medical treatment of horses with ileal impactions: 10 cases (1990-1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:898. PUBMED Abstract
15. Blikslager AT, Bowman KF, Levine JF, et al. 1994. Evaluation of factors associated with postoperative ileus in horses: 31 cases (1990-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:1748. PUBMED Abstract
16. Fleming K, Mueller POE. 2011. Ileal impaction in 245 horses: 1995-2007. Can Vet J 52:759. PUBMED Abstract
17. Pavone S, Veronesi F, Piergili FD, et al. 2010. Pathological changes caused by Anoplocephala perfoliata in the equine ileocecal junction. Vet Res Comm 34:S53. PUBMED Abstract
18. Chaffin MK, Fuenteabla IC, Schumacher J, et al. 1992. Idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the equine small intestine: 11 cases (1980-1991). Equine Vet J 24:372. PUBMED Abstract
19. Dechant JE, Whitcomb MB, Magdesian KG. 2008. Ultrasonographic diagnosis—idiopathic muscular hypertrophy of the small intestine in a miniature horse. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 49:300. PUBMED Abstract
20. Hooper RN. 1989. Small intestinal strangulation caused by Meckel's diverticulum in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:943. PUBMED Abstract
21. Grant BD, Tennant B. 1973. Volvulus associated with Meckel's diverticulum in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 162:550. PUBMED Abstract
22. Freeman DE, Koch DB, Boles CL. 1979. Mesodiverticular bands as a cause of small intestinal strangulation and volvulus in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 175:1089. PUBMED Abstract
23. Abutarbush SM, Shoemaker RW, Bailey JV. 2003. Strangulation of the small intestines by a mesodiverticular band in 3 adult horses. Can Vet J 44:1005. PUBMED Abstract
24. Meschter CL, Tyler DE, White NA, et al. 1986. Histologic findings in the gastrointestinal tract of horses with colic. Am J Vet Res 47:598. PUBMED Abstract
25. White NA, Moore JN, Trim CM. 1980. Mucosal alterations in experimentally induced small intestinal strangulation obstruction in ponies. Am J Vet Res 41:193. PUBMED Abstract
26. Laws EG, Freeman DE. 1995. Significance of reperfusion injury after venous strangulation obstruction of equine jejunum. J Invest Surg 8:263. PUBMED Abstract
27. Blikslager AT, Roberts MC, Gerard MP, et al. 1997. How important is intestinal reperfusion injury in horses? J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1387. PUBMED Abstract
28. Gerard MP, Blikslager AT, Roberts MC, et al. 1999. The characteristics of intestinal injury peripheral to strangulating obstruction lesions in the equine small intestine. Equine Vet J 31:331. PUBMED Abstract
29. Horne MM, Pascoe PJ, Ducharme NG, et al. 1994. Attempts to modify reperfusion injury of equine jejunal mucosa using dimethylsulfoxide, allopurinol, and intraluminal oxygen. Vet Surg 23:241. PUBMED Abstract
30. Van Hoogmoed LM, Nieto JE, Spier SJ, et al. 2004. In vivo investigation of the efficacy of a customized solution to attenuate injury following low-flow ischemia and reperfusion injury in the jejunum of horses. Am J Vet Res 65:485. PUBMED Abstract
31. Mair TS, Smith LJ. 2005. Survival and complication rates in 300 horses undergoing surgical treatment of colic. Part 1: Short-term survival following a single laparotomy. Equine Vet J 37:296. PUBMED Abstract
32. Freeman DE, Hammock P, Baker GJ, et al. 2000. Short- and long-term survival and prevalence of postoperative ileus after small intestinal surgery in the horse. Equine Vet J 32:42. PUBMED Abstract
33. Fugaro MN, Coté NM. 2001. Survival rates for horses undergoing stapled small intestinal anastomosis: 84 cases (1988-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1603. PUBMED Abstract
34. Mair TS, Smith LJ. 2005. Survival and complication rates in 300 horses undergoing surgical treatment of colic. Part 3: Long-term complications and survival. Equine Vet J 37:310. PUBMED Abstract
35. Semevolos SA, Ducharme NG, Hackett RP. 2002. Clinical assessment and outcome of three techniques for jejunal resection and anastomosis in horses: 59 cases (1989-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:215. PUBMED Abstract
36. Proudman CJ, Edwards GB, Barnes J, et al. 2005. Factors affecting long-term survival of horses recovering from surgery of the small intestine. Equine Vet J 37:360. PUBMED Abstract
37. Baxter GM, Broome TE, Moore JN. 1989. Abdominal adhesions after small intestinal surgery in the horse. Vet Surg 18:409. PUBMED Abstract
38. Gorvy DA, Edwards GB, Proudman CJ. 2008. Intra-abdominal adhesions in horses: a retrospective evaluation of repeat laparotomy in 99 horses with acute gastrointestinal disease. Vet J 175:194. PUBMED Abstract
39. Vachon AM, Fischer AT. 1995. Small intestinal herniation through the epiploic foramen: 53 cases (1987-1993). Equine Vet J 27:373. PUBMED Abstract
40. Turner TA, Adams SB, White NA. 1984. Small intestine incarceration through the epiploic foramen of the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:731. PUBMED Abstract
41. Freeman DE, Schaeffer DJ. 2001. Age distributions of horses with strangulation of the small intestine by a lipoma or in the epiploic foramen: 46 cases (1994-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:87. PUBMED Abstract
42. Archer DC, Proudman CJ, Pinchbeck G, et al. 2004. Entrapment of the small intestine in the epiploic foramen in horses: a retrospective analysis of 71 cases recorded between 1991 and 2001. Vet Rec 155:793. PUBMED Abstract
43. Archer DC, Freeman DE, Doyle AJ, et al. 2004. Association between cribbing and entrapment of the small intestine in the epiploic foramen in horses: 68 cases (1991-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:562. PUBMED Abstract
44. Archer DC, Freeman DE, Doyle AJ, et al. 2004. Association between cribbing and entrapment of the small intestine in the epiploic foramen in horses: 68 cases (1991-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:562. PUBMED Abstract
45. Hammock PD, Freeman DE, Magid JH, et al. 1999. Parietal hernia of the small intestine into the epiploic foramen of a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1354. PUBMED Abstract
46. Foerner JJ, Ringle MJ, Junkins DS, et al. 1993. Transection of the pelvic flexure to reduce incarceration of the large colon through the epiploic foramen in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:1312. PUBMED Abstract
47. Engelbert TA, Tate LP, Bowman KF, et al. 1993. Incarceration of the small intestine in the epiploic foramen. Report of 19 cases (1983-1992). Vet Surg 22:57. PUBMED Abstract
48. Freeman DE, Schaeffer DJ. 2005. Short-term survival after surgery for epiploic foramen entrapment compared with other strangulating diseases of the small intestine in horses. Equine Vet J 37:292. PUBMED Abstract
49. Blikslager AT, Bowman KF, Haven ML, et al. 1992. Pedunculated lipomas as a cause of intestinal obstruction in horses: 17 cases (1983-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1249. PUBMED Abstract
50. Edwards GB, Proudman CJ. 1994. An analysis of 75 cases of intestinal obstruction caused by pedunculated lipomas. Equine Vet J 26:18. PUBMED Abstract
51. Hughes KJ, Dowling BA, Matthews SA, et al. 2003. Results of surgical treatment of colic in miniature breed horses: 11 cases. Aust Vet J 81:260. PUBMED Abstract
52. Dunkerley SA, Williams A, Gillis JP. 1997. Lipoma in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:332. PUBMED Abstract
53. Garcia-Seco E, Wilson DA, Kramer J, et al. 2005. Prevalence and risk factors associated with outcome of surgical removal of pedunculated lipomas in horses? 102 cases (1987-2002). J Am Vet Med Association 226:1537. PUBMED Abstract
54. Dukti S, White NA. 2009. Prognosticating equine colic. Vet Clin North Am. Equine Pract 25:217. PUBMED Abstract
55. Robertson JT. 1990. Diseases of the small intestine, p 347. In White NA (ed), The equine acute abdomen. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
56. Orsini JA. 1997. Abdominal surgery in foals. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:393. PUBMED Abstract
57. Stephen JO, Corley KT, Johnston JK, et al. 2004. Small intestinal volvulus in 115 horses: 1988-2000. Vet Surg 33:333. PUBMED Abstract
58. Tate LP, Ralston SL, Koch CM, et al. 1983. Effects of extensive resection of the small intestine in the pony. Am J Vet Res 44:1187. PUBMED Abstract
59. Freeman DE, Kilgallon EG. 2001. Effect of venous strangulation obstruction on length of equine jejunum and relevance to small-intestinal resection. Vet Surg 30:218. PUBMED Abstract
60. Schneider RK, Milne DW, Kohn CW. 1982. Acquired inguinal hernia in the horse: a review of 27 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:317. PUBMED Abstract
61. van der Velden MA. 1988. Surgical treatment of acquired inguinal hernia in the horse: a review of 51 cases. Equine Vet J 20:173. PUBMED Abstract
62. Spurlock GH, Robertson JT. 1988. Congenital inguinal hernias associated with a rent in the common vaginal tunic in five foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1087. PUBMED Abstract
63. van der Velden MA. 1988. Ruptured inguinal hernia in new-born colt foals: a review of 14 cases. Equine Vet J 20:178. PUBMED Abstract
64. Rossignol F, Perrin R, Boening KJ. 2007. Laparoscopic hernioplasty in recumbent horses using transposition of a peritoneal flap. Vet Surg 36:557. PUBMED Abstract
65. Freeman DE, Orsini JA, Harrison IA, et al. 1988. Complications of umbilical hernias in horses: 13 cases (1972-1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:804. PUBMED Abstract
66. Markel MD, Pascoe JR, Sams AE. 1987. Strangulated umbilical hernias in horses: 13 cases (1974-1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:692. PUBMED Abstract
67. Bristol DG. 1986. Diaphragmatic hernias in horses and cattle. Compend Contin Educ (Pract Vet) 8:S407.
68. Wimberly HC, Andrews EJ, Haschek WM. 1977. Diaphragmatic hernias in the horse: a review of the literature and an analysis of six additional cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:1404. PUBMED Abstract
69. Orsini JA, Koch C, Stewart B. 1981. Peritoneopericardial hernia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:907. PUBMED Abstract
70. Santschi EM, Juzwiak JS, Moll HD, et al. 1997. Diaphragmatic hernia repair in three young horses. Vet Surg 26:242. PUBMED Abstract
71. Romero AE, Rodgerson DH. 2010. Diaphragmatic herniation in the horse: 31 cases from 2001-2006. Can Vet J 51:1247. PUBMED Abstract
72. Edwards GB. 1986. Surgical management of intussusception in the horse. Equine Vet J 18:313. PUBMED Abstract
73. Ford TS, Freeman DE, Ross MW, et al. 1990. Ileocecal intussusception in horses: 26 cases (1981-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:121. PUBMED Abstract
74. Bernard WV, Reef VB, Reimer JM, et al. 1989. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of small-intestinal intussusception in three foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:395. PUBMED Abstract
75. Gift LJ, Gaughan EM, Debowes RM, et al. 1993. Jejunal intussusception in adult horses: 11 cases (1981-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:110. PUBMED Abstract
76. Yovich JV, Stashak TS, Bertone AL. 1985. Incarceration of small intestine through rents in the gastrosplenic ligament in the horse. Vet Surg 14:303.
77. Gayle JM, Macharg MA, Smallwood JE. 2001. Strangulating obstruction caused by intestinal herniation through the proximal aspect of the cecocolic fold in 9 horses. Vet Surg 30:40. PUBMED Abstract
78. Gayle JM, Blikslager AT, Bowman KF. 2000. Mesenteric rents as a source of small intestinal strangulation in horses: 15 cases (1990-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:1446. PUBMED Abstract
79. White NA. 1981. Intestinal infarction associated with mesenteric vascular thrombotic disease in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:259. PUBMED Abstract

Medical Disorders of the Large Intestine

1. Sullins KE. 1990. Diseases of the large colon, p 375. In White NA (ed), The equine acute abdomen. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
2. House JK, Mainar-Jaime RC, Smith BP, et al. 1999. Risk factors for nosocomial Salmonella infection among hospitalized horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1511. PUBMED Abstract
3. Par J, Carpenter TE, Thurmond MC. 1996. Analysis of spatial and temporal clustering of horses with Salmonella Krefeld in an intensive care unit of a veterinary hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:626. PUBMED Abstract
4. Hartmann FA, Callan RJ, McGuirk SM, et al. 1996. Control of an outbreak of salmonellosis caused by drug-resistant Salmonella anatum in horses at a veterinary hospital and measures to prevent future infections. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:629. PUBMED Abstract
5. Tillotson K, Savage CJ, Salman MD, et al. 1997. Outbreak of Salmonella infantis infection in a large animal veterinary teaching hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1554. PUBMED Abstract
6. Dallap Schaer BL, Aceto H, Rankin SC. 2010. Outbreak of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Newport MDR-AmpC in a large animal veterinary teaching hospital. J Vet Intern Med 24:1138. PUBMED Abstract
7. Hird DW, Casebolt DB, Carter JD, et al. 1986. Risk factors for salmonellosis in hospitalized horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:173. PUBMED Abstract
8. Dallap Schaer BL, Linton JK, Aceto H. 2012. Antimicrobial use in horses undergoing colic surgery. Vet Intern Med 26:1449. PUBMED Abstract
9. Dallap Schaer BL, Aceto H, Caruso MA 3rd, et al. 2012. Identification of predictors of Salmonella shedding in adult horses presented for acute colic. J Vet Intern Med 26:1177. PUBMED Abstract
10. Hartnack AK, Van Metre DC, Morley PS. 2012. Salmonella enterica shedding in hospitalized horses and associations with diarrhea occurrence among their stablemates and gastrointestinal-related illness or death following discharge. J Am Vet Med Assoc 240:726. PUBMED Abstract
11. Walker RL, de Peralta TL, Villanueva MR, et al. 1995. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of Salmonella strains associated with an outbreak of equine neonatal salmonellosis. Vet Microbiol 43:143. PUBMED Abstract
12. Smith BP, Reina-Guerra M, Hardy AJ. 1978. Prevalence and epizootiology of equine salmonellosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:353. PUBMED Abstract
13. Roberts MC, O'Boyle DA. 1981. Prevalence and epizootiology of salmonellosis among groups of horses in southeast Queensland. Aust Vet J 57:27. PUBMED Abstract
14. Traub-Dargatz JL. 1999. National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) Equine '98 Study: Salmonella spp. fecal shedding in the U.S. horse population 1998. Proc Am Coll Vet Intern Med 17:153.
15. Cohen ND, Martin LJ, Simpson RB, et al. 1996. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and microbiological culture for detection of salmonellae in equine feces and environmental samples. Am J Vet Res 57:780. PUBMED Abstract
16. Palmer JE, Whitlock RH, Benson CE, et al. 1985. Comparison of rectal mucosal cultures and fecal cultures in detecting Salmonella infection in horses and cattle. Am J Vet Res 46:697. PUBMED Abstract
17. Pusterla N, Byrne BA, Hodzic E, et al. 2010. Use of quantitative real-time PCR for the detection of Salmonella spp. in fecal samples from horses at a veterinary teaching hospital. Vet J 186:252. PUBMED Abstract
18. Rikihisa Y, Perry BD. 1985. Causative ehrlichial organisms in Potomac horse fever. Infect Immun 49:513. PUBMED Abstract
19. Holland CJ, Ristic M, Cole AI. 1985. Isolation, experimental transmission, and characterization of causative agent of Potomac horse fever. Science 227:522. PUBMED Abstract
20. Dumler JS, Barbet AF, Bekker CP, et al. 2001. Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and “HGE agent” as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51(Pt 6):2145. PUBMED Abstract
21. Rikihisa Y, Perry BD, Cordes DO. 1985. Ultrastructural study of ehrlichial organisms in the large colons of ponies infected with Potomac horse fever. Infect Immun 49:505. PUBMED Abstract
22. Ziemer EL, Whitlock RH, Palmer JE, et al. 1987. Clinical and hematologic variables in ponies with experimentally induced equine ehrlichial colitis (Potomac horse fever). Am J Vet Res 48:63. PUBMED Abstract
23. Long MT, Goetz TE, Whiteley HE, et al. 1995. Identification of Ehrlichia risticii as the causative agent of two equine abortions following natural maternal infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 7:201. PUBMED Abstract
24. Burg JG, Roberts AW, Williams NM, et al. 1990. Attempted transmission of Ehrlichia risticii (Rickettsiaceae) with Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). J Med Entomol 27:874. PUBMED Abstract
25. Hahn NE, Fletcher M, Rice RM, et al. 1990. Attempted transmission of Ehrlichia risticii, causative agent of Potomac horse fever, by the ticks, Dermacentor variabilis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum. Exp Appl Acarol 8:41. PUBMED Abstract
26. Wen B, Rikihisa Y, Yamamoto S, et al. 1996. Characterization of the SF agent, an Ehrlichia sp. isolated from the fluke Stellantchasmus falcatus, by 16S rRNA base sequence, serological, and morphological analyses. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46:149. PUBMED Abstract
27. Barlough JE, Reubel GH, Madigan JE, et al. 1998. Detection of Ehrlichia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever, in freshwater stream snails (Pleuroceridae: Juga spp.) from northern California. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:2888. PUBMED Abstract
28. Chae JS, Pusterla N, Johnson E, et al. 2000. Infection of aquatic insects with trematode metacercariae carrying Ehrlichia risticii, the cause of Potomac horse fever. J Med Entomol 37:619. PUBMED Abstract
29. Reubel GH, Barlough JE, Madigan JE. 1998. Production and characterization of Ehrlichia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever, from snails (Pleuroceridae: Juga spp.) in aquarium culture and genetic comparison to equine strains. J Clin Microbiol 36:1501. PUBMED Abstract
30. Pusterla N, Johnson EM, Chae JS, et al. 2003. Digenetic trematodes. Acanthatrium sp. and Lecithodendrium sp., as vectors of Neorickettsia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever. J Helminthol 77:335. PUBMED Abstract
31. Palmer JE, Benson CE, Lotz GW. 1989. Serological response of experimental ponies orally infected with Ehrlichia risticii. Equine Vet J Suppl 7:19. PUBMED Abstract
32. Madigan JE, Pusterla N, Johnson E, et al. 2000. Transmission of Ehrlichia risticii, the agent of Potomac horse fever, using naturally infected aquatic insects and helminth vectors: preliminary report. Equine Vet J 32:275. PUBMED Abstract
33. Mott J, Muramatsu Y, Seaton E, et al. 2002. Molecular analysis of Neorickettsia risticii in adult aquatic insects in Pennsylvania, in horses infected by ingestion of insects, and isolated in cell culture. J Clin Microbiol 40:690. PUBMED Abstract
34. Madigan JE, Rikihisa Y, Palmer JE, et al. 1995. Evidence for a high rate of false-positive results with the indirect fluorescent antibody test for Ehrlichia risticii. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1448. PUBMED Abstract
35. Pusterla N, Leutenegger CM, Sigrist B, et al. 2000. Detection and quantitation of Ehrlichia risticii genomic DNA in infected horses and snails by real-time PCR. Vet Parasitol 90:129. PUBMED Abstract
36. Palmer JE. 1989. Prevention of Potomac horse fever. Cornell Vet 79:201. PUBMED Abstract
37. Vemulapalli R, Biswas B, Dutta SK. 1995. Pathogenic, immunologic, and molecular differences between two Ehrlichia risticii strains. J Clin Microbiol 33:2987. PUBMED Abstract
38. Chaichanasiriwithaya W, Rikihisa Y, Yamamoto S, et al. 1994. Antigenic, morphologic, and molecular characterization of new Ehrlichia risticii isolates. J Clin Microbiol 32:3026. PUBMED Abstract
39. Wierup M. 1977. Equine intestinal clostridiosis. An acute disease in horses associated with high intestinal counts of Clostridium perfringens type A. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 62:1. PUBMED Abstract
40. Donaldson MT, Palmer JE. 1999. Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile toxin A in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:358. PUBMED Abstract
41. Gerding DN, Johnson S, Peterson LR, et al. 1995. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 16:459. PUBMED Abstract
42. Diab SS, Songer G, Uzal FA. 2013. Clostridium difficile infection in horses: a review. Vet Microbiol. [Epub ahead of print] PUBMED Abstract
43. Rocha MF, Soares AM, Flores CA, et al. 1998. Intestinal secretory factor released by macrophages stimulated with Clostridium difficile toxin A: role of interleukin 1 beta. Infect Immun 66:4910. PUBMED Abstract
44. Riegler M, Sedivy R, Sogukoglu T, et al. 1997. Epidermal growth factor attenuates Clostridium difficile toxin A- and B-induced damage of human colonic mucosa. Am J Physiol 273:G1014. PUBMED Abstract
45. Triadafilopoulos G, Pothoulakis C, O'Brien MJ, et al. 1987. Differential effects of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B on rabbit ileum. Gastroenterology 93:273. PUBMED Abstract
46. Wershil BK, Castagliuolo I, Pothoulakis C. 1998. Direct evidence of mast cell involvement in Clostridium difficile toxin A-induced enteritis in mice. Gastroenterology 114:956. PUBMED Abstract
47. Linevsky JK, Pothoulakis C, Keates S, et al. 1997. IL-8 release and neutrophil activation by Clostridium difficile toxin-exposed human monocytes. Am J Physiol 273:G1333. PUBMED Abstract
48. Castagliuolo I, Keates AC, Wang CC, et al. 1998. Clostridium difficile toxin A stimulates macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 production in rat intestinal epithelial cells. J Immunol 160:6039. PUBMED Abstract
49. Castagliuolo I, Keates AC, Qiu, B, et al. 1997. Increased substance P responses in dorsal root ganglia and intestinal macrophages during Clostridium difficile toxin A enteritis in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:4788. PUBMED Abstract
50. Riegler M, Sedivy R, Pothoulakis C, et al. 1995. Clostridium difficile toxin B is more potent than toxin A in damaging human colonic epithelium in vitro. J Clin Invest 95:2004. PUBMED Abstract
51. Shone CC, Hambleton P. 1989. Toxigenic clostridia, p 265. In Minto NP, Clarke DJ (eds), Biotechnology handbooks: Clostridia. Plenum, New York.
52. East LM, Savage CJ, Traub-Dargatz JL, et al. 1998. Enterocolitis associated with Clostridium perfringens infection in neonatal foals: 54 cases (1988-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1751. PUBMED Abstract
53. Netherwood T, Wood JL, Mumford JA, et al. 1998. Molecular analysis of the virulence determinants of Clostridium perfringens associated with foal diarrhoea. Vet J 155:289. PUBMED Abstract
54. Herholz C, Miserez R, Nicolet J, et al. 1999. Prevalence of 2-toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in horses with intestinal disorders. J Clin Microbiol 37:3583. PUBMED Abstract
55. Netherwood T, Wood JL, Townsend HG, et al. 1996. Foal diarrhoea between 1991 and 1994 in the United Kingdom associated with Clostridium perfringens, rotavirus, Strongyloides westeri and Cryptosporidium spp. Epidemiol Infect 117:375. PUBMED Abstract
56. Baverud V, Gunnarsson A, Karlsson M, et al. 2004. Antimicrobial susceptibility of equine and environmental isolates of Clostridium difficile. Microb Drug Resist 10:57. PUBMED Abstract
57. Weese JS, Staempfli HR, Prescott JF. 2001. A prospective study of the roles of Clostridium difficile and enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in equine diarrhoea. Equine Vet J 33:403. PUBMED Abstract
58. Donaldson MT, Palmer JE. 1999. Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile toxin A in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:358. PUBMED Abstract
59. Schoster A, Arroyo LG, Staempfli HR, et al. 2012. Presence and molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens in intestinal compartments of healthy horses. BMC Vet Res 29:8. PUBMED Abstract
60. Baverud V, Gustafsson A, Franklin A, et al. 2003. Clostridium difficile: prevalence in horses and environment, and antimicrobial susceptibility. Equine Vet J 35:465. PUBMED Abstract
61. Magdesian KG, Dujowich M, Madigan JE, et al. 2006. Molecular characterization of Clostridium difficile isolates from horses in an intensive care unit and association of disease severity with strain type. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:751. PUBMED Abstract
62. Madewell BR, Tang YJ, Jang S, et al. 1995. Apparent outbreaks of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in horses in a veterinary medical teaching hospital. J Vet Diagn Invest 7:343. PUBMED Abstract
63. McClane BA. 1996. An overview of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. Toxicology 34:1335. PUBMED Abstract
64. Magdesian KG, Leutenegger CM. 2011. Real-time PCR and typing of Clostridium difficile isolates colonizing mare-foal pairs. Vet J 190:119. PUBMED Abstract
65. Jang SS, Hansen LM, Breher JE, et al. 1997. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of equine isolates of Clostridium difficile and molecular characterization of metronidazole-resistant strains. Clin Infect Dis 25 (Suppl 2):S266. PUBMED Abstract
66. Castagliuolo I, Riegler MF, Valenick L, et al. 1999. Saccharomyces boulardii protease inhibits the effects of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B in human colonic mucosa. Infect Immun 67:302. PUBMED Abstract
67. Boyle AG, Magdesian KG, Durando MM, et al. 2013. Saccharomyces boulardii viability and efficacy in horses with antimicrobial-induced diarrhoea. Vet Rec 172:128. PUBMED Abstract
68. Desrochers AM, Dolente BA, Roy MF, et al. 2005. Efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii for treatment of horses with acute enterocolitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:954. PUBMED Abstract
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71. Schmitz DG. 1989. Cantharidin toxicosis in horses. J Vet Intern Med 3:208. PUBMED Abstract
72. Shawley RV, Rolf LL Jr. 1984. Experimental cantharidiasis in the horse. Am J Vet Res 45:2261. PUBMED Abstract
73. Schoeb TR, Panciera RJ. 1979. Pathology of blister beetle (Epicauta) poisoning in horses. Vet Pathol 16:18. PUBMED Abstract
74. Helman RG, Edwards WC. 1997. Clinical features of blister beetle poisoning in equids: 70 cases (1983-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1018. PUBMED Abstract
75. Ray AC, Kyle AL, Murphy MJ, et al. 1989. Etiologic agents, incidence, and improved diagnostic methods of cantharidin toxicosis in horses. Am J Vet Res 50:187. PUBMED Abstract
76. Raisbeck MF, Holt GR, Osweiler GD. 1981. Lincomycin-associated colitis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:362. PUBMED Abstract
77. Andersson G, Ekman L, Månsson I, et al. 1971. Lethal complications following administration of oxytetracycline in the horse. Nord Vet Med 23:9. PUBMED Abstract
78. Wilson DA, MacFadden KE, Green EM, et al. 1996. Case control and historical cohort study of diarrhea associated with administration of trimethoprim-potentiated sulphonamides to horses and ponies. J Vet Intern Med 10:258. PUBMED Abstract
79. Cohen ND, Woods AM. 1999. Characteristics and risk factors for failure of horses with acute diarrhea to survive: 122 cases (1990-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:382. PUBMED Abstract
80. Båverud V, Franklin A, Gunnarsson A, et al. 1998. A Clostridium difficile associated with acute colitis in mares when their foals are treated with erythromycin and rifampicin for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. Equine Vet J 30:482. PUBMED Abstract
81. Palmer JE, Benson CE, Whitlock RH. 1992. Effect of treatment with oxytetracycline during the acute stages of experimentally induced equine ehrlichial colitis in ponies. Am J Vet Res 53:2300. PUBMED Abstract
82. Palmer JE, Whitlock RH, Benson CE. 1988. Equine ehrlichial colitis: effect of oxytetracycline treatment during the incubation period of Ehrlichia risticii infection in ponies. J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:343. PUBMED Abstract
83. Love S, Mair TS, Hillyer MH. 1992. Chronic diarrhoea in adult horses: a review of 51 referred cases. Vet Rec 130:217. PUBMED Abstract
84. Merritt AM, Smith DA. 1980. Osmolality and volatile fatty acid content of feces from horses with chronic diarrhea. Am J Vet Res 41:928. PUBMED Abstract
85. Lindberg R, Nygren A, Oersson SGB. 1996. Rectal biopsy diagnosis in horses with clinical signs of intestinal disorders: a retrospective study of 116 cases. Equine Vet J 28:275. PUBMED Abstract
86. Minder HP, Merritt AM, Chalupa W. 1980. In vitro fermentation of feces from normal and chronically diarrheal horses. Am J Vet Res 41:564. PUBMED Abstract
87. Hammock PD, Freeman DE, Baker GJ. 1998. Failure of psyllium mucilloid to hasten evaluation of sand from the equine large intestine. Vet Surg 27:547. PUBMED Abstract

Surgical Disorders of the Large Intestine

1. Dabareiner RM, White NA. 1995. Large colon impaction in horses: 147 cases (1985-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:679. PUBMED Abstract
2. Campbell ML, Colahan PC, Brown MP, et al. 1984. Cecal impaction in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:950. PUBMED Abstract
3. Gerard MP, Bowman KF, Blikslager AT, et al. 1996. Jejunocolostomy or ileocolostomy for treatment of cecal impaction in horses: nine cases (1985-1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1287. PUBMED Abstract
4. Dabareiner RM, White NA. 1997. Diseases and surgery of the cecum. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:303. PUBMED Abstract
5. Dart AJ, Hodgson DR, Snyder JR. 1997. Caecal disease in equids. Aust Vet J 75:552. PUBMED Abstract
6. Little D, Redding WR, Blikslager AT. 2001. Risk factors for reduced postoperative fecal output in horses: 37 cases (1997-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:414. PUBMED Abstract
7. Collatos C, Romano S. 1993. Cecal impaction in horses: causes, diagnosis, and medical treatment. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 15:976.
8. Craig DR, Pankowski RL, Car BD, et al. 1987. Ileocolostomy. A technique for surgical management of equine cecal impaction. Vet Surg 16:451. PUBMED Abstract
9. Plummer AE, Rakestraw PC, Hardy J, et al. 2007. Outcome of medical and surgical treatment of cecal impaction in horses? 114 cases (1994-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1378. PUBMED Abstract
10. Smith LCR, Payne RJ, Boys Smith SJ, et al. 2010. Outcome and long-term follow-up of 20 horses undergoing surgery for caecal impaction: a retrospective study (2000-2008). Equine Vet J 42:388. PUBMED Abstract
11. White NA, Dabareiner RM. 1997. Treatment of impaction colics. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:243. PUBMED Abstract
12. Clarke LL, Roberts MC, Argenzio RA. 1990. Feeding and digestive problems in horses. Physiologic responses to a concentrated meal. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 6:433. PUBMED Abstract
13. Clarke LL, Roberts MC, Grubb BR, et al. 1992. Short-term effect of aldosterone on Na-Cl transport across equine colon. Am J Physiol 262:R939. PUBMED Abstract
14. Lopes MA, White NA, Donaldson L, et al. 2004. Effects of enteral and intravenous fluid therapy, magnesium sulfate, and sodium sulfate on colonic contents and feces in horses. Am J Vet Res 65:695. PUBMED Abstract
15. Lopes MA, Walker BL, White NA 2nd, et al. 2002. Treatments to promote colonic hydration: enteral fluid therapy versus intravenous fluid therapy and magnesium sulphate. Equine Vet J 34:505. PUBMED Abstract
16. Blue MG, Wittkopp RW. 1981. Clinical and structural features of equine enteroliths. J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:79. PUBMED Abstract
17. Lloyd K, Hintz HF, Wheat JD, et al. 1987. Enteroliths in horses. Cornell Vet 77:172. PUBMED Abstract
18. Hassel DM, Langer DL, Snyder JR, et al. 1999. Evaluation of enterolithiasis in equids: 900 cases (1973-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:233. PUBMED Abstract
19. Hassel DM, Rakestraw PC, Gardner IA, et al. 2004. Dietary risk factors and colonic pH and mineral concentrations in horses with enterolithiasis. J Vet Intern Med 18:346. PUBMED Abstract
20. Blue MG. 1979. Enteroliths in horses—a retrospective study of 30 cases. Equine Vet J 11:76. PUBMED Abstract
21. Specht TE, Colahan PT. 1988. Surgical treatment of sand colic in equids: 48 cases (1978-1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1560. PUBMED Abstract
22. Ragle CA, Meagher DM, Lacroix CA, et al. 1989. Surgical treatment of sand colic. Results in 40 horses. Vet Surg 18:48. PUBMED Abstract
23. Bertone JJ, Traub-Dargatz JL, Wrigley RW, et al. 1988. Diarrhea associated with sand in the gastrointestinal tract of horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1409. PUBMED Abstract
24. Ragle CA, Meagher DM, Schrader JL, et al. 1989. Abdominal auscultation in the detection of experimentally induced gastrointestinal sand accumulation. J Vet Intern Med 3:12. PUBMED Abstract
25. Hart KA, Linnenkohl W, Mayer JR, et al. 2013. Medical management of sand enteropathy in 62 horses. Equine Vet J 45:465. PUBMED Abstract
26. Hammock PD, Freeman DE, Baker GJ. 1998. Failure of psyllium mucilloid to hasten evaluation of sand from the equine large intestine. Vet Surg 27:547. PUBMED Abstract
27. Granot N, Milgram J, Bdolah-Abram T, et al. 2008. Surgical management of sand colic impactions in horses: a retrospective study of 41 cases. Aust Vet J 86:404. PUBMED Abstract
28. Johnston JK, Freeman DE. 1997. Diseases and surgery of the large colon. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:317. PUBMED Abstract
29. Hackett RP. 1983. Nonstrangulated colonic displacement in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:235. PUBMED Abstract
30. Dukti S, White NA. 2009. Prognosticating equine colic. Vet Clin North Am. Equine Pract 25:217. PUBMED Abstract
31. Huskamp B. 1987. Displacement of the large colon, p 60. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 2. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
32. Smith LJ, Mair TS. 2010. Are horses that undergo an exploratory laparotomy for correction of a right dorsal displacement of the large colon predisposed to post operative colic, compared to other forms of large colon displacement? Equine Vet J 42:44. PUBMED Abstract
33. Santschi EM, Slone DEJ, Frank WM. 1993. Use of ultrasound in horses for diagnosis of left dorsal displacement of the large colon and monitoring its nonsurgical correction. Vet Surg 22:281. PUBMED Abstract
34. Hardy J, Minton M, Robertson JT, et al. 2000. Nephrosplenic entrapment in the horse: a retrospective study of 174 cases. Equine Vet J Suppl 32:95. PUBMED Abstract
35. Baker WT, Frederick J, Giguère S, et al. 2011. Reevaluation of the effect of phenylephrine on resolution of nephrosplenic entrapment by the rolling procedure in 87 horses. Vet Surg 40:825. PUBMED Abstract
36. Hardy J, Bednarski RM, Biller DS. 1994. Effect of phenylephrine on hemodynamics and splenic dimensions in horses. Am J Vet Res 55:1570. PUBMED Abstract
37. Van Harreveld PD, Gaughan EM, Valentino LW. 1999. A retrospective analysis of left dorsal displacement of the large colon treated with phenylephrine hydrochloride and exercise in 12 horses (1996-98). New Zeal Vet J 47:109. PUBMED Abstract
38. Kalsbeek HC. 1989. Further experiences with non-surgical correction of nephrosplenic entrapment of the left colon in the horse. Equine Vet J 21:442. PUBMED Abstract
39. Lindegaard C, Ekstrøm CT, Wulf SB, et al. 2011. Nephrosplenic entrapment of the large colon in 142 horses (2000-2009): analysis of factors associated with decision of treatment and short-term survival. Equine Vet J Suppl 43:63. PUBMED Abstract
40. Rocken M, Schubert C, Mosel G, et al. 2005. Indications, surgical technique, and long-term experience with laparoscopic closure of the nephrosplenic space in standing horses. Vet Surg 34:637. PUBMED Abstract
41. Benamou A, Blikslager AT, Sellon D. 1995. Intestinal atresia in horses. Compend Contin Educ (Pract Vet) 17:1510.
42. Hughes FE, Slone DE. 1997. Large colon resection. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:341. PUBMED Abstract
43. Snyder JR, Pascoe JR, Olander HJ, et al. 1989. Strangulating volvulus of the ascending colon in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:757. PUBMED Abstract
44. Snyder JR, Olander HJ, Pascoe JR, et al. 1988. Morphologic alterations observed during experimental ischemia of the equine large colon. Am J Vet Res 49:801. PUBMED Abstract
45. Kelleher ME, Brosnan RJ, Kass PH, et al. 2012. Use of physiologic and arterial blood gas variables to predict short-term survival in horses with large colon volvulus. Vet Surg 42:107. PUBMED Abstract
46. Johnston K, Holcombe SJ, Hauptman JG. 2007. Plasma lactate as a predictor of colonic viability and survival after 360 volvulus of the ascending colon in horses. Vet Surg 36:563. PUBMED Abstract
47. Harrison IW. 1988. Equine large intestinal volvulus. A review of 124 cases. Vet Surg 17:77. PUBMED Abstract
48. Van Hoogmoed L, Snyder JR, Pascoe JR, et al. 2000. Evaluation of uniformity of morphological injury of the large colon following severe colonic torsion. Equine Vet J Suppl 32:98. PUBMED Abstract
49. Van Hoogmoed L, Snyder JR, Pascoe JR, et al. 2000. Use of pelvic flexure biopsies to predict survival after large colon torsion in horses. Vet Surg 29:572. PUBMED Abstract
50. Van Hoogmoed L, Snyder JR. 1997. Adjunctive methods in equine gastrointestinal surgery. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:221. PUBMED Abstract
51. Levi O, Affolter VK, Benak J, et al. 2012. Use of pelvic flexure biopsy scores to predict short-term survival after large colon volvulus. Vet Surg 41:582. PUBMED Abstract
52. Mathis SC, Slone DE, Lynch TM, et al. 2006. Use of colonic luminal pressure to predict outcome after surgical treatment of strangulating large colon volvulus in horses. Vet Surg 35:356. PUBMED Abstract
53. Ellis CM, Lynch TM, Slone DE, et al. 2008. Survival and complications after large colon resection and end-to-end anastomosis for strangulating large colon volvulus in seventy-three horses. Vet Surg 37:786. PUBMED Abstract
54. Suthers JM, Pinchbeck GL, Proudman CJ, et al. 2013. Survival of horses following strangulating large colon volvulus. Equine Vet J 45:219. PUBMED Abstract
55. Driscoll N, Baia P, Fischer AT, et al. 2008. Large colon resection and anastomosis in horses: 52 cases (1996-2006). Equine Vet J 40:342. PUBMED Abstract
56. Mair TS, Smith LJ. 2005. Survival and complication rates in 300 horses undergoing surgical treatment of colic. Part 1: Short-term survival following a single laparotomy. Equine Vet J 37:296. PUBMED Abstract
57. Hance SR. 1997. Colopexy. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:351. PUBMED Abstract
58. Hance SR, Embertson RM. 1992. Colopexy in broodmares: 44 cases (1986-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:782. PUBMED Abstract
59. Gaughan EM, Hackett RP. 1990. Cecocolic intussusception in horses: 11 cases (1979-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:1373. PUBMED Abstract
60. Martin BB, Freeman DE, Ross MW, et al. 1999. Cecocolic and cecocecal intussusception in horses: 30 cases (1976-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:80. PUBMED Abstract
61. Mair TS, Sutton DG, Love S. 2000. Caecocaecal and caecocolic intussusceptions associated with larval cyathostomosis in four young horses. Equine Vet J Suppl 32:77. PUBMED Abstract
62. Robertson JT, Tate LP. 1982. Resection of intussuscepted large colon in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:927. PUBMED Abstract
63. Dyson S, Orsini J. 1983. Intussusception of the large colon in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:720. PUBMED Abstract
64. Wilson DG, Wilson WD, Reinertson EL. 1983. Intussusception of the left dorsal colon in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:464. PUBMED Abstract
65. Meagher DM, Stirk AJ. 1974. Intussusception of the colon in a filly. Mod Vet Pract 55:951. PUBMED Abstract

Disorders of the Descending (Small) Colon

1. Edwards G. 1992. A review of 38 cases of small colon obstruction in the horse. Equine Vet J Suppl 13:420.
2. Dart AJ, Snyder JR, Pascoe JR, et al. 1992. Abnormal conditions of the equine descending (small) colon: 102 cases (1979-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:971. PUBMED Abstract
3. Ragle CA, Snyder JR, Meagher DM, et al. 1992. Surgical treatment of colic in American miniature horses: 15 cases (1980-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:329. PUBMED Abstract
4. Freeman SL, Boswell JC, Smith RK. 2001. Use of transrectal ultrasonography to aid diagnosis of small colon strangulation in two horses. Vet Rec 148:812. PUBMED Abstract
5. Nappert G, Laverty S, Drolet R, et al. 1992. Atresia coli in 7 foals (1964-1990). Equine Vet J Suppl 13:57.
6. Benamou AE, Blikslager AT, Sellon DC. 1995. Intestinal atresia in foals. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 17:1510.
7. van der Gaag I, Tibboel D. 1980. Intestinal atresia and stenosis in animals: a report of 34 cases. Vet Pathol 17:565. PUBMED Abstract
8. Young RL, Linford RL, Olander HJ. 1992. Atresia coli in the foal: a review of six cases. Equine Vet J 24:60. PUBMED Abstract
9. Santschi EM, Purdy AK, Valberg SJ, et al. 1998. Endothelin receptor B polymorphism associated with lethal white foal syndrome in horses. Mamm Genome 9:306. PUBMED Abstract
10. Santschi EM, Vrotsos PD, Purdy AK, et al. 2001. Incidence of the endothelin receptor B mutation that causes lethal white foal syndrome in white-patterned horses. Am J Vet Res 62:97. PUBMED Abstract
11. Doxey DL, Milne EM, Woodman MP, et al. 1995. Small intestine and small colon neuropathy in equine dysautonomia (grass sickness). Vet Res Commun 19:529. PUBMED Abstract
12. Fischer AT, Yarbrough TY. 1995. Retrograde contrast radiography of the distal portions of the intestinal tract in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:734. PUBMED Abstract
13. Constable PD, Rings DM, Hull BL, et al. 1989. Atresia coli in calves: 26 cases (1977-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:118. PUBMED Abstract
14. Smith DF, Ducharme NG, Fubini SL, et al. 1991. Clinical management and surgical repair of atresia coli in calves: 66 cases (1977-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1185. PUBMED Abstract
15. Rhoads WS, Barton MH, Parks AH. 1999. Comparison of medical and surgical treatment for impaction of the small colon in horses: 84 cases (1986-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1042. PUBMED Abstract
16. Ruggles AJ, Ross MW. 1991. Medical and surgical management of small-colon impaction in horses: 28 cases (1984-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1762. PUBMED Abstract
17. Frederico LM, Jones SL, Blikslager AT. 2006. Predisposing factors for small colon impaction in horses and outcome of medical and surgical treatment: 44 cases (1999-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:1612. PUBMED Abstract
18. Rhoads W. 1999. Small colon impaction in adult horses. Comp Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 21:770.
19. McClure JT, Kobluk C, Voller K, et al. 1992. Fecalith impaction in four miniature foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:205. PUBMED Abstract
20. Hughes KJ, Dowling BA, Matthews SA, et al. 2003. Results of surgical treatment of colic in miniature breed horses: 11 cases. Aust Vet J 81:260. PUBMED Abstract
21. Mogg TD, Palmer JE. 1995. Hyperlipidemia, hyperlipemia, and hepatic lipidosis in American miniature horses: 23 cases (1990-1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:604. PUBMED Abstract
22. Hassel DM, Schiffman PS, Snyder JR. 2001. Petrographic and geochemic evaluation of equine enteroliths. Am J Vet Res 62:350. PUBMED Abstract
23. Hassel DM, Langer DL, Snyder JR, et al. 1999. Evaluation of enterolithiasis in equids: 900 cases (1973-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:233. PUBMED Abstract
24. Cohen ND, Vontur CA, Rakestraw PC. 2000. Risk factors for enterolithiasis among horses in Texas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:1787. PUBMED Abstract
25. Pierce RL, Fischer AT, Rohrbach BW, et al. 2010. Postoperative complications and survival after enterolith removal from the ascending or descending colon in horses. Vet surg 39:609. PUBMED Abstract
26. Hassel DM, Rakestraw PC, Gardner IA, et al. 2004. Dietary risk factors and colonic pH and mineral concentrations in horses with enterolithiasis. J Vet Intern Med 18:346. PUBMED Abstract
27. Yarbrough TB, Langer DL, Snyder JR, et al. 1994. Abdominal radiography for diagnosis of enterolithiasis in horses: 141 cases (1990-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:592. PUBMED Abstract
28. Gay CC, Speirs VC, Christie BA, et al. 1979. Foreign body obstruction of the small colon in six horses. Equine Vet J 11:60. PUBMED Abstract
29. Boles CL, Kohn CW. 1977. Fibrous foreign body impaction colic in young horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 171:193. PUBMED Abstract
30. Edwards GB. 1997. Diseases and surgery of the small colon. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 13:359. PUBMED Abstract
31. Archer RM, Parsons JC, Lindsay WA, et al. 1988. A comparison of enterotomies through the antimesenteric band and the sacculation of the small (descending) colon of ponies. Equine Vet J 20:406. PUBMED Abstract
32. Beard WL, Robertson JT, Getzy DM. 1989. Enterotomy technique in the descending colon of the horse. Effect of location and suture pattern. Vet Surg 18:135. PUBMED Abstract
33. Hassel DM, Yarbrough TB. 1998. A modified teniotomy technique for facilitated removal of descending colon enteroliths in horses. Vet Surg 27:1. PUBMED Abstract
34. Pusterla N, Magdesian KG, Maleski K, et al. 2004. Retrospective evaluation of the use of acetylcysteine enemas in the treatment of meconium retention in foals: 44 cases (1987-2002). Equine Vet Educ 16:133.
35. Hughes FE, Moll HD, Sloane DE. 1996. Outcome of surgical correction of meconium impactions in 8 foals. J Equine Vet Sci 16:172.
36. Ryan CA, Sanchez LC. 2005. Nondiarrheal disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in neonatal foals. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 21:313. PUBMED Abstract
37. Cable CS, Fubini SL, Erb HN, et al. 1997. Abdominal surgery in foals: a review of 119 cases (1977-1994). Equine Vet J 29:257. PUBMED Abstract
38. Evard JH, Fischer AT, Greenwood LD. 1988. Ovarian strangulation as a cause of small colon obstruction in a foal. Equine Vet J 20:217. PUBMED Abstract
39. Parks AH, Wyn-Jones G, Cox JE, et al. 1986. Partial obstruction of the small colon associated with an abdominal testicular teratoma in a foal. Equine Vet J 18:342. PUBMED Abstract
40. Pearson H, Waterman AE. 1986. Submucosal haematoma as a cause of obstruction of the small colon in the horse: a review of four cases. Equine Vet J 18:340. PUBMED Abstract
41. Karjoo M, Domachowske J, Trust S. 2000. Intramural hematoma of the descending colon after blunt abdominal trauma. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 39:373. PUBMED Abstract
42. Speirs VC, van Veenendaal JC, Christie BA, et al. 1981. Obstruction of the small colon by intramural haematoma in three horses. Aust Vet J 57:88. PUBMED Abstract
43. Livesey MA, Keller SD. 1986. Segmental ischemic necrosis following mesocolic rupture in postparturient mares. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 8:763.
44. Dart AJ, Pascoe JR, Snyder JR. 1991. Mesenteric tears of the descending (small) colon as a postpartum complication in two mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1612. PUBMED Abstract
45. Freeman DE. 2006. Rectum and anus, pp 479-490. In Stick AA (ed), Equine surgery, ed 3. Saunders, St Louis, MO.
46. Ragle CA, Southwood LL, Galuppo LD, et al. 1997. Laparoscopic diagnosis of ischemic necrosis of the descending colon after rectal prolapse and rupture of the mesocolon in two postpartum mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:1646. PUBMED Abstract
47. Freeman DE, Richardson DW, Tulleners EP, et al. 1992. Loop colostomy for management of rectal tears and small-colon injuries in horses: 10 cases (1976-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1365. PUBMED Abstract
48. Garcia-Seco E, Wilson DA, Kramer J, et al. 2005. Prevalence and risk factors associated with outcome of surgical removal of pedunculated lipomas in horses: 102 cases (1987-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:1529. PUBMED Abstract
49. Blikslager AT, Bowman KF, Haven ML, et al. 1992. Pedunculated lipomas as a cause of intestinal obstruction in horses: 17 cases (1983-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1249. PUBMED Abstract
50. Prange T, Holcombe SJ, Brown JA, et al. 2010. Resection and anastomosis of the descending colon in 43 horses. Vet Surg 39:748. PUBMED Abstract
51. Rhoads WS, Parks AH. 1999. Incarceration of the small colon through a rent in the gastrosplenic ligament in a pony. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:226. PUBMED Abstract
52. Mair TS, Smith LJ. 2005. Survival and complication rates in 300 horses undergoing surgical treatment of colic. Part 1: Short-term survival following a single laparotomy. Equine Vet J 37:296. PUBMED Abstract
53. Mair TS, Smith LJ. 2005. Survival and complication rates in 300 horses undergoing surgical treatment of colic. Part 2: Short-term complications. Equine Vet J 37:303. PUBMED Abstract

Disorders of the Peritoneum in Horses

1. Hosgood G. 1986. Peritonitis part 1: a review of pathophysiology and diagnosis. Aust Vet Pract 16:184.
2. Henderson IS, Mair TS, Keen JA, et al. 2008. Study of the short- and long-term outcomes of 65 horses with peritonitis. Vet Rec 163:293. PUBMED Abstract
3. Nogradi N, Toth B, MacGillivray KC. 2011. Peritonitis in horses: 55 cases. Acta Vet Hung 59:181. PUBMED Abstract
4. Baxter GM. 1991. Intraabdominal adhesions in horses. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 13:1587.
5. Hawkins JF, Bowman KF, Roberts MC. 1993. Peritonitis in horses: 67 cases (1985-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:284. PUBMED Abstract
6. Rumbaugh GE, Smith BP, Carlson GP. 1978. Internal abdominal abscesses in the horse: a study of 25 cases. J Am Vet Assoc 172:304. PUBMED Abstract
7. Nelson AW. 1979. Analysis of equine peritoneal fluid. Vet Clin North Am Large Animal Pract 2:267. PUBMED Abstract
8. Santschi EM, Grindem CP, Tate LP, et al. 1988. Peritoneal fluid analysis in ponies after abdominal surgery. Vet Surg 17:6. PUBMED Abstract
9. Schumacher J, Spano JS, McGuire J, et al. 1988. Effects of castration on peritoneal fluid in the horse. J Vet Intern Med 2:22. PUBMED Abstract
10. Van Hoogmoed L, Snyder JR, Christopher M, et al. 1996. Peritoneal fluid analysis in peripartum mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1280. PUBMED Abstract
11. Zicker SC, Wilson WD, Medearis I. 1990. Differentiation between intra-abdominal neoplasms and abscesses in horses, using clinical and laboratory data: 40 cases (1973-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1130. PUBMED Abstract
12. Van Hoogmoed L, Rodger LD, Spier SJ, et al. 1999. Evaluation of peritoneal fluid pH, glucose concentration, and lactate dehydrogenase activity for the detection of septic peritonitis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1032. PUBMED Abstract
13. Yamout SZ, Nieto JE, Beldomenico PM, et al. 2011. Peritoneal and plasma D-lactate concentrations in horses with colic. Vet Surg 40:817. PUBMED Abstract
14. Arguelles D, Casteljins G, Carmona JU, et al. 2010. Peritoneal concentrations of transforming growth factor beta in horses with colic. Equine Vet J 42:451. PUBMED Abstract
15. Delgado MA, Monreal L, Armengou L, et al. 2009. Peritoneal D-dimer concentration for assessing peritoneal fibrinolytic activity in horses with colic. J Vet Intern Med 23:882.
16. Javsicas L. 2010. Peritonitis, pp 895-899. In Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellon DC (eds), Equine Internal Medicine, ed 3. Saunders, St Louis, MO.
17. Jones PA, Tomasic M, Gentry PA. 1997. Oncotic, hemodilutional, and hemostatic effects of isotonic saline and hydroxyethyl starch solutions in clinically normal ponies. Am J Vet Res 58:541. PUBMED Abstract
18. Davis JL. 2003. Treatment of peritonitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 19:765. PUBMED Abstract
19. Davis JL, Gardner SY, Jones SL, et al. 2002. Pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in foals after IV and oral dose and disposition into phagocytes. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 25:99. PUBMED Abstract
20. Giguère S, Jacks S, Roberts GD, et al. 2004. Retrospective comparison of azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin for the treatment of foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. J Vet Intern Med 18:568. PUBMED Abstract
21. Peiro JR, Barnabe PA, Cadioli FA, et al. 2010. Effects of lidocaine infusion during experimental endotoxemia in horses. J Vet Intern Med 24:940. PUBMED Abstract
22. Hague BA, Honnas CM, Berridge BK, et al. 2008. Evaluation of postoperative peritoneal lavage in standing horses for prevention of experimentally induced abdominal adhesions. Vet Surg 27:122. PUBMED Abstract
23. Chase JP, Beard WL, Bertone AL, et al. 1996. Open peritoneal drainage in horses with experimentally induced peritonitis. Vet Surg 25:189. PUBMED Abstract
24. Nieto JE, Snyder JR, Vatistas NJ, et al. 2003. Use of an active intra-abdominal drain in 67 horses. Vet Surg 32:1. PUBMED Abstract
25. Eggleston RB, Mueller POE. 2003. Prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal adhesions. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 19:741. PUBMED Abstract
26. Kelmer, G. 2009. Update on recent advances in equine abdominal surgery. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 25:271. PUBMED Abstract
27. Hay WP, Mueller POE, Harmon B, et al. 2001. One percent sodium carboxymethylcellulose prevents experimentally induced abdominal adhesions in horses. Vet Surg 30:223. PUBMED Abstract
28. Fogle CA, Gerard MP, Elce YA, et al. 2008. Analysis of sodium carboxymethylcellulose administration and related factors associated with postoperative colic and survival in horses with small intestinal disease. Vet Surg 37:558. PUBMED Abstract
29. Golland LC, Hodgson DR, Hodgson JL, et al. 1994. Peritonitis associated with Actinobacillus equuli in horses: 15 cases (1982-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:340. PUBMED Abstract
30. Matthews S, Dart AJ, Dowling BA, et al. 2001. Peritonitis associated with Actinobacillus equuli in horses: 51 cases. Aust Vet J 79:536. PUBMED Abstract
31. Watts AE, Johnson AL, Felippe MJ, et al. 2011. Recurrent Actinobacillus peritonitis in an otherwise healthy Thoroughbred horse. Aust Vet J 89:143. PUBMED Abstract
32. Pusterla N, Fecteau ME, Madigan JE, et al. 2005. Acute hemoperitoneum in horses: a review of 19 cases (1992-2003). J Vet Intern Med 19:344. PUBMED Abstract
33. Dechant JE, Nieto JE, LeJune SS. 2006. Hemoperitoneum in horses: 67 cases (1989-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:253. PUBMED Abstract
34. Conwell RC, Hillyer MH, Mair TS, et al. 2010. Haemoperitoneum in horses: a retrospective review of 54 cases. Vet Rec 167:514. PUBMED Abstract
35. Ross J, Dallap BL, Dolente BA, et al. 2007. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of epsilon-aminocaproic acid in horses. Am J Vet Res 68:1016. PUBMED Abstract

Gastrointestinal Ileus

1. Sanders KM, Koh SD, Ward SM. 2006. Interstitial cells of Cajal as pacemakers in the gastrointestinal tract. Annu Rev Physiol 68:307. PUBMED Abstract
2. Fintl C, Hudson NP, Mayhew IG, et al. 2004. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in equine colic: an immunohistochemical study of horses with obstructive disorders of the small and large intestines. Equine Vet J 36:474. PUBMED Abstract
3. Hudson N, Mayhew I, Pearson G. 2001. A reduction in interstitial cells of Cajal in horses with equine dysautonomia (grass sickness). Auton Neurosci 92:37. PUBMED Abstract
4. Sanders KM, Koh SD. 2006. Two-pore-domain potassium channels in smooth muscles: new components of myogenic regulation. J Physiol 570:37. PUBMED Abstract
5. Bertaccini G, Coruzzi G. 1987. Receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. Pharmacol Res Commun 19:87. PUBMED Abstract
6. Van Citters GW, Lin HC. 2006. Ileal brake: neuropeptidergic control of intestinal transit. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 8:367. PUBMED Abstract
7. Re G, Belloli C, Badino P, et al. 1997. Identification of beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes mediating relaxation in isolated equine ileum. Am J Vet Res 58:621. PUBMED Abstract
8. Malone ED, Kannan MS, Brown DR, et al. 1999. Adrenergic, cholinergic, and nonadrenergic-noncholinergic intrinsic innervation of the jejunum in horses. Am J Vet Res 60:898. PUBMED Abstract
9. Rakestraw PC, Snyder JR, Woliner MJ, et al. 1996. Involvement of nitric oxide in inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in equine jejunum. Am J Vet Res 57:1206. PUBMED Abstract
10. Malone ED, Kannan MS, Brown DR. 2000. Evaluation of substance P as a neurotransmitter in equine jejunum. Am J Vet Res 61:1178. PUBMED Abstract
11. Sellers AF, Lowe JE, Cummings JF. 1985. Trials of serotonin, substance P and alpha 2-adrenergic receptor effects on the equine large colon. Cornell Vet 75:319. PUBMED Abstract
12. Van Hoogmoed LM, Snyder JR, Harmon F. 2000. In vitro investigation of the effect of prostaglandins and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on contractile activity of the equine smooth muscle of the dorsal colon, ventral colon, and pelvic flexure. Am J Vet Res 61:1259. PUBMED Abstract
13. Merritt AM, Panzer RB, Lester GD, et al. 1995. Equine pelvic flexure myoelectric activity during fed and fasted states. Am J Physiol 269:G262. PUBMED Abstract
14. Schwarz NT, Kalff JC, Turler A, et al. 2004. Selective jejunal manipulation causes postoperative pan-enteric inflammation and dysmotility. Gastroenterology 126:159. PUBMED Abstract
15. Kalff JC, Turler A, Schwarz NT, et al. 2003. Intra-abdominal activation of a local inflammatory response within the human muscularis externa during laparotomy. Ann Surg 237:301. PUBMED Abstract
16. Kalff JC, Carlos TM, Schraut WH, et al. 1999. Surgically induced leukocytic infiltrates within the rat intestinal muscularis mediate postoperative ileus. Gastroenterology 117:378. PUBMED Abstract
17. Kalff JC, Schraut WH, Simmons RL, et al. 1998. Surgical manipulation of the gut elicits an intestinal muscularis inflammatory response resulting in postsurgical ileus. Ann Surg 228:652. PUBMED Abstract
18. Turler A, Kalff JC, Moore BA, et al. 2006. Leukocyte-derived inducible nitric oxide synthase mediates murine postoperative ileus. Ann Surg 244:220. PUBMED Abstract
19. Zittel TT, Meile T, Jehle EC, et al. 2001. Intraperitoneal capsaicin treatment reduces postoperative gastric ileus in awake rats. Langenbecks Arch Surg 386:204. PUBMED Abstract
20. Lowe JE, Sellers AF, Brondum J. 1980. Equine pelvic flexure impaction. A model used to evaluate motor events and compare drug response. Cornell Vet 70:401. PUBMED Abstract
21. MacHarg MA, Adams SB, Lamar CH, et al. 1986. Electromyographic, myomechanical, and intraluminal pressure changes associated with acute extraluminal obstruction of the jejunum in conscious ponies. Am J Vet Res 47:7. PUBMED Abstract
22. King JN, Gerring EL. 1991. The action of low dose endotoxin on equine bowel motility. Equine Vet J 23:11. PUBMED Abstract
23. Eades SC, Moore JN. 1993. Blockade of endotoxin-induced cecal hypoperfusion and ileus with an alpha 2 antagonist in horses. Am J Vet Res 54:586. PUBMED Abstract
24. King JN, Gerring EL. 1989. Antagonism of endotoxin-induced disruption of equine bowel motility by flunixin and phenylbutazone. Equine Vet J Suppl 7:38. PUBMED Abstract
25. Eskandari MK, Kalff JC, Billiar TR, et al. 1997. Lipopolysaccharide activates the muscularis macrophage network and suppresses circular smooth muscle activity. Am J Physiol 273:G727. PUBMED Abstract
26. Campbell ML, Colahan PC, Brown MP, et al. 1984. Cecal impaction in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:950. PUBMED Abstract
27. Hilbert BJ, Little CB, Bolton JR, et al. 1987. Caecal overload and rupture in the horse. Aust Vet J 64:85. PUBMED Abstract
28. Roberts CT, Slone DE. 2000. Caecal impactions managed surgically by typhlotomy in 10 cases (1988-1998). Equine Vet J Suppl 32:74. PUBMED Abstract
29. Ross MW, Martin BB, Donawick WJ. 1985. Cecal perforation in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:249. PUBMED Abstract
30. Tabar JJ, Cruz AM. 2009. Cecal rupture in foals—7 cases (1996-2006). Can Vet J 50:65. PUBMED Abstract
31. Lester GD, Bolton JR, Cullen LK, et al. 1992. Effects of general anesthesia on myoelectric activity of the intestine in horses. Am J Vet Res 53:1553. PUBMED Abstract
32. Roussel AJ, Hooper RN, Cohen ND, et al. 2000. Prokinetic effects of erythromycin on the ileum, cecum, and pelvic flexure of horses during the postoperative period. Am J Vet Res 61:420. PUBMED Abstract
33. Smith LC, Payne RJ, Boys Smith SJ, et al. 2010. Outcome and long-term follow-up of 20 horses undergoing surgery for caecal impaction: a retrospective study (2000-2008). Equine Vet J 42:388. PUBMED Abstract
34. Plummer AE, Rakestraw PC, Hardy J, et al. 2007. Outcome of medical and surgical treatment of cecal impaction in horses: 114 cases (1994-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1378. PUBMED Abstract
35. Adams SB. 1988. Recognition and management of ileus. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 4:91. PUBMED Abstract
36. Freeman DE, Hammock P, Baker GJ, et al. 2000. Short- and long-term survival and prevalence of postoperative ileus after small intestinal surgery in the horse. Equine Vet J Suppl 32:42. PUBMED Abstract
37. Holcombe SJ, Rodriguez KM, Haupt JL, et al. 2009. Prevalence of and risk factors for postoperative ileus after small intestinal surgery in two hundred and thirty-three horses. Vet Surg 38:368. PUBMED Abstract
38. Cohen ND, Lester GD, Sanchez LC, et al. 2004. Evaluation of risk factors associated with development of postoperative ileus in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1070. PUBMED Abstract
39. Freeman DE. 2008. Post operative ileus (POI): another perspective. Equine Vet J 40:297. PUBMED Abstract
40. Merritt AM, Blikslager AT. 2008. Post operative ileus: to be or not to be? Equine Vet J 40:295. PUBMED Abstract
41. Semevolos SA, Ducharme NG, Hackett RP. 2002. Clinical assessment and outcome of three techniques for jejunal resection and anastomosis in horses: 59 cases (1989-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:215. PUBMED Abstract
42. van den BR, van der Velden MA. 2001. Short-and long-term evaluation of surgical treatment of strangulating obstructions of the small intestine in horses: a review of 224 cases. Vet Q 23:109. PUBMED Abstract
43. Torfs S, Delesalle C, Dewulf J, et al. 2009. Risk factors for equine postoperative ileus and effectiveness of prophylactic lidocaine. J Vet Intern Med 23:606. PUBMED Abstract
44. Roussel AJ Jr, Cohen ND, Hooper RN, et al. 2001. Risk factors associated with development of postoperative ileus in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:72. PUBMED Abstract
45. Mair TS, Smith LJ. 2005. Survival and complication rates in 300 horses undergoing surgical treatment of colic. Part 2: Short-term complications. Equine Vet J 37:303. PUBMED Abstract
46. Adams SB, Lamar CH, Masty J. 1984. Motility of the distal portion of the jejunum and pelvic flexure in ponies: effects of six drugs. Am J Vet Res 45:795. PUBMED Abstract
47. Clark ES, Thompson SA, Becht JL, et al. 1988. Effects of xylazine on cecal mechanical activity and cecal blood flow in healthy horses. Am J Vet Res 49:720. PUBMED Abstract
48. Lester GD, Merritt AM, Neuwirth L, et al. 1998. Effect of alpha 2-adrenergic, cholinergic, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on myoelectric activity of ileum, cecum, and right ventral colon and on cecal emptying of radiolabeled markers in clinically normal ponies. Am J Vet Res 59:320. PUBMED Abstract
49. Merritt AM, Campbell-Thompson ML, Lowrey S. 1989. Effect of xylazine treatment on equine proximal gastrointestinal tract myoelectrical activity. Am J Vet Res 50:945. PUBMED Abstract
50. Merritt AM, Burrow JA, Hartless CS. 1998. Effect of xylazine, detomidine, and a combination of xylazine and butorphanol on equine duodenal motility. Am J Vet Res 59:619. PUBMED Abstract
51. Roger T, Ruckebusch Y. 1987. Colonic alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated responses in the pony. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 10:310. PUBMED Abstract
52. Rutkowski JA, Ross MW, Cullen K. 1989. Effects of xylazine and/or butorphanol or neostigmine on myoelectric activity of the cecum and right ventral colon in female ponies. Am J Vet Res 50:1096. PUBMED Abstract
53. Sasaki N, Mizuno Y, Yoshihara T. 1998. The application of electrocecography for evaluation of cecum motility in horses. J Vet Med Sci 60:1221. PUBMED Abstract
54. Mitchell CF, Malone ED, Sage AM, et al. 2005. Evaluation of gastrointestinal activity patterns in healthy horses using B mode and Doppler ultrasonography. Can Vet J 46:134. PUBMED Abstract
55. Wood JD, Galligan JJ. 2004. Function of opioids in the enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil 16:17. PUBMED Abstract
56. Boscan P, Van Hoogmoed LM, Farver TB, et al. 2006. Evaluation of the effects of the opioid agonist morphine on gastrointestinal tract function in horses. Am J Vet Res 67:992. PUBMED Abstract
57. Kohn CW, Muir WW III. 1988. Selected aspects of the clinical pharmacology of visceral analgesics and gut motility modifying drugs in the horse. J Vet Intern Med 2:85. PUBMED Abstract
58. Merritt AM, Campbell-Thompson ML, Lowrey S. 1989. Effect of butorphanol on equine antroduodenal motility. Equine Vet J Suppl 7:21. PUBMED Abstract
59. Roger T, Bardon T, Ruckebusch Y. 1994. Comparative effects of mu and kappa opiate agonists on the cecocolic motility in the pony. Can J Vet Res 58:163. PUBMED Abstract
60. Menozzi A, Pozzoli C, Zullian C, et al. 2012. Inhibition of motility in isolated horse small intestine is mediated by kappa but not micro opioid receptors. Equine Vet J 44:368. PUBMED Abstract
61. Elfenbein JR, Robertson SA, Corser AA, et al. 2011. Systemic effects of a prolonged continuous infusion of ketamine in healthy horses. J Vet Intern Med 25:1134. PUBMED Abstract
62. Lester GD. 1990. The development and application of a computer system for the recording and analysis of intestinal myoelectrical activity in the horse. Doctoral dissertation. Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
63. Williams MM, Spiess BM, Pascoe PJ, et al. 2000. Systemic effects of topical and subconjunctival ophthalmic atropine in the horse. Vet Ophthalmol 3:193. PUBMED Abstract
64. Patipa LA, Sherlock CE, Witte SH, et al. 2012. Risk factors for colic in equids hospitalized for ocular disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 240:1488. PUBMED Abstract
65. Hillyer MH, Smith MR, Milligan PJ. 2008. Gastric and small intestinal ileus as a cause of acute colic in the post parturient mare. Equine Vet J 40:368. PUBMED Abstract
66. Cruz AM, Li R, Kenney DG, et al. 2006. Effects of indwelling nasogastric intubation on gastric emptying of a liquid marker in horses. Am J Vet Res 67:1100. PUBMED Abstract
67. Lammers TW, Roussel AJ, Boothe DM, et al. 2005. Effect of an indwelling nasogastric tube on gastric emptying rates of liquids in horses. Am J Vet Res 66:642. PUBMED Abstract
68. Gerard MP, Bowman KF, Blikslager AT, et al. 1996. Jejunocolostomy or ileocolostomy for treatment of cecal impaction in horses: nine cases (1985-1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1287. PUBMED Abstract
69. Durham AE, Phillips TJ, Walmsley JP, et al. 2003. Study of the clinical effects of postoperative parenteral nutrition in 15 horses. Vet Rec 153:493. PUBMED Abstract
70. Durham AE, Phillips TJ, Walmsley JP, et al. 2004. Nutritional and clinicopathological effects of post operative parenteral nutrition following small intestinal resection and anastomosis in the mature horse. Equine Vet J 36:390. PUBMED Abstract
71. Lopes MA, White NA. 2002. Parenteral nutrition for horses with gastrointestinal disease: a retrospective study of 79 cases. Equine Vet J 34:250. PUBMED Abstract
72. Waldhausen JH, Schirmer BD. 1990. The effect of ambulation on recovery from postoperative ileus. Ann Surg 212:671. PUBMED Abstract
73. Van Hoogmoed L, Rakestraw PC, Snyder JR, et al. 1999. In vitro effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and prostaglandins I2, E2, and F2alpha on contractility of taenia of the large colon of horses. Am J Vet Res 60:1004. PUBMED Abstract
74. Roger T, Ruckebusch Y. 1987. Pharmacological modulation of postprandial colonic motor activity in the pony. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 10:273. PUBMED Abstract
75. Nakao A, Schmidt J, Harada T, et al. 2006. A single intraperitoneal dose of carbon monoxide-saturated ringer's lactate solution ameliorates postoperative ileus in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 319:1265. PUBMED Abstract
76. Paradelis AG. 1981. Inhibition of the pendular movements of the intestine by aminoglycoside antibiotics. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 3:173. PUBMED Abstract
77. Andersen MS, Clark L, Dyson SJ, et al. 2006. Risk factors for colic in horses after general anaesthesia for MRI or nonabdominal surgery: absence of evidence of effect from perianaesthetic morphine. Equine Vet J 38:368. PUBMED Abstract
78. Roussel AJ, Hooper RN, Cohen ND, et al. 2003. Evaluation of the effects of penicillin G potassium and potassium chloride on the motility of the large intestine in horses. Am J Vet Res 64:1360. PUBMED Abstract
79. Sparnon AL, Spitz L. 1989. Pharmacological manipulation of postoperative intestinal adhesions. Aust N Z J Surg 59:725. PUBMED Abstract
80. Eggleston RB, Mueller PO. 2003. Prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal adhesions. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 19:741. PUBMED Abstract
81. Garcia-Olmo D, Paya J, Lucas FJ, et al. 1997. The effects of the pharmacological manipulation of postoperative intestinal motility on colonic anastomoses. An experimental study in a rat model. Int J Colorectal Dis 12:73. PUBMED Abstract
82. Mattei P, Rombeau JL. 2006. Review of the pathophysiology and management of postoperative ileus. World J Surg 30:1382. PUBMED Abstract
83. Van Hoogmoed LM, Nieto JE, Snyder JR, et al. 2004. Survey of prokinetic use in horses with gastrointestinal injury. Vet Surg 33:279. PUBMED Abstract
84. Malone E, Ensink J, Turner T, et al. 2006. Intravenous continuous infusion of lidocaine for treatment of equine ileus. Vet Surg 35:60. PUBMED Abstract
85. Li CY, Tsai CS, Hsu PC, et al. 2003. Lidocaine attenuates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production and chemotaxis in human monocytes: possible mechanisms for its effect on inflammation. Anesth Analg 97:1312. PUBMED Abstract
86. Peiro JR, Barnabe PA, Cadioli FA, et al. 2010. Effects of lidocaine infusion during experimental endotoxemia in horses. J Vet Intern Med 24:940. PUBMED Abstract
87. Cook VL, Jones SJ, McDowell M, et al. 2008. Attenuation of ischaemic injury in the equine jejunum by administration of systemic lidocaine. Equine Vet J 40:353. PUBMED Abstract
88. Cook VL, Jones Shults J, McDowell MR, et al. 2009. Anti-inflammatory effects of intravenously administered lidocaine hydrochloride on ischemia-injured jejunum in horses. Am J Vet Res 70:1259. PUBMED Abstract
89. Robertson SA, Sanchez LC, Merritt AM, et al. 2005. Effect of systemic lidocaine on visceral and somatic nociception in conscious horses. Equine Vet J 37:122. PUBMED Abstract
90. Brianceau P, Chevalier H, Karas A, et al. 2002. Intravenous lidocaine and small-intestinal size, abdominal fluid, and outcome after colic surgery in horses. J Vet Intern Med 16:736. PUBMED Abstract
91. Marti M, Mevissen M, Althaus H, et al. 2005. In vitro effects of bethanechol on equine gastrointestinal contractility and functional characterization of involved muscarinic receptor subtypes. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 28:565. PUBMED Abstract
92. Eglen RM. 2001. Muscarinic receptors and gastrointestinal tract smooth muscle function. Life Sci 68:2573. PUBMED Abstract
93. Ringger NC, Lester GD, Neuwirth L, et al. 1996. Effect of bethanechol or erythromycin on gastric emptying in horses. Am J Vet Res 57:1771. PUBMED Abstract
94. Gerring EE, Hunt JM. 1986. Pathophysiology of equine postoperative ileus: effect of adrenergic blockade, parasympathetic stimulation and metoclopramide in an experimental model. Equine Vet J 18:249. PUBMED Abstract
95. Doherty TJ, Andrews FM, Abraha TW, et al. 1999. Metoclopramide ameliorates the effects of endotoxin on gastric emptying of acetaminophen in horses. Can J Vet Res 63:37. PUBMED Abstract
96. Dart AJ, Peauroi JR, Hodgson DR, et al. 1996. Efficacy of metoclopramide for treatment of ileus in horses following small intestinal surgery: 70 cases (1989-1992). Aust Vet J 74:280. PUBMED Abstract
97. Nieto JE, Snyder JR, Kollias-Baker C, et al. 2000. In vitro effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine and cisapride on the circular smooth muscle of the jejunum of horses. Am J Vet Res 61:1561. PUBMED Abstract
98. Gerring EL, King JN. 1989. Cisapride in the prophylaxis of equine post operative ileus. Equine Vet J Suppl 7:52. PUBMED Abstract
99. Milne EM, Doxey DL, Woodman MP, et al. 1996. An evaluation of the use of cisapride in horses with chronic grass sickness (equine dysautonomia). Br Vet J 152:537. PUBMED Abstract
100. Steinebach MA, Cole D. 1995. Use of cisapride in the resolution of pelvic flexure impaction in a horse. Can Vet J 36:624. PUBMED Abstract
101. Valk N, Doherty TJ, Blackford JT, et al. 1998. Effect of cisapride on gastric emptying in horses following endotoxin treatment. Equine Vet J 30:344. PUBMED Abstract
102. Okamura K, Sasaki N, Yamada M, et al. 2009. Effects of mosapride citrate, metoclopramide hydrochloride, lidocaine hydrochloride, and cisapride citrate on equine gastric emptying, small intestinal and caecal motility. Res Vet Sci 86:302. PUBMED Abstract
103. Okamura K, Sasaki N, Kikuchi T, et al. 2009. Effects of mosapride on motility of the small intestine and caecum in normal horses after jejunocaecostomy. J Vet Sci 10:157. PUBMED Abstract
104. Camilleri M. 2001. Management of the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 120:652. PUBMED Abstract
105. Lippold BS, Hildebrand J, Straub R. 2004. Tegaserod (HTF 919) stimulates gut motility in normal horses. Equine Vet J 36:622. PUBMED Abstract
106. Delco ML, Nieto JE, Craigmill AL, et al. 2007. Pharmacokinetics and in vitro effects of tegaserod, a serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 (5-HT4) receptor agonist with prokinetic activity in horses. Vet Ther 8:77. PUBMED Abstract
107. Weiss R, Abel D, Scholtysik G, et al. 2002. 5-Hydroxytryptamine mediated contractions in isolated preparations of equine ileum and pelvic flexure: pharmacological characterization of a new 5-HT(4) agonist. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 25:49. PUBMED Abstract
108. Ahmad N, Keith-Ferris J, Gooden E, et al. 2006. Making a case for domperidone in the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders. Curr Opin Pharmacol 6:571. PUBMED Abstract
109. Gerring EL. 1989. Effects of pharmacological agents on gastrointestinal motility. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:283. PUBMED Abstract
110. Lester GD, Merritt AM, Neuwirth L, et al. 1998. Effect of erythromycin lactobionate on myoelectric activity of ileum, cecum, and right ventral colon, and cecal emptying of radiolabeled markers in clinically normal ponies. Am J Vet Res 59:328. PUBMED Abstract
111. Koenig JB, Cote N, LaMarre J, et al. 2002. Binding of radiolabeled porcine motilin and erythromycin lactobionate to smooth muscle membranes in various segments of the equine gastrointestinal tract. Am J Vet Res 63:1545. PUBMED Abstract
112. Galligan JJ, Vanner S. 2005. Basic and clinical pharmacology of new motility promoting agents. Neurogastroenterol Motil 17:643. PUBMED Abstract
113. Koenig JB, Sawhney S, Cote N, et al. 2006. Effect of intraluminal distension or ischemic strangulation obstruction of the equine jejunum on jejunal motilin receptors and binding of erythromycin lactobionate. Am J Vet Res 67:815. PUBMED Abstract
114. Baverud V, Franklin A, Gunnarsson A, et al. 1998. Clostridium difficile associated with acute colitis in mares when their foals are treated with erythromycin and rifampicin for Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. Equine Vet J 30:482. PUBMED Abstract
115. Roger T, Bardon T, Ruckebusch Y. 1985. Colonic motor responses in the pony: relevance of colonic stimulation by opiate antagonists. Am J Vet Res 46:31. PUBMED Abstract
116. Luckey A, Livingston E, Tache Y. 2003. Mechanisms and treatment of postoperative ileus. Arch Surg 138:206. PUBMED Abstract
117. Van Hoogmoed LM, Boscan PL. 2005. In vitro evaluation of the effect of the opioid antagonist N-methylnaltrexone on motility of the equine jejunum and pelvic flexure. Equine Vet J 37:325. PUBMED Abstract
118. Boscan P, Van Hoogmoed LM, Pypendop BH, et al. 2006. Pharmacokinetics of the opioid antagonist N-methylnaltrexone and evaluation of its effects on gastrointestinal tract function in horses treated or not treated with morphine. Am J Vet Res 67:998. PUBMED Abstract

Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Toxicity

1. Taylor JB, Walland A, Lees P, et al. 1983. Biochemical and hematological effects of a revised dosage schedule of phenylbutazone in horses. Vet Rec 112:599. PUBMED Abstract
2. Lees P, Creed RF, Gerring EE, et al. 1983. Biochemical and hematological effects of phenylbutazone in horses. Equine Vet J 15:158. PUBMED Abstract
3. Cohen ND. 1995. Medical management of right dorsal colitis in 5 horses: a retrospective study (1987-1993). J Vet Intern Med 9:272. PUBMED Abstract
4. Tomlinson J, Blikslager A. 2003. Role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in gastrointestinal tract injury and repair. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:946. PUBMED Abstract
5. Beretta C, Garavaglia G, Cavalli M. 2005. COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition in horse blood by phenylbutazone, flunixin, carprofen and meloxicam: an in vitro analysis. Pharmacol Res 52:302. PUBMED Abstract
6. Brideau C, Van Staden C, Chan CC. 2001. In vitro effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in whole blood of horses, dogs, and cats. Am J Vet Res 62:1755. PUBMED Abstract
7. Kvaternick V, Pollmeier M, Fischer J, et al. 2007. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of orally administered firocoxib, a novel second generation coxib, in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 30:208. PUBMED Abstract
8. Tomlinson JE, Blikslager AT. 2005. Effects of cyclooxygenase inhibitors flunixin and deracoxib on permeability of ischaemic-injured equine jejunum. Equine Vet J 37:75. PUBMED Abstract
9. Wallace JL, Bak A, McKnight W, et al. 1998. Cyclooxygenase 1 contributes to inflammatory responses in rats and mice: implications for gastrointestinal toxicity. Gastroenterology 115:101. PUBMED Abstract
10. McCarthy DM. 1999. COX-1 and COX-2 in health and disease. Proc Am Coll Vet Intern Med 17:593.
11. MacAllister CG, Morgan SJ, Borne AT, et al. 1993. Comparison of adverse effects of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:71. PUBMED Abstract
12. McCarthy DM. 1995. Mechanisms of mucosal injury and healing: the role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Scand J Gastroenterol 30:24. PUBMED Abstract
13. Ehnen SJ, Divers TJ, Gillette D, et al. 1990. Obstructive nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis associated with chronic renal failure in horses: eight cases (1981-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:249. PUBMED Abstract
14. McCafferty DM, Granger DN, Wallace JL. 1995. Indomethacin-induced gastric injury and leukocyte adherence in arthritic versus healthy rats. Gastroenterology 109:1173. PUBMED Abstract
15. Semrad SD, Sams RA, Harris ON, et al. 1993. Effects of concurrent administration of phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine on pharmacokinetic variables and in vitro generation of thromboxane B2 in mares. Am J Vet Res 54:1901. PUBMED Abstract
16. East LM, et al. 1999. Nuclear imaging of right dorsal colitis with Tc-99m hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (99mTc-HMPOA) labeled white blood cells in two horses. Proc Am Coll Vet Intern Med 17:739.
17. Jones SL, Davis J, Rowlingson K. 2003. Ultrasonographic findings in horses with right dorsal colitis: five cases (2000-2001). J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:1248. PUBMED Abstract
18. Geor RJ, Petrie L, Papich MG, et al. 1989. The protective effects of sucralfate and ranitidine in foals experimentally intoxicated with phenylbutazone. Can J Vet Res 53:231. PUBMED Abstract
19. Collins LG, Tyler DE. 1985. Experimentally induced phenylbutazone toxicosis in ponies: description of the syndrome and its prevention with synthetic prostaglandin E2. Am J Vet Res 46:1605. PUBMED Abstract
20. Cook VL, Meyer CT, Campbell NB, et al. 2009. Effect of firocoxib or flunixin meglumine on recovery of ischemic-injured equine jejunum. Am J Vet Res 70:992. PUBMED Abstract
21. Yamada T, Deitch E, Specian RD, et al. 1993. Mechanisms of acute and chronic intestinal inflammation induced by indomethacin. Inflammation 17:641. PUBMED Abstract
22. Fahey GC. 1994. Dietary fiber: definition and influence on enteric physiology, colonic proliferation, and inflammatory mediators. Proc Am Coll Vet Intern Med 12:536.

Fluid Therapy for Horses with Gastrointestinal Diseases

1. Furr MO, Lessard P, White NA. 1995. Development of a colic severity score for predicting the outcome of equine colic. Vet Surg 24:97. PUBMED Abstract
2. Corley KTT, Marr CM. 1998. Pathophysiology, assessment and treatment of acid-base disturbances in the horse. Equine Vet Educ 10:255.
3. Tennant B, Lowe JE, Tasker JB. 1981. Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia in ponies following bilateral nephrectomy. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 167:365. PUBMED Abstract
4. Magdesian KG. 2004. Monitoring the critically ill equine patient. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 20:11. PUBMED Abstract
5. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. 2001. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 345:1368. PUBMED Abstract
6. Moon PF, Snyder JR, Haskins SC, et al. 1991. Effects of a highly concentrated hypertonic saline-dextran volume expander on cardiopulmonary function in anesthetized normovolemic horses. Am J Vet Res 52:1611. PUBMED Abstract
7. Bertone JJ, Shoemaker KE. 1992. Effect of hypertonic and isotonic saline solutions on plasma constituents of conscious horses. Am J Vet Res 53:1844. PUBMED Abstract
8. Seahorn JL, Seahorn TL. 2003. Fluid therapy in horses with gastrointestinal disease. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 19:665. PUBMED Abstract
9. Fielding CL, Magdesian KG. 2011. A Comparison of hypertonic (7.2%) and isotonic saline (0.9%) saline for fluid resuscitation in horses: a randomized double-blinded, clinical trial. J Vet Intern Med 25:1138. PUBMED Abstract
10. Schusser GF, Rieckhoff K, Ungemach FR, et al. 2007. Effect of hydroxyethyl starch solution in normal horses and horses with colic or acute colitis. J Vet Med 54:592. PUBMED Abstract
11. Hallowell GD, Corely KTT. 2006. Preoperative administration of hydroxyethyl starch or hypertonic saline to horses with colic. J Vet Intern Med 20:980. PUBMED Abstract
12. Houpt KA, Eggleston A, Kunkle K, et al. 2000. Effect of water restriction on equine behaviour and physiology. Equine Vet J 32:341. PUBMED Abstract
13. Rainger JE, Dart AJ. 2006. Enteral fluid therapy in large animals. Aust Vet J 84:447. PUBMED Abstract
14. Sosa León LA, Hodgson DR, Carlson GP, et al. 1998. Effects of concentrated electrolytes administered via a paste on fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance in horses. Am J Vet Res 59:898. PUBMED Abstract
15. Lopes MAF, Walker BL, White NA, et al. 2002. Treatments to promote colonic hydration: enteral fluid therapy versus intravenous fluid therapy and magnesium sulphate. Equine Vet J 34:505. PUBMED Abstract
16. Lopes MAF, White NA, Donaldson L, et al. 2004. Effects of enteral and intravenous fluid therapy, magnesium sulfate, and sodium sulfate on colonic contents and feces in horses. Am J Vet Res 65:695. PUBMED Abstract
17. Corely KTT. 2009. Fluid therapy for horses with gastrointestinal diseases, p 770. In Smith BP (ed), Large animal internal medicine, ed 4. Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
18. Monreal L, Navarro M, Armengou L, et al. 2010. Enteral fluid therapy in 108 horses with large colon impactions and dorsal displacements. Vet Rec 166:259. PUBMED Abstract
19. Brownlow MA, Hutchins DR. 1982. The concept of osmolality: its use in the evaluation of dehydration in the horse. Equine Vet J 14:106. PUBMED Abstract
20. Svendsen CK, Hjortkjaer RK, Hesselholt M. 1979. Colic in the horse. A clinical and clinical chemical study of 42 cases. Nord Vet Med 31:1. PUBMED Abstract
21. Dart AJ, Snyder JR, Spier SJ, et al. 1992. Ionized calcium concentration in horses with surgically managed gastrointestinal disease: 147 cases (1988-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1244. PUBMED Abstract
22. Costa LRR, Eades SE, Tulley RT, et al. 1999. Plasma magnesium concentrations in horses with gastrointestinal tract disease. J Vet Intern Med 13:274.
23. McFarlane D. 1999. Hetastarch: a synthetic colloid with potential in equine patients. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 21:867.
24. Boscan P, Steffey EP. 2007. Plasma colloid oncotic pressure and total protein in horses during colic surgery. Vet Anaesth Analg 34:408. PUBMED Abstract
25. Collatos C. 1997. Blood and blood component therapy. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 4. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
26. Jones PA, Bain FT, Byars TD, et al. 2001. Effect of hydroxyethyl starch infusion on colloid oncotic pressure in hypoproteinemic horses. J Am Vet Med 218:1130. PUBMED Abstract
27. Wendt-Hornickle EL, Snyder LBC, Tang R, et al. 2011. The effects of lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) or LRS and 6% hetastarch on the colloid osmotic pressure, total protein, and osmolality in healthy horses under general anesthesia. Vet Anaesth Analg 38:336. PUBMED Abstract
28. Mazzoni MC, Borgström P, Intaglietta M, et al. 1990. Capillary narrowing in hemorrhagic shock is rectified by hyperosmotic saline-dextran reinfusion. Circ Shock 31:407. PUBMED Abstract
29. Bertone JJ, Gossett KA, Shoemaker KE, et al. 1990. Effect of hypertonic vs isotonic saline solution on responses to sublethal Escherichia coli endotoxemia in horses. Am J Vet Res 51:999. PUBMED Abstract
30. Pantaleon LG, Furr MO, McKenzie HC, et al. 2006. Cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of hetastarch plus hypertonic saline solutions during experimental endotoxemia in anesthetized horses. J Vet Int Med 20:1422. PUBMED Abstract
31. Pantaleon LG, Furr MO, McKenzie HC, et al. 2007. Effects of small- and large-volume resuscitation on coagulation and electrolytes during experimental endotoxemia in anesthetized horses. J Vet Med 21:1374. PUBMED Abstract
32. Spurlock SL, Ward MV. 1991. Parenteral nutrition in equine patients: principles and theory. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 13:461.

Ruminant Alimentary Disease

Dental and Periodontal Diseases

1. Andrews AH. 1980. First molar eruption in cattle and its use in age determination. Vet Rec 107:419. PUBMED Abstract
2. Andrews AH. 1981. A comparison of first molar eruption in Friesian steers and heifers. Br Vet J 137:31. PUBMED Abstract
3. Hofmeyr CFB. 1982. The digestive system. In Oehme FW (ed), Textbook of large animal surgery. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
4. St Clair LE. 1975. Teeth. In Getty R (ed), The anatomy of the domestic animal. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
5. Garlick NL. 1957. The teeth of the ox in clinical diagnosis. III, Developmental anomalies and general pathology. Am J Vet Res 15:500. PUBMED Abstract
6. Spense J, Aitchison G. 1986. Clinical aspects of dental disease in sheep. In Pract 8:128.
7. Rogers GM, Poore MH, Ferko BL, et al. 1999. Dental wear and growth performance in steers fed sweet potato cannery waste. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:681. PUBMED Abstract
8. Rogers GM, Poore MH, Ferko BL, et al. 1997. In vitro effects of an acidic by-product feed on bovine teeth. Am J Vet Res 58:498. PUBMED Abstract
9. Moxham BJ, Shore RC, Berkovitz BKB. 1990. Effects of inflammatory periodontal disease (broken mouth) on the mobility of the sheep incisor. Res Vet Sci 48:99.
10. Barnicoat CP, Hall DM. 1960. Attritions of incisors of grazing sheep. Nature 185:179.
11. Steenkamp JDG. 1969. Effect of the brittle hardness and abrasive hardness of enamel on the degree of attrition of deciduous teeth of representative breeds of Bos indicus and Bos taurus origin. Agroanimalia 1:23.
12. Denholm LJ, Vizard A. 1986. Periodontal disease and premature incisor tooth loss (broken mouth) in Australian sheep: is tooth grinding an effective solution? Wool Technol Sheep Breed 34:113.
13. MacKinnon MM. 1959. A pathological study of an enzootic parodontal disease of mature sheep. N Z Vet J 7:18.
14. Bruère AN, West DM, Orr MB, et al. 1979. A syndrome of dental abnormalities of sheep. I, Clinical aspects on a commercial sheep farm in the Wairarapa. N Z Vet J 27:152. PUBMED Abstract
15. Andrews AH. 1985. Acquired diseases of the teeth and mouth in ruminants. In Harvey CE (ed), Veterinary dentistry. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
16. Cutress TW, Ludwig TG. 1969. Periodontal disease in sheep. I, Review of the literature. J Periodontol 40:529. PUBMED Abstract
17. Cutress TW. 1976. Histopathology of periodontal disease in sheep. Periodontology 47:643. PUBMED Abstract
18. Blobel H, Döbereiner J, Rosa IV, et al. 1987. Bakteriologische Untersuchungen an der “cara inchada,” einer periodontalen erkrankung bei Rindern in Brasilien. Tierarztl Umschau 42:152.
19. Döbereiner J, Rosa IV, Dutra IS, et al. 1990. Efeito de espiramicina na profilaxia DA “cara inchada” dos bovinos. Pesq Vet Bras 10:27.
20. McCourtie J. 1990. The bacteriology of periodontal disease in sheep. Rev Med Microbiol 1:116.
21. Spence JA, Aitchison GH, Fraser J. 1988. Development of periodontal disease in a single flock of sheep: clinical signs, morphology of subgingival plaque, and influence of antimicrobial agents. Res Vet Sci 45:324. PUBMED Abstract
22. Spence JA, Aitchison GH. 1985. Early tooth loss in sheep: a review. Vet Ann 25:125.
23. Spence JA, Sykes AR, Atkinson PJ, et al. 1985. Skeletal and blood biochemical characteristics of sheep during growth and breeding: a comparison of flocks with and without broken mouth. J Comp Pathol 95:505. PUBMED Abstract
24. Van Dyke TE, Levine MJ, Genco RJ. 1982. Periodontal diseases and neutrophil abnormalities, pp 235-245. In Genco RJ, Mergenhagen SE (eds), Host-parasite interactions in periodontal diseases. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
25. Healy WB, Ludwig TG. 1965. Wear of sheep's teeth. N Z J Agric Res 8:737.
26. Mitchum GD, Bruère AN. 1984. Solubilization of sheep's teeth: a new look at a widespread New Zealand problem, pp 44-56. Proceedings of the 14th Seminar of the Sheep and Beef Cattle Society of the New Zealand Veterinary Association Bulls, New Zealand.
27. Cutress TW, Suckling GW, Healy WB, et al. 1972. Periodontal disease in sheep. II, The composition of sera from sheep with periodontosis. Periodontology 43:668. PUBMED Abstract
28. Aitchinson GH, Spense JA. 1984. Dental disease in hill sheep: an abattoir survey. J Comp Pathol 94:285. PUBMED Abstract
29. Anderson BC, Bulgin MS. 1984. Starvation associated with dental disease in range ewes. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:737. PUBMED Abstract
30. Orr MB, Mackey D, McNally K. 1991. A pilot study of the effects of mechanical shortening of ewes' incisors (bite correction) on body weight and the development of periodontal disease. Vet J 39:108. PUBMED Abstract
31. Orr MB, O'Callaghan MW, West DM, et al. 1979. A syndrome of dental abnormalities of sheep. II, The pathology and radiology. N Z Vet J 27:276. PUBMED Abstract
32. St. Jean G, Basaraba RJ, Kennedy GA, et al. 1994. Maxillary lymphosarcoma in a cow. Can Vet J 35:56. PUBMED Abstract
33. Andrews AH, Ingram PL, Longstaffe JA. 1983. Osteodystrophia fibrosa in young goats. Vet Rec 112:404. PUBMED Abstract

Salivary Gland Diseases

1. Williams EL. 1980. The mouth and salivary glands. In Amstutz HE (ed), Bovine medicine and surgery, ed 2. American Veterinary Publication, Santa Barbara, CA.
2. Hagler WM, Croom WJ Jr. 1989. Slaframine: occurrence, chemistry, and physiological activity. In Cheeke PR (ed), Toxicants of plant origin, vol 1. Alkaloids CRC: Boca Raton, FL.
3. Misk NA, Hifny A, Ahmed IH. 1991. Extirpation of the mandibular salivary glands in equine and ruminants. Vet Med J 25:169.
4. Mouli SP. 1988. Surgical treatment and chemical debridement of parotid salivary cysts in bovines: report of three cases. Indian Vet J 65:725.
5. Bundza A. 1983. Primary salivary gland neoplasia in three cows. J Comp Pathol 93:629. PUBMED Abstract
6. Kainer RA. 1984. Current concepts in the treatment of bovine ocular squamous cell tumors. In Moore CP (ed), Large animal ophthalmology. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. PUBMED Abstract

Actinobacillosis (Woody Tongue, Wooden Tongue)

1. Buttenschon J. 1989. The occurrence of lesions in the tongue of adult cattle and their implications for the development of actinobacillosis. J Vet Med Assoc 36:393. PUBMED Abstract
2. Campbell SG, Whitlock TRH, Timoney JF, et al. 1975. An unusual epizootic of actinobacillosis in dairy heifers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:604. PUBMED Abstract
3. Hebeler HF, Linton AH, Osborne AD. 1961. Atypical actinobacillosis in a dairy herd. Vet Rec 73:517.
4. Rebhun WC, King JM, Hillman RB. 1988. Atypical actinobacillosis granulomas in cattle. Cornell Vet 78:125. PUBMED Abstract
5. Smith HW. 1951. A laboratory consideration of the treatment of Actinobacillus lignieresii infection. Vet Rec 63:674.
6. Miller HV, Drost M. 1978. Failure to cause abortion in cows with intravenous sodium iodide treatment. J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:466. PUBMED Abstract

Actinomycosis (Lumpy Jaw)

1. Vos NJ. 2007. Actinomycosis of the mandible mimicking malignancy in a horse. Can Vet J 48:1261. PUBMED Abstract
2. Fagin DA, Oosterhuis JF, Benirschke K. 2005. Lumpy jaw in exotic hoof stock. A histopathologic interpretation with a treatment proposal. J Zoo Wildlife Med 360:36. PUBMED Abstract
3. Bose VSC, Nath I, Patnaik TK, et al. 2004. Cryotherapy for actinomycosis in crosses bred cows. Indian Vet J 81:76.
4. Miller HV, Drost M. 1978. Failure to cause abortion in cows with intravenous sodium iodide treatment. J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:466. PUBMED Abstract
5. Watts TC, Olson SM, Rhodes CS. 1973. Treatment of bovine actinomycosis with isoniazid. Can Vet J 14:223. PUBMED Abstract

Pharyngeal Trauma and Abscess

1. Davidson HP, Rebhun WC, Habel RE. 1981. Pharyngeal trauma in cattle. Cornell Vet 71:15. PUBMED Abstract
2. Dougherty RW, Habel RE, Bond HE. 1958. Esophageal innervation and eructation reflex in sheep. Am J Vet Res 19:115. PUBMED Abstract
3. Dougherty RW, Hill KJ, Campeti FL, et al. 1962. Studies of the pharyngeal and laryngeal activity during eructation of ruminants. Am J Vet Res 23:213. PUBMED Abstract

Bluetongue

1. Verwoerd DW, Erasmus, BJ. 2004. Bluetongue, pp 1201-1220. In Coetzer JA, Tustin RC (eds), Infectious diseases of livestock, ed 2. Oxford Press, Cape Town, South Africa.
2. MacLachlan NJ. 2011. Bluetongue: History, global epidemiology, and pathogenesis. Prev Vet Med 102:107. PUBMED Abstract
3. Gibbs EP, Greiner EC. 1994. The epidemiology of bluetongue. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 17:207. PUBMED Abstract
4. Tabachnick WJ. 2004. Culicoides and the global epidemiology of bluetongue virus infection. Vet Italiana 40:145. PUBMED Abstract
5. Purse BV, Mellor PS, Roger DJ, et al. 2005. Climate change and the recent emergence of bluetongue in Europe. Nat Rev Microbiol 3:171. PUBMED Abstract
6. Purse BV, Brown HE, Harrup L, et al. 2008. Invasion of bluetongue and other Orbivirus infections into Europe: the role of biological and climatic processes. Rev Sci Tech 27:427. PUBMED Abstract
7. Guis H, Caminade C, Calvete C, et al. 2012. Modeling the effects of past and future climate on the risk of bluetongue emergence in Europe. J R Soc Interface 67:339. PUBMED Abstract
8. Saegerman C, Berkvens D, Mellor PS. 2008. Bluetongue epidemiology in the European Union. Emerg Infect Dis 14:539. PUBMED Abstract
9. Johnson DJ. 2007. Identification of new United States bluetongue types. Proc US Anim Health Assoc 111:209.
10. MacLachlan NJ. 2010. Global implications of the recent emergence of bluetongue virus in Europe. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 26:163. PUBMED Abstract
11. MacLachlan NJ, Osburn BI. 2006. Impact of bluetongue virus infection on the international movement and trade of ruminants. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1346. PUBMED Abstract
12. Maan S, Maan NS, Nomikou K, et al. 2011. Novel bluetongue virus serotype from Kuwait. Emerg Infect Dis 17:886. PUBMED Abstract
13. Balasuriya UB, Nadler SA, Wilson WC, et al. 2008. The NS3 proteins of global strains of bluetongue virus evolve into regional topotypes through negative (purifying) selection. Vet Microbiol 126:91. PUBMED Abstract
14. Bonneau KR, Mullens BA, MacLachlan NJ. 2001. Occurrence of genetic drift and founder effect during quasispecies evolution of the VP2 and NS3/3A genes of bluetongue virus upon passage between sheep, cattle and Culicoides sonorensis. J Virol 75:8298.
15. MacLachlan NJ, Drew CP, Darpel KE, et al. 2009. The pathology and pathogenesis of bluetongue. J Comp Pathol 141:1. PUBMED Abstract
16. Schultz G, Delay PD. 1955. Losses in newborn lambs associated with bluetongue vaccination of pregnancy ewes. J Am Vet Med Assoc 127:224. PUBMED Abstract
17. Savini G, Lorusso A, Paladini C, et al. 2012. Bluetongue serotype 2 and 9 modified live vaccine viruses as causative agents of abortion in livestock: a retrospective analysis in Italy. Transbound Emerg Dis, in press. PUBMED Abstract
18. MacLachlan NJ, Conley AJ, Kennedy PC. 2000. Bluetongue and equine arteritis viruses as models of virus-induced fetal injury and abortion. Anim Reprod Sci 60-61:643. PUBMED Abstract
19. Savini G, Afonso A, Mellor P, et al. 2011. Epizootic haemorrhagic disease. Res Vet Sci 91:1. PUBMED Abstract
20. Holzhauer M, Vos J. 2009. “Blue eyes” in newborn calves associated with bluetongue infection. Vet Rec 164:404. PUBMED Abstract
21. Makoschey B, MacLachlan J, van Wuijckhuise L, et al. 2009. Bluetongue control in Europe—new challenges and achievements. Berl Munch Tieraztl Wochenschr 122:320. PUBMED Abstract
22. Reynolds GE, Schmitz JA, Mattson DE, et al. 1985. “White eye calf” syndrome in Oregon associated with bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses. Prog Clin Biol Res 178:67. PUBMED Abstract
23. DeMaula CD, Leutenegger CM, Bonneau KR, et al. 2002. The role of endothelial cell-derived inflammatory and vasoactive mediators in the pathogenesis of bluetongue. Virology 296:330. PUBMED Abstract
24. Jochim MM, Luedke AJ, Bowne JG. 1965. The clinical and immunogenic response of sheep to oral and intradermal administrations of bluetongue virus. Am J Vet Res 26:1254. PUBMED Abstract
25. Mayo CE, Crossley BM, Hietala SK, et al. 2010. Colostral transmission of bluetongue virus nucleic acid among newborn dairy calves in California. Transbound Emerg Dis 57:277. PUBMED Abstract
26. Veronesi E, Darpel KE, Hamblin C, et al. 2009. Viremia and clinical disease in Dorset poll sheep following vaccination with live attenuated virus vaccines serotypes 16 and 4. Vaccine 28:1397. PUBMED Abstract
27. MacLachlan NJ, Crafford JE, Vernau W, et al. 2008. Experimental reproduction of severe bluetongue in sheep. Vet Pathol 45:310. PUBMED Abstract
28. Caporale V, Giovannini AA. 2010. Bluetongue control strategy, including recourse to vaccine: a critical review. Rev Sci Tech 29:573. PUBMED Abstract
29. Zientara S, MacLachlan NJ, Calistri P, et al. 2010. Bluetongue vaccination in Europe. Expert Rev Vaccines 9:989. PUBMED Abstract
30. Boone JD, Balasuriya UB, Karaca K, et al. 2007. Recombinant canarypox virus vaccine co-expressing genes encoding the VP2 and VP5 outer capsid proteins of bluetongue virus induces high level protection in sheep. Vaccine 25:672. PUBMED Abstract

Contagious Ecthyma (Sore Mouth, Orf, Contagious Pustular Dermatitis, Scabby Mouth)

1. Anonymous. 2007. Contagious ecthyma. [WWW page]. www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/contagious_ecthyma.pdf, accessed Nov 7, 2012.
2. Barraviera SRCS. 2005. Diseases caused by poxvirus-orf and milker's nodules: a review. J Venom Anim Toxins 11:102.
3. Feng CY, Min XY, Cheng PG, et al. 2011. Molecular detection of a mixed infection of goatpox virus, orf virus, and Mycoplasma capripneumoniae in goats. J Vet Diag Invest 23:786. PUBMED Abstract
4. Smith GW, Scherba G, Constable PD, et al. 2002. Atypical parapoxvirus infection in sheep, J Vet Intern Med 16:287. PUBMED Abstract
5. de la Concha-Bermejillo A, Guo J, Ahang Z, et al. 2003. Severe persistent orf in young goats, J Vet Diagn Invest 15:423. PUBMED Abstract
6. Leavell UW Jr, McNamara MJ, Muelling R, et al. 1968. Orf: report of 19 human cases with clinical and pathological observations, JAMA 204:657. PUBMED Abstract
7. Wise LM, Veikkola T, Mercer AA, et al. 1999. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-like protein from orf virus NZ2 binds to VEGFR-2 and neuropilin-1, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:3071. PUBMED Abstract
8. Nettleton PF, Gilray JA, Yirrell DL, et al. 1996. Natural transmission of orf virus from clinically normal ewes to orf-naive sheep, Vet Rec 139:364. PUBMED Abstract
9. Musser JMB, Waldron DF, Taylor CA. 2012. Evaluation of homologous and heterologous protection induced by a virulent field strain of orf virus and an orf vaccine for goats. Am J Vet Res 73:86. PUBMED Abstract
10. Buddle BM, Pulford HD. 1984. Effect of passively acquired antibodies and vaccination on the immune response to contagious ecthyma virus. Vet Microbiol 9:515. PUBMED Abstract
11. Musser JMB, Taylor CA, Guo CA, et al. 2008. Development of a contagious ecthyma vaccine for goats. Am J Vet Res 69:1366. PUBMED Abstract

Bovine Papular Stomatitis (Proliferative Stomatitis)

1. Gonzales GS, Romero RA, Tortora PJ. 1991. Antigenic relationships between samples of contagious ecthyma (orf) and bovine parapox by immuno-diffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Proceedings of the Eighth National Congress of the AZTECA 1:151.
2. Chalmers GA. 1987. Papular stomatitis in beef calves. Can Vet J 28:108.
3. Yeruham I, Abraham A, Nyska A. 1994. Clinical and pathological description of a chronic form of bovine papular stomatitis. J Comp Pathol 111:279. PUBMED Abstract
4. Crandell RA, Gosser HS. 1974. Ulcerative esophagitis associated with poxvirus infection in a calf. J Am Vet Med Assoc 165:282. PUBMED Abstract
5. de Sant'Ana FJ, Rabelo RE, Vulcani VA, et al. 2012. Bovine papular stomatitis affecting dairy cows and milkers in midwestern Brazil. J Vet Diag Invest 24:442. PUBMED Abstract
6. Inoshima Y, Nakane T, Sentsui H. 2009. Severe dermatitis on cattle teats caused by bovine papular stomatitis virus. Vet Rec 164:311. PUBMED Abstract
7. Jeckel S, Bidewell C, Everest C, et al. 2011. Severe oesophagitis in an adult bull caused by bovine papular stomatitis virus. Vet Rec 169:317. PUBMED Abstract
8. Griesemer RA, Cole CR. 1960. Bovine papular stomatitis. I. Recognition in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 37:404. PUBMED Abstract
9. Schaaf J, Traub E, Beller K. 1940. Untersuchungen uber die stomatitis papulosa des Rindes. Zeitschrift Infektionskr 56:85.
10. Irwin MR, Brown LN, Deyhle CE, et al. 1976. Association of bovine papular stomatitis with the “rat tail” syndrome of feedlot cattle. Southwest Vet 29:120.
11. Schnurrenberger PR, Swango LJ, Bowman GM, et al. 1980. Bovine papular stomatitis incidence in veterinary students. Can J Comp Med 44:239. PUBMED Abstract

Diseases Caused by Bovine Virus Diarrhea Virus

1. Brock KV. 2004. The many faces of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 20:1. PUBMED Abstract
2. Grooms DL. 2004. Reproductive consequences of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 20:5. PUBMED Abstract
3. McClurkin AW, Littledike ET, Cutlip RC, et al. 1984. Production of cattle immunotolerant to bovine viral diarrhea virus. Can J Comp Med 48:156. PUBMED Abstract
4. Thiel HJ, Collett MS, Gould EA, et al. 2005. Flaviviridae, pp 981-998. In Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J (eds), Virus taxonomy: Eighth report on the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
5. Bauermann FV, Ridpath JF, Weiblen R, et al. 2013. HoBi-like viruses: an emerging group of pestiviruses. J Vet Diagn Invest 25:6. PUBMED Abstract
6. Vilcek S, Paton DJ, Durkovic B, et al. 2001. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus genotype 1 can be separated into at least eleven genetic groups. Arch Virol 146:99. PUBMED Abstract
7. Flores EF, Ridpath JF, Weiblen R, et al. 2002. Phylogenetic analysis of Brazilian bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 (BVDV-2) isolates: evidence for a subgenotype within BVDV-2. Virus Res 87:51. PUBMED Abstract
8. Fulton RW, Hessman B, Johnson BJ, et al. 2006. Evaluation of diagnostic tests used for detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus and prevalence of subtypes 1a, 1b, and 2a in persistently infected cattle entering a feedlot. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:578. PUBMED Abstract
9. Fulton RW. 2013. Host response to bovine viral diarrhea virus and interactions with infectious agents in the feedlot and breeding herd. Biologicals 41:31. PUBMED Abstract
10. Harding MJ, Cao X, Shams H, et al. 2002. Role of bovine viral diarrhea virus biotype in the establishment of fetal infections. Am J Vet Res 63:1455. PUBMED Abstract
11. Fulton RW, Ridpath JF, Ore S, et al. 2005. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) subgenotypes in diagnostic laboratory accessions: distribution of BVDV1a, 1b, and 2a subgenotypes. Vet Microbiol 111:35. PUBMED Abstract
12. Baker JC. 1995. The clinical manifestations of bovine viral diarrhea infection. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 11:425. PUBMED Abstract
13. Durham PJ, Hassard LE. 1990. Prevalence of antibodies to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza 3, bovine respiratory syncytial, and bovine viral diarrhea viruses in cattle in Saskatchewan and Alberta. Can Vet J 31:815. PUBMED Abstract
14. Bolin SR, McClurkin AW, Coria MF. 1985. Frequency of persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in selected cattle herds. Am J Vet Res 46:2385. PUBMED Abstract
15. Wittum TE, Grotelueschen DM, Brock KV, et al. 2001. Persistent bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection in US beef herds. Prev Vet Med 49:83. PUBMED Abstract
16. O'Connor AM, Reed MC, Denagamage TN, et al. 2007. Prevalence of calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus in beef cow-calf herds enrolled in a voluntary screening project. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1691. PUBMED Abstract
17. Fulton RW, Whitley EM, Johnson BJ, et al. 2009. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in persistently infected cattle and BVDV subtypes in affected cattle in beef herds in south central United States. Can J Vet Res 73:283. PUBMED Abstract
18. Houe H, Baker JC, Maes RK, et al. 1995. Prevalence of cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus in 20 dairy herds in two counties in central Michigan and comparison of prevalence of antibody-positive cattle among herds with different infection and vaccination status. J Vet Diagn Invest 7:321. PUBMED Abstract
19. O'Connor AM, Sorden SD, Apley MD. 2005. Association between the existence of calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus and commingling on pen morbidity in feedlot cattle. Am J Vet Res 66:2130. PUBMED Abstract
20. Loneragan GH, Thomson DU, Montgomery DL, et al. 2005. Prevalence, outcome, and health consequences associated with persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in feedlot cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:595. PUBMED Abstract
21. Passler T, Walz PH. 2010. Bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in heterologous species. Anim Health Res Rev 11:191. PUBMED Abstract
22. Grondahl C, Uttenthal A, Houe H, et al. 2003. Characterisation of a pestivirus isolated from persistently infected mousedeer (Tragulus javanicus). Archives of Virology 148:1455. PUBMED Abstract
23. Nettleton PF. 1990. Pestivirus infections in ruminants other than cattle. Rev Sci Tech 9:131. PUBMED Abstract
24. Van Campen H, Ridpath J, Williams E, et al. 2001. Isolation of bovine viral diarrhea virus from a free-ranging mule deer in Wyoming. J Wildl Dis 37:306. PUBMED Abstract
25. Foster AP, Houlihan MG, Holmes JP, et al. 2007. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in the UK. Vet Rec 161:94. PUBMED Abstract
26. Kim SG, Anderson RR, Yu JZ, et al. 2009. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates from BVDV infected alpacas in North America. Vet Microbiol 136:209. PUBMED Abstract
27. Bedenice D, Dubovi E, Kelling CL, et al. 2011. Long-term clinicopathological characteristics of alpacas naturally infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus type Ib. J Vet Intern Med 25:605. PUBMED Abstract
28. Byers SR, Snekvik KR, Righter DJ, et al. 2009. Disseminated bovine viral diarrhea virus in a persistently infected alpaca (Vicugna pacos) cria. J Vet Diagn Invest 21:145. PUBMED Abstract
29. Carman S, Carr N, DeLay J, et al. 2005. Bovine viral diarrhea virus in alpaca: abortion and persistent infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 17:589. PUBMED Abstract
30. Topliff CL, Smith DR, Clowser SL, et al. 2009. Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in alpacas in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:519. PUBMED Abstract
31. Celedon M, Sandoval A, Drougett J, et al. 2001. Survey for antibodies to pestivirus and herpesvirus in sheep, goats, alpacas (Lama pacos), llamas (Lama glama), guanacos (Lama guanicoe) and vicuna (Vicugna vicugna) from Chile. Arch Med Vet 33:165.
32. Shimeld LA. 2009. Seroprevalence to BVDV of alpacas in Southern California. Proceedings of the Fourth Annual U.S. BVDV Symposium, Jan 25-27, Phoenix, AZ.
33. Chase CC, Braun LJ, Leslie-Steen P, et al. 2008. Bovine viral diarrhea virus multiorgan infection in two white-tailed deer in southeastern South Dakota. J Wildl Dis 44:753. PUBMED Abstract
34. Passler T, Walz PH, Ditchkoff SS, et al. 2007. Experimental persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in white-tailed deer. Vet Microbiol 122:350. PUBMED Abstract
35. Passler T, Walz PH, Ditchkoff SS, et al. 2009. Cohabitation of pregnant white-tailed deer and cattle persistently infected with Bovine viral diarrhea virus results in persistently infected fawns. Vet Microbiol 134:362. PUBMED Abstract
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38. Passler T, Walz PH, Ditchkoff SS, et al. 2008. Evaluation of hunter-harvested white-tailed deer for evidence of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in Alabama. J Vet Diagn Invest 20:79. PUBMED Abstract
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42. Houe H. 1995. Epidemiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 11:521. PUBMED Abstract
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52. Givens MD, Heath AM, Brock KV, et al. 2003. Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in semen obtained after inoculation of seronegative postpubertal bulls. Am J Vet Res 64:428. PUBMED Abstract
53. Kirkland PD, McGowan MR, Mackintosh SG, et al. 1997. Insemination of cattle with semen from a bull transiently infected with pestivirus. Vet Rec 140:124. PUBMED Abstract
54. Voges H, Horner GW, Rowe S, et al. 1998. Persistent bovine pestivirus infection localized in the testes of an immuno-competent, non-viraemic bull. Vet Microbiol 61:165. PUBMED Abstract
55. Kirkland PD, Mackintosh SG, Moyle A. 1994. The outcome of widespread use of semen from a bull persistently infected with pestivirus. Vet Rec 135:527. PUBMED Abstract
56. Givens MD, Riddell KP, Edmondson MA, et al. 2009. Epidemiology of prolonged testicular infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Vet Microbiol 139:42. PUBMED Abstract
57. Mainar-Jaime RC, Berzal-Herranz B, Arias P, et al. 2001. Epidemiological pattern and risk factors associated with bovine viral-diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection in a non-vaccinated dairy-cattle population from the Asturias region of Spain. Prev Vet Med 52:63.
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77. Roth JA, Kaeberle ML. 1983. Suppression of neutrophil and lymphocyte function induced by a vaccinal strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus with and without the administration of ACTH. Am J Vet Res 44:2366. PUBMED Abstract
78. Atluru D, Xue W, Polam S, et al. 1990. In vitro interactions of cytokines and bovine viral diarrhea virus in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated bovine mononuclear cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 25:47. PUBMED Abstract
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83. Potgieter LN, McCracken MD, Hopkins FM, et al. 1985. Comparison of the pneumopathogenicity of two strains of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Vet Res 46:151. PUBMED Abstract
84. Potgieter LN, McCracken MD, Hopkins FM, et al. 1984. Effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on the distribution of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus in calves. Am J Vet Res 45:687. PUBMED Abstract
85. Brodersen BW, Kelling CL. 1998. Effect of concurrent experimentally induced bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on respiratory tract and enteric diseases in calves. Am J Vet Res 59:1423. PUBMED Abstract
86. Shahriar FM, Clark EG, Janzen E, et al. 2002. Coinfection with bovine viral diarrhea virus and Mycoplasma bovis in feedlot cattle with chronic pneumonia. Can Vet J 43:863. PUBMED Abstract
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88. Niskanen R, Alenius S, Belak K, et al. 2002. Insemination of susceptible heifers with semen from a non-viraemic bull with persistent bovine virus diarrhoea virus infection localized in the testes. Reprod Domest Anim 37:171. PUBMED Abstract
89. Dubovi EJ. 1994. Impact of bovine viral diarrhea virus on reproductive performance in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 10:503. PUBMED Abstract
90. McGowan MR, Kirkland PD, Richards SG, et al. 1993. Increased reproductive losses in cattle infected with bovine pestivirus around the time of insemination. Vet Rec 133:39. PUBMED Abstract
91. Grooms DL, Brock KV, Ward LA. 1998. Detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in the ovaries of cattle acutely infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 10:125. PUBMED Abstract
92. Grooms DL, Brock KV, Ward LA. 1998. Detection of cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus in the ovaries of cattle following immunization with a modified live bovine viral diarrhea virus vaccine. J Vet Diagn Invest 10:130. PUBMED Abstract
93. Brock KV, Lapin DR, Skrade DR. 1997. Embryo transfer from donor cattle persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Theriogenology 47:837. PUBMED Abstract
94. Kirkbride CA. 1992. Viral agents and associated lesions detected in a 10-year study of bovine abortions and stillbirths. J Vet Diagn Invest 4:374.
95. Woodard L. 1994. BVD virus associated with outbreaks of abortion, stillbirths, and weak calves. Vet Med 89:379.
96. Duffell SJ, Sharp MW, Winkler CE, et al. 1984. Bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease virus-induced fetopathy in cattle: Efficacy of prophylactic maternal pre-exposure. Vet Rec 114:558. PUBMED Abstract
97. Munoz-Zanzi CA, Hietala SK, Thurmond MC, et al. 2003. Quantification, risk factors, and health impact of natural congenital infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus in dairy calves. Am J Vet Res 64:358. PUBMED Abstract
98. Houe H. 1993. Survivorship of animals persistently infected with bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV). Prev Vet Med 15:275.
99. Bolin SR. 1995. The pathogenesis of mucosal disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 11:489. PUBMED Abstract
100. Tautz N, Thiel HJ, Dubovi EJ, et al. 1994. Pathogenesis of mucosal disease: a cytopathogenic pestivirus generated by an internal deletion. J Virol 68:3289. PUBMED Abstract
101. Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. 1995. The pathologies of bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. A window on the pathogenesis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 11:447. PUBMED Abstract
102. Dubovi EJ. 2013. Laboratory diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Biologicals 41:8. PUBMED Abstract
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105. Driskell EA, Ridpath JF. 2006. A survey of bovine viral diarrhea virus testing in diagnostic laboratories in the United States from 2004 to 2005. J Vet Diagn Invest 18:600. PUBMED Abstract
106. Zimmer GM, Van Maanen C, De Goey I, et al. 2004. The effect of maternal antibodies on the detection of bovine virus diarrhoea virus in peripheral blood samples. Vet Microbiol 100:145. PUBMED Abstract
107. Grooms DL, Keilen ED. 2002. Screening of neonatal calves for persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus by immunohistochemistry on skin biopsy samples. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 9:898. PUBMED Abstract
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122. van Oirschot JT, Bruschke CJ, van Rijn PA. 1999. Vaccination of cattle against bovine viral diarrhoea. Vet Microbiol 64:169. PUBMED Abstract
123. Dean HJ, Leyh R. 1999. Cross-protective efficacy of a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 vaccine against BVDV type 2 challenge. Vaccine 17:1117. PUBMED Abstract
124. Cortese VS, West KH, Hassard LE, et al. 1998. Clinical and immunologic responses of vaccinated and unvaccinated calves to infection with a virulent type-II isolate of bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:1312. PUBMED Abstract
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127. Dean HJ, Hunsaker BD, Bailey OD, et al. 2003. Prevention of persistent infection in calves by vaccination of dams with noncytopathic type-1 modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus prior to breeding. Am J Vet Res 64:530. PUBMED Abstract
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129. Fairbanks KK, Rinehart CL, Ohnesorge WC, et al. 2004. Evaluation of fetal protection against experimental infection with type 1 and type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus after vaccination of the dam with a bivalent modified-live virus vaccine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1898. PUBMED Abstract
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Malignant Catarrhal Fever (Bovine Malignant Catarrh, Malignant Head Catarrh)

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20. O'Toole D, Taus NS, Montgomery DL, et al. 2007. Intra-nasal inoculation of American bison (Bison bison) with ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) reliably reproduces malignant catarrhal fever. Vet Pathol 44:655. PUBMED Abstract
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34. Li H, Snowder G, O'Toole D, et al. 2000. Transmission of ovine herpesvirus 2 among adult sheep. Vet Microbiol 71:27. PUBMED Abstract
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38. Loken T, Bosman AM, van Vuuren M. 2009. Infection with Ovine herpesvirus 2 in Norwegian herds with a history of previous outbreaks of malignant catarrhal fever. J Vet Diagn Invest 21:257. PUBMED Abstract
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45. Liggitt HD, DeMartini JC, McChesney AE, et al. 1978. Experimental transmission of malignant catarrhal fever in cattle: gross and histopathologic changes. Am J Vet Res 39:1249. PUBMED Abstract
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47. Haig DM, Grant D, Deane D, et al. 2008. An immunisation strategy for the protection of cattle against alcelaphine herpesvirus-1-induced malignant catarrhal fever. Vaccine 26:4461. PUBMED Abstract
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49. Gasper D, Barr B, Li H, et al. 2012. Ibex-associated malignant catarrhal fever-like disease in a group of bongo antelope (Tragelaphus eurycerus). Vet Pathol 49:492. PUBMED Abstract
50. Klieforth R, Maalouf G, Stalis I, et al. 2002. Malignant catarrhal fever-like disease in Barbary red deer (Cervus elaphus barbarus) naturally infected with a virus resembling alcelaphine herpesvirus 2. J Clin Microbiol 40:3381. PUBMED Abstract
51. Reid HW, Bridgen A. 1991. Recovery of a herpesvirus from a roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus). Vet Microbiol 28:269. PUBMED Abstract
52. Li H, Gailbreath K, Bender LC, et al. 2003. Evidence of three new members of malignant catarrhal fever virus group in muskox (Ovibos moschatus), Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana), and gemsbok (Oryx gazella). J Wildl Dis 39:875. PUBMED Abstract

Vesicular Stomatitis

1. Anonymous. 2008. Vesicular stomatitis. [WWW page]. http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/vesicular_stomatitis.pdf, accessed Nov 15, 2012.
2. Mumford EL, McCluskey BJ, Traub-Dargatz JL, et al. 1998. Serologic evaluation of vesicular stomatitis virus exposure in horses and cattle in 1996. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:1265. PUBMED Abstract
3. Perez AM, Pauszek SJ, Jimenez D, et al. 2010. Spatial and phylogenetic analysis of vesicular stomatitis virus over-wintering in the United States. Prev Vet Med 93:258. PUBMED Abstract
4. Drolet BS, Stuart MA, Derner, JD. 2009. Infection of Melanoplus sanguinipes grasshoppers following ingestion of rangeland plant species harboring vesicular stomatitis virus. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:3029.
5. Arroyo M, Perez AM, Rodriguez LL. 2011. Characterization of the temporal and spatial distribution and reproductive ratio of vesicular stomatitis outbreaks in Mexico in 2008. Am J Vet Res 72:233. PUBMED Abstract
6. Hansen DE, Thurmond MC, Thorburn M. 1985. Factors associated with the spread of clinical vesicular stomatitis in California dairy cattle. Am J Vet Res 46:789. PUBMED Abstract
7. Thurmond MC, Ardans AA, Picanso JP, et al. 1987. Vesicular stomatitis virus (New Jersey strain) infection in two California dairy herds: an epidemiologic study. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:965. PUBMED Abstract
8. Gearhart MA, Webb PA, Knight AP, et al. 1987. Serum neutralizing antibody titers in dairy cattle administered an inactivated vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:819. PUBMED Abstract
9. Goodger WJ, Thurmond M, Nehay J, et al. 1985. Economic impact of an epizootic of bovine vesicular stomatitis in California. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:370. PUBMED Abstract
10. House JA, House C, Dubourget P, et al. 2003. Protective immunity in cattle vaccinated with a commercial scale, inactivated, bivalent vesicular stomatitis vaccine, Vaccine 21:1932. PUBMED Abstract

Foot and Mouth Disease (Aftosa, Aphthous Fever)

1. Anonymous. 2009. Foot and mouth disease. [WWW page]. http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Animal_Health_in_the_World/docs/pdf/FOOT_AND_MOUTH_DISEASE_FINAL.pdf, accessed Nov 18, 2012.
2. Li Z, Yi Y, Yin X, et al. 2012. Development of a foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A empty capsid subunit vaccine using silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae. PLoS ONE 7:e43849. PUBMED Abstract
3. Michel AL, Bengis RG. 2012. The African buffalo: a villain for inter-species spread of infectious diseases in southern Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 79:E1. PUBMED Abstract
4. Westbury HA, Doughty WJ, Forman AJ, et al. 1988. A comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, complement fixation and virus isolation for foot-and-mouth disease diagnosis, Vet Microbiol 17:21. PUBMED Abstract
5. Sumption K, Domenech J, Ferrari G. 2012. Progressive control of FMD on a global scale. Vet Rec 170:637. PUBMED Abstract

Rinderpest (Cattle Plague) and Peste des Petits Ruminants

1. Yamanouchi K. 2012. Scientific background to the global eradication of rinderpest. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 148:12. PUBMED Abstract
2. Anonymous. 2009. Peste des petits ruminants. [WWW page]. http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Animal_Health_in_the_World/docs/pdf/PESTE_DES_PETITS_RUMINANTS_FINAL.pdf, accessed Nov 18, 2012.
3. Brüning-Richardson A, Akerblom L, Klingeborn B, et al. 2011. Improvement and development of rapid chromatographic strip-tests for the diagnosis of rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants viruses. J Virol Methods 174:42. PUBMED Abstract
4. Rossiter PB, Kariuki DP. 1987. Single and combined rinderpest vaccines. Vet Rec 121:230. PUBMED Abstract

Choke and Esophageal Disorders

1. Jattennavar PS, Kalmath GP. 2010. Choke due to cotton thread ball with sieving needle in a goat. Indian J Anim Res 44:228.
2. Vishwanatha B, Ranganath L, Mahesh V, et al. 2012. Choke in a cow—a case report. Vet World 5:40.
3. Kennerman E, Senturk S, Ozyigit MO. 2006. Megaesophagus in a calf. Indian Vet J 83:209.

Esophageal Dilation (Megaesophagus) and Hiatal Hernia

1. Ross CE, Rebhun WC. 1986. Megaesophagus in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:623. PUBMED Abstract
2. Anderson NV, Vestweber JG, Voisin AJ, et al. 1984. Hiatal hernia and segmental megaesophagus in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:193. PUBMED Abstract
3. Vestweber JG, Leipold HW, Knighton RG. 1985. Idiopathic megaesophagus in a calf: clinical and clinicopathologic features. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:1369. PUBMED Abstract
4. Braun U, Steiger R, Flückiger M, et al. 1990. Regurgitation due to megaesophagus in a ram. Can Vet J 31:391. PUBMED Abstract
5. Bargai U, Nathan AT, Pearl S. 1991. Acquired megaesophagus in a heifer. Vet Radiol 32:259.
6. Mozaffari AA, Vosough D. 2007. Idiopathic megaesophagus in a goat: clinical and radiological features. Iranian J Vet Surg 2:94.
7. Troutt HF, Fessler JF, Page EH, et al. 1967. Diaphragmatic defects in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 151:1421. PUBMED Abstract

Ruminant Abdominal Ultrasonography

1. Braun U. 2005. Ultrasound as a decision-making tool in abdominal surgery in cows. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 21:33. PUBMED Abstract
2. Braun U. 2009. Ultrasonography of the gastrointestinal tract in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:567. PUBMED Abstract
3. Braun U. 1991. Ultrasonographic examination of the right kidney in cows. Am J Vet Res 52:1933. PUBMED Abstract
4. Braun U. 1993. Ultrasonographic examination of the left kidney, the urinary bladder, and the urethra in cows. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 40:1. PUBMED Abstract
5. Braun U, Schefer U, Fohn J. 1992. Urinary tract ultrasonography in normal rams and in rams with obstructive urolithiasis. Can Vet J 33:654. PUBMED Abstract
6. Braun U, Schefer U, Gerber D. 1992. Ultrasonography of the urinary tract of female sheep. Am J Vet Res 53:1734. PUBMED Abstract
7. Hayashi H, Biller DS, Rings DM, et al. 1994. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of pyelonephritis in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:736. PUBMED Abstract
8. Floeck M. 2007. Sonographic application in the diagnosis of pyelonephritis in cattle. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:74. PUBMED Abstract
9. Braun U, Nuss K, Wehbrink D, et al. 2008. Clinical and ultrasonographic findings, diagnosis and treatment of pyelonephritis in 17 cows. Vet J 175:240. PUBMED Abstract
10. Floeck M. 2009. Ultrasonography of bovine urinary tract disorders. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:651. PUBMED Abstract
11. Mohamed T, Oikawa S. 2008. Efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous biopsy of the right kidney in cattle. J Vet Med Sci 70:175. PUBMED Abstract
12. Newman SJ, Leichner T, Crisman M, et al. 2000. Congenital cystic disease of the liver and kidney in a pygmy goat. J Vet Diagn Invest 12:374. PUBMED Abstract
13. Eddy RG, Pinsent PJN. 2004. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis in the cow, pp 154-155. In Andrews AH (ed), Bovine medicine. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
14. Van Metre D. 2009. Ruminant renal system, pp 949-971. In Smith BP (ed), Large animal internal medicine, ed 4. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
15. Jones M, Miesner M, Baird AN, et al. 2012. Disease of the urinary system, pp 325-359. In Pugh DG, Baird AN (eds), Sheep and goat medicine, ed 2. Elsevier Saunders, Maryland Heights, MO.
16. Braun U, Nuss K, Sydler T, et al. 2006. Ultrasonographic findings in three cows with ureteral obstruction due to urolithiasis. Vet Rec 159:750. PUBMED Abstract
17. Braun U. 2009. Ultrasonography of the liver in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:591. PUBMED Abstract
18. Braun U, Steininger K. 2011. Ultrasonographic characterization of the liver, caudal vena cava, portal vein, and gallbladder in goats. Am J Vet Res 72:219. PUBMED Abstract
19. Braun U. 1996. Ultrasonographic examination of the liver and gall bladder in cows: normal findings. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet Suppl 18:S61.
20. Braun U, Gerber D. 1994. Influence of age, breed, and stage of pregnancy on hepatic ultrasonographic findings in cows. Am J Vet Res 55:1201. PUBMED Abstract
21. Braun U, Hausammann K. 1992. Ultrasonographic examination of the liver in sheep. Am J Vet Res 53:198. PUBMED Abstract
22. Braun U, Pusterla N, Wild K. 1996. Ultrasonographic examination of the liver and gall bladder in cows: abnormal findings. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 18:1255.
23. Braun U, Linggi T, Pospischil A. 1999. Ultrasonographic findings in three cows with chronic ragwort (Senecio alpinus) poisoning. Vet Rec 144:122. PUBMED Abstract
24. Acorda JA, Yamada H, Ghamsari SM, et al. 1994. Ultrasonographic features of diffuse hepatocellular disorders in dairy cattle. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 35:196.
25. Gonzalo-Orden M, Millan L, Alvarez M, et al. 2003. Diagnostic imaging in sheep hepatic fascioliasis: ultrasound, computer tomography and magnetic resonance findings. Parasitol Res 90:359. PUBMED Abstract
26. Scott PR, Sargison ND, Macrae A, et al. 2005. An outbreak of subacute fasciolosis in Soay sheep: ultrasonographic biochemical and histological studies. Vet J 170:325. PUBMED Abstract
27. Braun U, Pusterla N, Wild K. 1995. Ultrasonographic findings in 11 cows with a hepatic abscess. Vet Rec 137:284. PUBMED Abstract
28. Dore E, Fecteau G, Helie P, et al. 2007. Liver abscesses in Holstein dairy cattle: 18 cases (1992-2003). J Vet Intern Med 21:853. PUBMED Abstract
29. Lechtenberg KF, Nagaraja TG. 1991. Hepatic ultrasonography and blood changes in cattle with experimentally induced hepatic abscesses. Am J Vet Res 52:803. PUBMED Abstract
30. Braun U, Flückiger M, Feige K, et al. 2002. Diagnosis by ultrasonography of congestion of the caudal vena cava secondary to thrombosis in 12 cows. Vet Rec 150:209. PUBMED Abstract
31. Braun U. 2008. Clinical findings and diagnosis of thrombosis of the caudal vena cava in cattle. Vet J 175:118. PUBMED Abstract
32. Sigrist I, Francoz D, Leclere M, et al. 2008. Antemortem diagnosis of caudal vena cava thrombosis in 2 cows. J Vet Intern Med 22:684. PUBMED Abstract
33. Braun U, Nuss K, Soldati G, et al. 2005. Clinical and ultrasonographic findings in four cows with liver tumours. Vet Rec 157:482. PUBMED Abstract
34. Braun U, Gotz M, Guscetti F. 1994. Ultrasonographic findings in a cow with extra-hepatic cholestasis and cholangitis. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 136:275. PUBMED Abstract
35. Braun U, Pospischil A, Pusterla N, et al. 1995. Ultrasonographic findings in cows with cholestasis. Vet Rec 137:537. PUBMED Abstract
36. Braun U, Schweizer G, Pospischil A. 2005. Clinical and ultrasonographic findings in three cows with ruptured gall bladders. Vet Rec 156:351. PUBMED Abstract
37. Braun U, Gerber D. 1992. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecystocentesis in cows. Am J Vet Res 53:1079. PUBMED Abstract
38. Braun U, Sicher D. 2006. Ultrasonography of the spleen in 50 healthy cows. Vet J 171:513. PUBMED Abstract
39. Floeck M, Aslam S, Schaetz G, et al. 2012. Ultrasonographic assessment of the spleen in 60 healthy sheep. N Z Vet J 61:165. PUBMED Abstract
40. Braun U. 2003. Ultrasonography in gastrointestinal disease in cattle. Vet J 166:112. PUBMED Abstract
41. Braun U, Jacquat D. 2011. Ultrasonography of the reticulum in 30 healthy Saanen goats. Acta Vet Scand 53:19. PUBMED Abstract
42. Braun U, Gotz M. 1994. Ultrasonography of the reticulum in cows. Am J Vet Res 55:325. PUBMED Abstract
43. Braun U, Iselin U, Lischer C, et al. 1998. Ultrasonographic findings in five cows before and after treatment of reticular abscesses. Vet Rec 142:184. PUBMED Abstract
44. Braun U, Gotz M, Marmier O. 1993. Ultrasonographic findings in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis. Vet Rec 133:416. PUBMED Abstract
45. Braun U, Schweizer G, Flückiger M. 2002. Radiographic and ultrasonographic findings in three cows with reticulo-omasal obstruction due to a foreign body. Vet Rec 150:580. PUBMED Abstract
46. Braun U, Rauch S, Hassig M. 2009. Ultrasonographic evaluation of reticular motility in 144 cattle with vagal indigestion. Vet Rec 164:11. PUBMED Abstract
47. Braun U, Pusterla N, Anliker H. 1998. Ultrasonographic findings in three cows with peritonitis in the left flank region. Vet Rec 142:338. PUBMED Abstract
48. Braun U, Blessing S. 2006. Ultrasonographic examination of the omasum in 30 healthy cows. Vet Rec 159:812. PUBMED Abstract
49. Braun U, Jacquat D. 2011. Ultrasonography of the omasum in 30 Saanen goats. BMC Vet Res 7:11. PUBMED Abstract
50. Braun U, Blessing S, Lejeune B, et al. 2007. Ultrasonography of the omasum in cows with various gastrointestinal diseases. Vet Rec 160:865. PUBMED Abstract
51. Imran S, Tyagi SP, Kumar A, et al. 2011. Ultrasonographic imaging of normal and impacted omasum in Indian crossbred cows. Vet Med Int 2011:485031 [Epub ahead of print] PUBMED Abstract
52. Braun U, Wild K, Guscetti F. 1997. Ultrasonographic examination of the abomasum of 50 cows. Vet Rec 140:93. PUBMED Abstract
53. Braun U, Pusterla N, Schonmann M. 1997. Ultrasonographic findings in cows with left displacement of the abomasum. Vet Rec 141:331. PUBMED Abstract
54. Braun U, Feller B. 2008. Ultrasonographic findings in cows with right displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus. Vet Rec 162:311. PUBMED Abstract
55. Tanaka H, Takai H, Sato K, et al. 2003. Nodal, uterine and meningeal gamma(delta) T-cell lymphomas in cattle. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 50:447. PUBMED Abstract
56. Buczinski S, Belanger AM, Francoz D. 2011. Ultrasonographic appearance of lymphomatous infiltration of the abomasum in cows with lymphoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 238:1044. PUBMED Abstract
57. Braun U, Marmier O. 1995. Ultrasonographic examination of the small intestine of cows. Vet Rec 136:239. PUBMED Abstract
58. Braun U, Marmier O, Pusterla N. 1995. Ultrasonographic examination of the small intestine of cows with ileus of the duodenum, jejunum or ileum. Vet Rec 137:209. PUBMED Abstract
59. Dennison AC, Van Metre DC, Callan RJ, et al. 2002. Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle: 22 cases (1997-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:686. PUBMED Abstract
60. Nuss K, Lejeune B, Lischer C, et al. 2006. Ileal impaction in 22 cows. Vet J 171:456. PUBMED Abstract
61. Braun U, Forster E, Steininger K, et al. 2010. Ultrasonographic findings in 63 cows with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome. Vet Rec 166:79. PUBMED Abstract
62. Lejeune B, Lorenz I. 2008. Ultrasonographic findings in 2 cows with duodenal obstruction. Can Vet J 49:386. PUBMED Abstract
63. Braun U, Nuss K, Knubben-Schweizer G, et al. 2011. [The use of ultrasonography for diagnosing the cause of colic in cows. A review]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 39:289. PUBMED Abstract
64. Boerboom D, Mulon PY, Desrochers A. 2003. Duodenal obstruction caused by malposition of the gallbladder in a heifer. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1475. PUBMED Abstract
65. Braun U, Amrein E. 2001. Ultrasonographic examination of the caecum and the proximal and spiral ansa of the colon of cattle. Vet Rec 149:45. PUBMED Abstract
66. Braun U, Amrein E, Koller U, et al. 2002. Ultrasonographic findings in cows with dilatation, torsion and retroflexion of the caecum. Vet Rec 150:75. PUBMED Abstract
67. Braun U, Beckmann C, Gerspach C, et al. 2012. Clinical findings and treatment in cattle with caecal dilatation. BMC Vet Res 8:75. PUBMED Abstract
68. Hesselink JW, Taverne MA. 1994. Ultrasonography of the uterus of the goat. Vet Q 16:41. PUBMED Abstract
69. Kahn W, Leidl W. 1989. Ultrasonographic characteristics of pathological conditions of the bovine uterus and ovaries, pp 53-65. In Taverne MAM, Wellemse AH (eds), Diagnostic ultrasound and animal reproduction. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
70. Haibel GK. 1990. Use of ultrasonography in reproductive management of sheep and goat herds. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 6:597. PUBMED Abstract
71. Edmondson M, Roberts J, Baird A, et al. 2012. Theriogenology of sheep and goats, pp 150-230. In Pugh DG, Baird AN (eds), Sheep and goat medicine, ed 2. Elsevier Saunders, Maryland Heights, MO.
72. Hesselink JW. 1993. Incidence of hydrometra in dairy goats. Vet Rec 132:110. PUBMED Abstract
73. Batista M, Medina J, Calero P, et al. 2001. Incidence and treatment of hydrometra in Canary Island goats. Vet Rec 149:329. PUBMED Abstract
74. Melendez P, McHale J, Bartolome J, et al. 2004. Uterine involution and fertility of Holstein cows subsequent to early postpartum PGF2alpha treatment for acute puerperal metritis. J Dairy Sci 87:3238. PUBMED Abstract
75. Whitney KM, Valentine BA, Schlafer DH. 2000. Caprine genital leiomyosarcoma. Vet Pathol 37:89. PUBMED Abstract
76. Christensen BW, Drost M, Troedsson MHT. 2009. Diseases of the reproductive system, pp 1419-1483. In Smith BP (ed), Large animal internal medicine, ed 4. Mosby Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
77. Tharwat M, Buczinski S. 2012. Diagnostic ultrasonography in cattle with abdominal fat necrosis. Can Vet J 53:41. PUBMED Abstract
78. Braun U, Gerspach C, Metzger L, et al. 2004. Ultrasonographic findings in a cow with ascites due to a mesothelioma. Vet Rec 154:272. PUBMED Abstract
79. Krametter R, Bago Z, Floeck M, et al. 2004. Abdominal mesothelioma in a goat. N Z Vet J 52:293. PUBMED Abstract

Indigestion in Ruminants

1. Dirksen GU. 1978. Krankheiten der Haube und des Pansens, pp 216-275. In Rosenberger G (ed), Krankheiten des Rindes, ed 2. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.
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6. Constable PD, Hoffsis GF, Rings DM. 1990. The reticulorumen: normal and abnormal motor function. Part II. Secondary contraction cycles, rumination, and esophageal groove closure. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 12:1169.
7. Backus RC, Colvin HW Jr, DePeters EJ. 1993. The effect of elevation of intrarumen pressure by nitrogen insufflation on eructation in cattle (Bos taurus). Comp Biochem Physiol Comp Physiol 106:731. PUBMED Abstract
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9. Titchen DA. 1958. Reflex stimulation and inhibition of reticulum contractions in the ruminant stomach. J Physiol 141:1. PUBMED Abstract
10. Leek BF, Harding RH. 1975. Sensory nervous receptors in the ruminant stomach and the reflex control of reticuloruminal motility. In McDonald IW, Warner ACI (eds), Digestion and metabolism in the ruminant. New England Publishing Unit, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
11. Kendall PE, McLeay LM. 1996. Excitatory effects of volatile fatty acids on the in vitro motility of the rumen of sheep. Res Vet Sci 61:1. PUBMED Abstract
12. Espinasse J, Kuiper R, Schelcher F. 1991. Pathophysiology of the bovine stomach. Bovine Practitioner 26:105.
13. Kania BF, Zaremba-Rutkowska M, Romanowicz K. 1999. Experimental intestinal stress induced by duodenal distention in sheep. J Anim Feed Sci 8:233.
14. Leek BF. 2001. Review: reticuloruminal motility—a pharmacological target with a difference? Vet Q 23:26. PUBMED Abstract
15. Jorgensen RJ, Nyengaard NR, Hara S, et al. 1998. Rumen motility during induced hyper- and hypocalcaemia. Acta Vet Scand 39:331. PUBMED Abstract
16. Westra R, Christopherson RJ. 1976. Effects of cold on digestibility, retention time of digesta, reticulum motility and thyroid hormones in sheep. Can J Anim Sci 56:699.
17. Lirette A, Kelly JM, Milligan LP, et al. 1988. Effects of psychological stress, acute cold stress, and diet on forestomach contractions in cattle. Can J Anim Sci 68:399.
18. Andersson B, Kitchell R, Persson N. 1958. A study of rumination induced by milking in the goat. Acta Physiol Scand 44:92. PUBMED Abstract
19. Guard C, Schwark W, Kelton D, et al. 1988. Effects of metoclopramide, clenbuterol and butorphanol on ruminoreticular motility of calves. Cornell Vet 78:89. PUBMED Abstract
20. Sorraing JM, Fioramonti J, Bueno L. 1984. Effects of dopamine and serotonin on eructation rate and ruminal motility in sheep. Am J Vet Res 45:942. PUBMED Abstract
21. Brikas P, Tsiamitas C, Wyburn RS. 1986. On the effect of xylazine on forestomach motility in sheep. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 33:174. PUBMED Abstract
22. Svendson PE. 1975. Experimental studies of gastrointestinal atony in ruminants. In McDonald IW, Warner ACI (eds), Digestion and metabolism in the ruminant. New England Publishing Unit, Armidale, NSW, Australia.
23. Grovum WL. 1981. Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep. 3. The effect of intravenous infusions of gastrin, cholecystokinin and secretin on motility of the reticulo-rumen and intake. Br J Nutr 45:183. PUBMED Abstract
24. Backus RC, Colvin HW Jr, DePeters EJ. 1993. The effect of elevation of intrarumen pressure by nitrogen insufflation on eructation in cattle (Bos taurus). Comp Biochem Physiol Comp Physiol 106:731. PUBMED Abstract
25. Cheng KJ, McAllister TA, Popp JD, et al. 1998. A review of bloat in feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 76:299. PUBMED Abstract
26. Doll K. 1989. Bloat in calves—some aspects of differential diagnosis and therapy. Bovine Practitioner 24:49.
27. Kohler M, Doll K. 1996. Causes and treatment of recurrent ruminal tympany in calves and young cattle. Tierarztliche Umschau 51:340.
28. Narayanan S, Nagaraja TG, Wallace N, et al. 1998. Biochemical and ribotypic comparison of Actinomyces pyogenes and A pyogenes-like organisms from liver abscesses, ruminal wall, and ruminal contents of cattle. Am J Vet Res 59:271. PUBMED Abstract
29. Takayama Y, Kanoe M, Maeda K, et al. 2000. Adherence of Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum to ruminal cells derived from bovine rumenitis. Lett Appl Microbiol 30:308. PUBMED Abstract
30. Chihaya Y, Matsukawa K, Ohshima K, et al. 1992. A pathological study of bovine alimentary mycosis. J Comp Pathol 107:195. PUBMED Abstract
31. Jensen HE, Schonheyder H, Basse A. 1991. Acute disseminated Aspergillosis in a cow with special reference to penetration and spread. J Comp Pathol 104:411. PUBMED Abstract
32. Gordon PJ. 1997. Surgical removal of a fibropapilloma from the reticulum causing apparent vagal indigestion. Vet Rec 140:69. PUBMED Abstract
33. Gabel G. 1990. Rumen acidosis: interactions between changes in the lumen and the rumen wall / Pansenazidose: Interaktionen zwischen den Veranderungen im Lumen und in der Wand des Pansens. Ubersichten zur Tierernahrung 18:11.
34. Zitnan R, Voigt J, Schönhusen U, et al. 1998. Influence of dietary concentrate to forage ratio on the development of rumen mucosa in calves. Arch Tiernahr 51:279. PUBMED Abstract
35. Suárez BJ, Van Reenen CG, Gerrits WJJ, et al. 2006. Effects of supplementing concentrates differing in carbohydrate composition in veal calf diets: II. Rumen development. J Dairy Sci 89:4376.
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38. Braun U, Hausammann K, Oertle C. 1990. [Hoflund syndrome due to anterior functional stenosis in 20 cows]. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 103:192. PUBMED Abstract
39. Rehage J, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Kaske M. 1992. Hoflund's syndrome: the consequence of failure in the selective retention of particles in the reticulorumen? pp 131-136. Proceedings of the Annual American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference, Aug 31-Sept 4, St. Paul, MN.
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41. Rehage J, Kaske M, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, et al. 1995. Evaluation of the pathogenesis of vagus indigestion in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1607. PUBMED Abstract
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43. Braun U, Rauch S, Hassig M. 2009. Ultrasonographic evaluation of reticular motility in 144 cattle with vagal indigestion. Vet Rec 164:11. PUBMED Abstract
44. Kumar A, Saini NS. 2011. Reliability of ultrasonography at the fifth intercostal space in the diagnosis of reticular diaphragmatic hernia. Vet Rec 169:391. PUBMED Abstract
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46. Mackie RI, White BA. 1990. Recent advances in rumen microbial ecology and metabolism: potential impact on nutrient output. J Dairy Sci 73:2971. PUBMED Abstract
47. Hespell RB, Akin DE, Dehority BA. 1997. Bacteria, fungi and protozoa of the rumen, pp 59-186. In Mackie RI, White BA, Isaacson R (eds), Gastrointestinal microbiology. Chapman and Hall, New York.
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52. Fernando SC, Purvis HT, II, Najar FZ, et al. 2010. Rumen microbial population dynamics during adaptation to a high-grain diet. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:7482. PUBMED Abstract
53. Tajima K, Arai S, Ogata K, et al. 2000. Rumen bacterial community transition during adaptation to high-grain diet. Anaerobe 6:273.
54. Nagaraja TG, Lechtenberg KF. 2007. Acidosis in feedlot cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 23:333. PUBMED Abstract
55. Schelcher F, Valarcher JF, Espinasse J. 1992. Abnormal ruminal digestion in cattle with dominantly non-digestive disorders. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 99:175. PUBMED Abstract
56. Selim HM, Yamato O, Tajima M, et al. 1999. Rumen bacteria are involved in the onset of onion-induced hemolytic anemia in sheep. J Vet Med Sci 61:369. PUBMED Abstract
57. Gould DH, Cummings BA, Hamar DW. 1997. In vivo indicators of pathologic ruminal sulfide production in steers with diet-induced polioencephalomalacia. J Vet Diagn Invest 9:72. PUBMED Abstract
58. Cummings BA, Gould DH, Caldwell DR, et al. 1995. Ruminal microbial alterations associated with sulfide generation in steers with dietary sulfate-induced polioencephalomalacia. Am J Vet Res 56:1390. PUBMED Abstract
59. Schweigel M, Freyer M, Leclercq S, et al. 2005. Luminal hyperosmolarity decreases Na transport and impairs barrier function of sheep rumen epithelium. J Comp Physiol B 175:575. PUBMED Abstract
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61. Leedle JA, Coe ML, Frey RA. 1995. Evaluation of health and ruminal variables during adaptation to grain-based diets in beef cattle. Am J Vet Res 56:885. PUBMED Abstract
62. Krause KM, Combs DK, Beauchemin KA. 2002. Effects of forage particle size and grain fermentability in midlactation cows. II. Ruminal pH and chewing activity. J Dairy Sci 85:1947. PUBMED Abstract
63. Wells JE, Krause DO, Callaway TR, et al. 1997. A bacteriocin-mediated antagonism by ruminal lactobacilli against Streptococcus bovis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 22:237.
64. Krehbiel CR, Britton RA, Harmon DL, et al. 1995. The effects of ruminal acidosis on volatile fatty acid absorption and plasma activities of pancreatic enzymes in lambs. J Anim Sci 73:3111. PUBMED Abstract
65. Nagaraja TG. 2000. Liver abscesses in beef cattle: potential for dairy monitoring? pp 65-68. Proceedings of the Thirty-Third Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Sept 21-23, Rapid City, SD.
66. Nagaraja TG, Sun Y, Wallace N, et al. 1999. Effects of tylosin on concentrations of Fusobacterium necrophorum and fermentation products in the rumen of cattle fed a high-concentrate diet. Am J Vet Res 60:1061. PUBMED Abstract
67. Andersen PH. 2003. Bovine endotoxicosis—some aspects of relevance to production diseases. A review. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 98:141. PUBMED Abstract
68. Andersen PH, Bergelin B, Christensen KA. 1994. Effect of feeding regimen on concentration of free endotoxin in ruminal fluid of cattle. J Anim Sci 72:487. PUBMED Abstract
69. Andersen PH, Hesselholt M, Jarlov N. 1994. Endotoxin and arachidonic acid metabolites in portal, hepatic and arterial blood of cattle with acute ruminal acidosis. Acta Vet Scand 35:223. PUBMED Abstract
70. Aiumlamai S, Kindahl H, Fredriksson G, et al. 1992. The role of endotoxins in induced ruminal acidosis in calves. Acta Vet Scand 33:117. PUBMED Abstract
71. Ras A, Janowski T, Zdunczyk S. 1996. Effect of subclinical and acute acidosis in pregnant cows on the course of pregnancy and the steroid hormone profile / Einfluss subklinischer und akuter Azidose ante partum bei Kuhen auf den Graviditatsverlauf unter Berucksichtigung der Steroidhormonprofile. Tierarztliche Praxis 24:347.
72. Krause KM, Oetzel GR. 2006. Understanding and preventing subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds: a review. Anim Feed Sci Technol 126:215.
73. Oetzel GR. 2000. Clinical aspects of ruminal acidosis in dairy cattle, pp 46-53. Proceedings of the Thirty-Third Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Sept 21-23, Rapid City, SD.
74. Enemark JMD. 2009. The monitoring, prevention and treatment of sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA): a review. Vet J 176:32. PUBMED Abstract
75. Goad DW, Goad CL, Nagaraja TG. 1998. Ruminal microbial and fermentative changes associated with experimentally induced subacute acidosis in steers. J Anim Sci 76:234. PUBMED Abstract
76. Kleen JL, Hooijer GA, Rehage J, et al. 2003. Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA): a review. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 50:406. PUBMED Abstract
77. Hook SE, Steele MA, Northwood KS, et al. 2011. Impact of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) adaptation and recovery on the density and diversity of bacteria in the rumen of dairy cows. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 78:275. PUBMED Abstract
78. Nocek JE. 1997. Bovine acidosis: implications on laminitis. J Dairy Sci 80:1005. PUBMED Abstract
79. Davis CL, Drackley JK. 1998. The development, nutrition, and management of the young calf. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
80. Franco A, Regodon S, Robina A, et al. 1992. Histomorphometric analysis of the rumen of sheep during development. Am J Vet Res 53:1209. PUBMED Abstract
81. Rademacher G, Korn N, Friedrich A. 2003. The ruminal drinker as patient in practice / Der Pansentrinker als Patient in der Praxis. Tierarztl Umschau 58:115.
82. Stocker H, Rusch P. 1999. [Chronic indigestion in milk-fed calves]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 141:407. PUBMED Abstract
83. Gentile A, Rademacher G, Seemann G, et al. 1998. Systemic effects of ruminal acidosis following ruminal drinking in young calves. A retrospective analysis of 293 cases / Systemische Auswirkungen der Pansenazidose im Gefolge von Pansentrinken beim Milchkalb. Retrospektive analyse von 293 fallen. Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere 26:205.
84. Coverdale JA, Tyler HD, Quigley JD, III, et al. 2004. Effect of various levels of forage and form of diet on rumen development and growth in calves. J Dairy Sci 87:2554. PUBMED Abstract
85. Heinrichs AJ, Lesmeister KE. 2005. Rumen development in the dairy calf, in calf and heifer rearing: principles of rearing the modern dairy heifer from calf to calving, p 53. Proceedings of the 60th Annual University of Nottingham Easter School in Agricultural Science.
86. Khan MA, Weary DM, von Keyserlingk MA. 2011. Hay intake improves performance and rumen development of calves fed higher quantities of milk. J Dairy Sci 94:3547. PUBMED Abstract
87. Greenwood RH, Morrill JL, Titgemeyer EC, et al. 1997. A new method of measuring diet abrasion and its effect on the development of the forestomach. J Dairy Sci 80:2534. PUBMED Abstract
88. Suárez BJ, Van Reenen CG, Stockhofe N, et al. 2007. Effect of roughage source and roughage to concentrate ratio on animal performance and rumen development in veal calves. J Dairy Sci 90:2390. PUBMED Abstract
89. Shoemaker DE, Midla LT, Rajala-Schultz PJ. 2008. Factors associated with acute bloat syndrome in pre-weaned dairy heifers, pp 85-90. Proceedings of the 17th Annual Tri-State Dairy Nutrition Conference, Apr 22-23, Fort Wayne, IN.
90. Panciera RJ, Boileau MJ, Step DL. 2007. Tympany, acidosis, and mural emphysema of the stomach in calves: report of cases and experimental induction. J Vet Diagn Invest 19:392. PUBMED Abstract
91. Marshall TS. 2009. Abomasal ulceration and tympany of calves. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:209. PUBMED Abstract
92. Braun U, Gotz M. 1994. Ultrasonography of the reticulum in cows. Am J Vet Res 55:325. PUBMED Abstract
93. Cable CS, Rebhun WC, Fubini SL, et al. 1998. Concurrent abomasal displacement and perforating ulceration in cattle: 21 cases (1985-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1442. PUBMED Abstract
94. Shearer JK. 2005. Nutrition and claw health, pp 1-10. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Tri-State Dairy Nutrition Conference, Fort Wayne, IN.
95. McGuirk SM, Bednarski RM, Clayton MK. 1990. Bradycardia in cattle deprived of food. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:894. PUBMED Abstract
96. Braun U, Rihs T, Schefer U. 1992. Ruminal lactic acidosis in sheep and goats. Vet Rec 130:343. PUBMED Abstract
97. Nordlund KV, Garrett EF. 1994. Rumenocentesis: a technique for collecting rumen fluid for the diagnosis of subacute rumen acidosis in dairy herds. Bovine Pract 28:109.
98. Garrett EF, Pereira MN, Nordlund KV, et al. 1999. Diagnostic methods for the detection of subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 82:1170. PUBMED Abstract
99. Enemark JMD, Jorgensen RJ, Kristensen NB. 2004. An evaluation of parameters for the detection of subclinical rumen acidosis in dairy herds. Vet Res Comm 28:687. PUBMED Abstract
100. Mould FL, Kliem KE, Morgan R, et al. 2005. In vitro microbial inoculum: a review of its function and properties. Anim Feed Sci Technol 123/124:31.
101. Nocek JE, Allman JG, Kautz WP. 2002. Evaluation of an indwelling ruminal probe methodology and effect of grain level on diurnal pH variation in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 85:422. PUBMED Abstract
102. Maekawa M, Beauchemin KA, Christensen DA. 2002. Effect of concentrate level and feeding management on chewing activities, saliva production, and ruminal pH of lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 85:1165. PUBMED Abstract
103. Rager KD, George LW, House JK, et al. 2004. Evaluation of rumen transfaunation after surgical correction of left-sided displacement of the abomasum in cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:915. PUBMED Abstract
104. Allen MS. 1997. Relationship between fermentation acid production in the rumen and the requirement for physically effective fiber. J Dairy Sci 80:1447. PUBMED Abstract
105. Eastridge ML. 2006. Major advances in applied dairy cattle nutrition. J Dairy Sci 89:1311. PUBMED Abstract

Acute Abdomen in Ruminants

1. Walters PC. 2000. Approach to the acute abdomen. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 15:63. PUBMED Abstract
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3. Roussel AJ, Cohen ND, Hooper RN. 2000. Abomasal displacement and volvulus in beef cattle: 19 cases (1988-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 5:730. PUBMED Abstract
4. Dennison AC, Van Metre DC, Callan RJ, et al. 2002. Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle: 22 cases (1997-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:686. PUBMED Abstract
5. Goff JP. 2000. Pathophysiology of calcium and phosphorus disorders. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 16:319. PUBMED Abstract
6. Belknap EB, Navarre CB. 2000. Differentiation of gastrointestinal diseases in adult cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 16:59. PUBMED Abstract
7. Constable PD, St Jean G, Hull BL, Rings DM, et al. 1997. Intussusception in cattle: 336 cases (1964-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:531. PUBMED Abstract
8. Anderson DE, Constable PD, St Jean G, et al. 1993. Small-intestinal volvulus in cattle: 35 cases (1967-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:1178. PUBMED Abstract
9. Garber JL, Madison JB. 1991. Signs of abdominal pain caused by disruption of the small intestinal mesentery in three postparturient cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:864. PUBMED Abstract
10. Fubini SL, Trent AM. 2004. Small intestine surgery, p 240. In Fubini SL, Ducharme NG (eds), Farm animal surgery. Saunders, St Louis, MO.
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13. Constable PD, St Jean G, Hull BL, et al. 1991. Preoperative indicators in cattle with abomasal volvulus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:2077. PUBMED Abstract
14. Fecteau G. 2005. Management of peritonitis in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 21:155. PUBMED Abstract
15. Wittek T, Grosche A, Locher LF, et al. 2010. Diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer and other peritoneal fluid analysis measurements in dairy cows with peritonitis. J Vet Intern Med 24:1211. PUBMED Abstract
16. Roussel AJ, Cohen ND, Holland PS, et al. 1998. Alterations in acid-base balance and serum electrolyte concentrations in cattle: 632 cases (1984-1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1769. PUBMED Abstract
17. Roussel AJ. 1999. Fluid therapy in mature cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 15:545. PUBMED Abstract
18. Smith DF. 1978. Right-side torsion of the abomasums in dairy cows: classification of severity and evaluation of outcome. J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:108. PUBMED Abstract
19. Simpson DF, Erb HN, Smith DF. 1985. Base excess as a prognostic and diagnostic indicator in cows with abomasal volvulus or right displacement of the abomasum. Am J Vet Res 46:796. PUBMED Abstract
20. Garry FB, Hull BL, Rings DM, et al. 1988. Prognostic value of anion gap calculation in cattle with abomasal volvulus: 58 cases (1980-1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:1107. PUBMED Abstract
21. Grosche A, Fürll M, Wittek T. 2012. Peritoneal fluid analysis in dairy cows with left displaced abomasum and abomasal volvulus. Vet Rec 170:413. PUBMED Abstract
22. Figueiredo MD, Nydam DV, Perkins GA, et al. 2006. Prognostic value of plasma L-lactate concentration measured cow-side with a portable clinical analyzer in Holstein dairy cattle with abomasal disorders. J Vet Intern Med 20:1463. PUBMED Abstract
23. Constable PD, Streeter RK, Koening GR, Perkins NR. 1998. Blood L-lactate and pyruvate concentrations and lactate-pyruvate ratio in 41 cattle with abomasal volvulus, p 121. In Proceedings of the 20th World Buiatrics Congress, Sydney, Australia.
24. Holm C, Melcer B, Hörband F, et al. 2000. Haemodynamic and oxygen transport responses in survivors and non-survivors following thermal injury. Burns 26:25. PUBMED Abstract
25. McNelis J, Marini CP, Jurkiewicz A, et al. 2001. Prolonged lactate clearance is associated with increased mortality in the surgical intensive care unit. Am J Surg 182:481. PUBMED Abstract
26. Magdesian KG. 2004. Monitoring the critically ill equine patient. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 20:11. PUBMED Abstract
27. Earley B, Crowe MA. 2002. Effects of ketoprofen alone or in combination with local anesthesia during the castration of bull calves on plasma cortisol, immunological, and inflammatory responses. J Anim Sci 80:1044. PUBMED Abstract
28. Thoefner MB, Ersboll AK, Hesselholt M. 2000. Prognostic indicators in a Danish hospital-based population of colic horses. Equine Vet J S32:11. PUBMED Abstract
29. Delgado MA, Monreal L, Armengou L, et al. 2009. Peritoneal D-dimer concentration for assessing peritoneal fibrinolytic activity in horses with colic. J Vet Intern Med 23:882.
30. Saulez MN, Cebra CK, Tornquist SJ. 2004. The diagnostic and prognostic value of alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and peritoneal fluid from horses with acute colic. J Vet Intern Med 18:564. PUBMED Abstract
31. Saulez MN, Cebra CK, Tornquist SJ. 2004. The diagnostic and prognostic value of alkaline phosphatase activity in serum and peritoneal fluid from horses with acute colic. J Vet Intern Med 18:564. PUBMED Abstract
32. Fubini SL, Yeager AE, Mohammed HO, et al. 1990. Accuracy of radiography of the reticulum for predicting surgical findings in adult dairy cattle with traumatic reticuloperitonitis: 123 cases (1981-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:1060. PUBMED Abstract
33. Pearson H, Pinsent PJN. 1977. Intestinal obstruction in cattle. Vet Rec 101:162. PUBMED Abstract
34. Constable PD. 2003. Fluid and electrolyte therapy in ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 19:557. PUBMED Abstract
35. Kasari TR, Naylor JM. 1986. Further studies on the clinical features and clinicopathological findings of a syndrome of metabolic acidosis with minimal dehydration in neonatal calves. Can J Vet Res 50:505. PUBMED Abstract
36. Papadopoulos P, Raptopoulos D, Dessiris A, et al. 1987. Experimental intestinal obstruction in cattle. J Vet Med A 34:7. PUBMED Abstract
37. Walker PG, Constable PD, Morin DE, et al. 1998. Comparison of hypertonic saline-dextran solution and lactate Ringers solution for resuscitating severely dehydrated calves with diarrhea. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:113. PUBMED Abstract
38. Constable PD. 1999. Hypertonic saline. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 15:559. PUBMED Abstract
39. Geishauser T, Oekentorp N. 1997. The association between blood calcium and selected parameters in dairy cows diagnosed with left displaced abomasum. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 44:493. PUBMED Abstract
40. Guyton AC, Hall JE. 2000. General principles of gastrointestinal function—motility, nervous control, and blood circulation, p 718. In Guyton AC, Hall JE (eds), Textbook of medical physiology. Saunders, Toronto, ON.
41. Bueno L, Fioramonti J, Delvaux M, et al. 1997. Mediators and pharmacology of visceral sensitivity: from basic to clinical investigations. Gastorenterol 112:1714. PUBMED Abstract
42. Malone E, Graham L. 2002. Management of gastrointestinal pain. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 18:133. PUBMED Abstract
43. Bauer A, Schwaz, NT, Moore BA, et al. 2002. Ileus in critical illness: mechanisms and management. Curr Opin Crit Care 8:152. PUBMED Abstract
44. Anderson DE, Muir WW. 2005. Pain management in ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 21:19. PUBMED Abstract
45. Gieseler T, Wittek T, Furll M. 2008. Effects of preoperative flunixin meglumine in cows with left abomasal displacement (LDA). Tierarztl Prax 36:15.
46. Semrad SD. 1993. Comparative efficacy of flunixin, ketoprofen, and ketorolac for treating endotoxemic neonatal calves. Am J Vet Res 54:1511. PUBMED Abstract
47. Steiner A, Roussel AJ, Ellis WC. 1994. Colic motor complex of the cecum and proximal loop of the ascending colon observed in an experimental cow with large intestinal obstruction. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 41:53.
48. Steiner A. 2003. Modifiers of gastrointestinal motility of cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 19:647. PUBMED Abstract
49. Gross ME. 2001. Tranquilizers, α2-adrenergic agonists and related agents, pp 299-342. In Adams HR (ed), Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics, ed 8. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
50. Madl C, Druml W. 2003. Systemic consequences of ileus. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 17:445. PUBMED Abstract
51. Gleisner ALM, Argenta R, Pimentel M, et al. 2004. Infective complications according to duration of antibiotic treatment in acute abdomen. Int J Infect Dis 8:155. PUBMED Abstract
52. Luckey A, Livingston E, Taché Y. 2003. Mechanism and treatment of postoperative ileus. Arch Surg 138:206. PUBMED Abstract
53. Braun U, Steiner A, Bearth G. 1989. Therapy and clinical progress of cattle with dilatation and torsion of the caecum. Vet Rec 21:430. PUBMED Abstract
54. Kasari TR, Woodbury AH, Morcom-Kasari E. 1990. Adverse effect of orally administered magnesium hydroxide on serum magnesium concentration and systemic acid-base balance in adult cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:735. PUBMED Abstract
55. Smith GW, Correa MT. 2004. The effects of oral magnesium hydroxide administration on rumen fluid in cattle. J Vet Intern Med 18:109. PUBMED Abstract
56. Constable PD, Nouri M, Sen I, et al. 2012. Evidence-based use of prokinetic drugs for abomasal disorders in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 28:51. PUBMED Abstract
57. Steiner A, Roussel AJ, Martig J. 1995. Effect of bethanechol, neostigmine, metoclopramide, and propranolol on myoelectric activity of the ileocecocolic area in cows. Am J Vet Res 56:1081. PUBMED Abstract
58. Rager KD, George LW, House JK, et al. 2004. Evaluation of rumen transfaunation after surgical correction of left sided displacement of the abomasum in cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:915. PUBMED Abstract

Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis (Hardware Disease, Traumatic Reticulitis)

1. Ward JL, Ducharme NG. 1994. Traumatic reticuloperitonitis in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:74. PUBMED Abstract
2. Braun U. 2009. Traumatic pericarditis in cattle: clinical, radiographic and ultrasonographic findings. Vet J 182:176. PUBMED Abstract
3. Rehage J, Kaske M, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, et al. 1995. Evaluation of the pathogenesis of vagus indigestion in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1607. PUBMED Abstract
4. Gokce HI, Gokce G, Cihan M. 2007. Alterations in coagulation profiles and biochemical and haematological parameters in cattle with traumatic reticuloperitonitis. Vet Res Commun 31:529. PUBMED Abstract
5. Ghanem MM. 2010. A comparative study on traumatic reticuloperitonitis and traumatic pericarditis in Egyptian cattle. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 34:143.
6. Gunes V, Atalan G, Citil M, et al. 2008. Use of cardiac troponin kits for the qualitative determination of myocardial cell damage due to traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle. Vet Rec 162:514. PUBMED Abstract
7. Hirvonen J, Pyorala S. 1998. Acute-phase response in dairy cows with surgically-treated abdominal disorders. Vet J 155:53. PUBMED Abstract
8. Jafarzadeh SR, Nowrouzian I, Khaki Z, et al. 2004. The sensitivities and specificities of total plasma protein and plasma fibrinogen for the diagnosis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle. Prev Vet Med 65:1. PUBMED Abstract
9. Nazifi S, Ansari-Lari M, Asadi-Fardagi J, et al. 2009. The use of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to assess the diagnostic value of serum amyloid A, haptoglobin and fibrinogen in traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle. Vet J 182:315. PUBMED Abstract
10. Nazifi, S., M. Ansari-Lari M, Tabandeh MR, et al. 2010. Clinical relevance of serum sialic acids evaluation and correlation with haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in diseases cattle. Bulg J Vet Med 13:45.
11. Braun U, Flückiger M, Götz M. 1994. Comparison of ultrasonographic and radiographic findings in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis. Vet Rec 135:470. PUBMED Abstract
12. Braun U, Flückiger M, Nägeli F. 1993. Radiography as an aid in the diagnosis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle. Vet Rec 132:103. PUBMED Abstract
13. Fubini SL, Yeager AE, Mohammed HO, et al. 1990. Accuracy of radiography of the reticulum for predicting surgical findings in adult dairy cattle with traumatic reticuloperitonitis: 123 cases (1981-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:1060. PUBMED Abstract
14. Braun U. 2003. Ultrasonography in gastrointestinal disease in cattle. Vet J 166:112. PUBMED Abstract
15. Hill A, Bruun J, Chriél M, et al. 2006. Abattoir detection of welfare-related conditions: Danish dairy cows and traumatic reticuloperitonitis, p 912. Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics, Aug, Cairns, Australia.
16. Gröhn YT, Bruss ML. 1990. Effect of diseases, production, and season on traumatic reticuloperitonitis and ruminal acidosis in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 73:2355. PUBMED Abstract
17. Orpin P, Harwood D. 2008. Clinical management of traumatic reticuloperitonitis in cattle. In Pract 30:544.
18. Waldner CL, Kennedy RI, Rosengren L, et al. 2009. A field study of culling and mortality in beef cows from western Canada. Can Vet J 50:491. PUBMED Abstract
19. Braun U, Gansohr B, Flückiger M. 2003. Effects of atropine, scopolamine and xylazine on the placement of an orally administered magnet in cows. Vet Rec 152:258. PUBMED Abstract
20. Braun U, Gansohr B, Flückiger M. 2003. Radiographic findings before and after oral administration of a magnet in cows with traumatic reticuloperitonitis. Am J Vet Res 64:115. PUBMED Abstract
21. Braun U, Iselin U, Lischer C, et al. 1998. Ultrasonographic findings in five cows before and after treatment of reticular abscesses. Vet Rec 142:84. PUBMED Abstract
22. Herzog K, Kaske M, Bischoff C, et al. 2004. Post surgical development of inflammatory adhesions and reticular function in cows suffering from traumatic reticuloperitonitis. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 111:57. PUBMED Abstract

Peritonitis in the Ruminant

1. Ahrenholz DH, Simmons RL. 1982. Peritonitis and other intra-abdominal infections, pp 795-841. In Simmons RL, Howard RJ (eds), Surgical infectious diseases. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.
2. Crowe DT, Bjorling DE. 1993. Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity, pp 407-425. In Slatter DH (ed), Textbook of small animal surgery, ed 2. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
3. Kopcha M, Schultze AE. 1991. Peritoneal fluid. Part I. Pathophysiology and classification of nonneoplastic effusions. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 13:519.
4. Kopcha M, Schultze AE. 1991. Peritoneal fluid. Part II. Abdominocentesis in cattle and interpretation of nonneoplastic samples. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 13:703.
5. Oehme FW, Noordsy JL. 1970. Examination of peritoneal fluid in differential diagnosis of bovine diseases. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 65:54. PUBMED Abstract
6. Oehme FW. 1969. Cytologic examination of the peritoneal fluid in the diagnosis of cattle disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:1923. PUBMED Abstract
7. Rosenberger G. 1979. Abdomen and abdominal cavity, pp 252-258. In Rosenberger G, Dirksen G (eds), Clinical examination of cattle. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
8. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Blood DC, et al. 2000. Diseases of the alimentary tract I, pp 169-258. In Radostits OM, Arundel JH (eds), Veterinary medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, ed 9. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
9. Anderson DE, Cornwell D, Anderson LS, et al. 1995. Comparative analyses of peritoneal fluid from calves and adult cattle. Am J Vet Res 56:973. PUBMED Abstract
10. Wittek T, Grosche A, Locher L, et al. 2010. Biochemical constituents of peritoneal fluid in cows. Vet Rec 166:15. PUBMED Abstract
11. Wilson AD, Hirsch VM, Osborne AD. 1985. Abdominocentesis in cattle: technique and criteria for diagnosis of peritonitis. Can Vet J 26:74. PUBMED Abstract
12. Anderson DE, Cornwell D, St-Jean G, et al. 1994. Comparison of peritoneal fluid analysis before and after exploratory celiotomy and omentopexy in cattle. Am J Vet Res 55:1633. PUBMED Abstract
13. Platell C, Papadimitriou JM, Hall JC. 2000. The influence of lavage on peritonitis. J Am Coll Surg 191:672. PUBMED Abstract

Frothy Bloat

1. Reid CSW, Clarke RTJ, Cockrem FRM, et al. 1975. Physiological and genetic aspects of pasture (legume) bloat, pp 524-536. In McDonald IW, Warner ACI (eds), Digestion and metabolism in the ruminant. Armidale, University of New England Publishing Unit, New South Wales, Australia.
2. Howarth RE, Cheng KJ, Majak W, et al. 1986. Ruminant bloat, pp 516-527. In Milligan LP, Grovum WL, Dobson A (eds), Control of digestion and metabolism in ruminants. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
3. Grovum WL. 1986. The control of motility of the ruminoreticulum, pp 18-40. In Milligan LP, Grovum WL, Dobson A (eds), Control of digestion and metabolism in ruminants. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
4. Bartley EE, Nagaraja TG, Pressman ES, et al. 1983. Effects of lasalocid or monensin on legume or grain (feedlot) bloat. J Anim Sci 56:1400. PUBMED Abstract
5. Katz MP, Nagaraja TG, Fina LR. 1986. Ruminal changes in monensin- and lasalocid-fed cattle grazing bloat-provocative alfalfa pasture. J Anim Sci 63:1246. PUBMED Abstract
6. Sakauchi R, Hoshino S. 1981. Effects of monensin on ruminal fluid viscosity, pH, volatile fatty acids and ammonia levels, and microbial activity and population in healthy and bloated feedlot steers. Z Tierphysiol Tierernahr Futtermittelkd 46:21. PUBMED Abstract

Abomasal Displacement and Volvulus

1. McArt JA, Nydam DV, Oetzel GR. 2012. Epidemiology of subclinical ketosis in early lactation dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 95:5056. PUBMED Abstract
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3. LeBlanc SJ, Leslie KE, Duffield TF. 2005. Metabolic predictors of displaced abomasum in dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 88:159. PUBMED Abstract
4. Chapinal N, Carson M, Duffield TF, et al. 2011. The association of serum metabolites with clinical disease during the transition period. J Dairy Sci 94:4897. PUBMED Abstract
5. Stengarde L, Holtenius K, Emanuelson U, et al. 2011. Blood parameters in Swedish dairy herds with high or low incidence of displaced abomasum or ketosis. Vet J 190:124.
6. Stengarde L, Holtenius K, Traven M, et al. 2010. Blood profiles in dairy cows with displaced abomasum. J Dairy Sci 93:4691. PUBMED Abstract
7. Fubini SL, Ducharme NG. 2004. Surgery of the bovine digestive system, pp 161-281. In Fathman EM, Merchant T (eds), Farm animal surgery. Saunders, St Louis, MO.
8. Mulon PY, Babkine M, Desrochers A. 2006. Ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy in 18 cattle with displaced abomasum. Vet Surg 35:347. PUBMED Abstract
9. Babkine M, Desrochers A, Bouré L, et al. 2006. Ventral laparoscopic abomasopexy on adult cows. Can Vet J 47:343. PUBMED Abstract
10. Seeger T, Kümper H, Failing K, et al. 2006. Comparison of laparoscopic-guided abomasopexy versus omentopexy via right flank laparotomy for the treatment of left abomasal displacement in dairy cows. Am J Vet Res 67:472. PUBMED Abstract
11. Newman KD, Anderson DE, Silveira F. 2005. One-step laparoscopic abomasopexy for correction of left-sided displacement of the abomasum in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1142. PUBMED Abstract
12. Roy JP, Harvey D, Belanger AM, et al. 2008. Comparison of 2-step laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy versus omentopexy via right flank laparotomy for the treatment of dairy cows with left displacement of the abomasum in on-farm settings. J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1700. PUBMED Abstract
13. Wittek T, Furll M, Grosche A. 2012. Peritoneal inflammatory response to surgical correction of left displaced abomasum using different techniques. Vet Rec 171:594. PUBMED Abstract
14. Jorritsma R, Westerlaan B, Bierma MP, et al. 2008. Milk yield and survival of Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle after laparoscopic correction of left-displaced abomasum. Vet Rec 162:743. PUBMED Abstract
15. Wittek T, Locher LF, Alkaassem A, et al. 2009. Effect of surgical correction of left displaced abomasum by means of omentopexy via right flank laparotomy or two-step laparoscopy-guided abomasopexy on postoperative abomasal emptying rate in lactating dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:652. PUBMED Abstract
16. Remsburg DW, Galligan DT, Ferguson JD. 2011. Use of decision analysis to evaluate the delivery method of veterinary health care on dairy farms as measured by correction of left displaced abomasum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 238:60. PUBMED Abstract
17. Sterner KE, Grymer J, Bartlett PC, et al. 2008. Factors influencing the survival of dairy cows after correction of left displaced abomasum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1521. PUBMED Abstract
18. Wittek T, Constable PD, Morin DE. 2005. Ultrasonographic assessment of change in abomasal position during the last three months of gestation and first three months of lactation in Holstein-Friesian cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1469. PUBMED Abstract
19. Guzelbektes H, Sen I, Ok M, et al. 2010. Serum amyloid A and haptoglobin concentrations and liver fat percentage in lactating dairy cows with abomasal displacement. J Vet Intern Med 24:213. PUBMED Abstract
20. Kalaitzakis E, Roubies N, Panousis N, et al. 2006. Evaluation of ornithine carbamoyl transferase and other serum and liver-derived analytes in diagnosis of fatty liver and postsurgical outcome of left-displaced abomasum in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:1463. PUBMED Abstract
21. Grunberg W, Constable P, Schroder U, et al. 2005. Phosphorus homeostasis in dairy cows with abomasal displacement or abomasal volvulus. J Vet Intern Med 19:894. PUBMED Abstract
22. Grosche A, Furll M, Wittek T. 2012. Peritoneal fluid analysis in dairy cows with left displaced abomasum and abomasal volvulus. Vet Rec 170:413. PUBMED Abstract
23. Stengarde L, Hultgren J, Traven M, et al. 2012. Risk factors for displaced abomasum or ketosis in Swedish dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 103:280. PUBMED Abstract
24. Fox FH. 1965. Abomasal disorders. J Am Vet Med Assoc 147:383. PUBMED Abstract
25. Becker JC, Heins BJ, Hansen LB. 2012. Costs for health care of Holstein cows selected for large versus small body size. J Dairy Sci 95:5384. PUBMED Abstract
26. Wittek T, Sen I, Constable PD. 2007. Changes in abdominal dimensions during late gestation and early lactation in Holstein-Friesian heifers and cows and their relationship to left displaced abomasum. Vet Rec 161:155. PUBMED Abstract
27. Braun U, Feller B, Hassig M, et al. 2008. Ultrasonographic examination of the omasum, liver, and small and large intestines in cows with right displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus. Am J Vet Res 69:777. PUBMED Abstract
28. Irmak K, Turgut K. 2005. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in cattle with abomasal displacement. Vet Res Commun 29:61. PUBMED Abstract
29. Sharifi K, Mostaghni K, Maleki M, et al. 2007. Ischaemia/reperfusion injury in experimentally induced abomasal volvulus in sheep. Vet Res Commun 31:575. PUBMED Abstract
30. Gröhn YT, Fubini SL, Smith DF. 1990. Use of a multiple logistic regression model to determine prognosis of dairy cows with right displacement of the abomasum or abomasal volvulus. Am J Vet Res 51:1895. PUBMED Abstract
31. Constable PD, St-Jean G, Hull BL, et al. 1991. Prognostic value of surgical and postoperative findings in cattle with abomasal volvulus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:892. PUBMED Abstract
32. Ménard L, St-Pierre H, Lamothe P. 1978. Les affections de la caillette chez la vache laitière au Québec II. Étude rétrospective de 1000 cas. Can Vet J 19:143.
33. Smith DF. 1978. Right-side torsion of the abomasum in dairy cows: classification of severity and evaluation of outcome. J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:108. PUBMED Abstract
34. Garry FB, Hull BL, Rings DM, et al. 1988. Prognostic value of anion gap calculation in cattle with abomasal volvulus: 58 cases (1980-1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:1107. PUBMED Abstract
35. Wallace CE. 1989. Reticulo, omasal, abomasal volvulus in dairy cows. Bovine Pract 24:74.
36. Pearson H. 1973. The treatment of surgical disorders of the bovine abdomen. Vet Rec 92:245. PUBMED Abstract
37. Esperson G. 1964. Dilatation and displacement of the abomasum to the right, flank and dilatation and dislocation of the caecum. Vet Rec 76:1423.
38. Fubini SL, Gröhn YT, Smith DF. 1991. Right displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus in dairy cows: 458 cases (1980-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:460. PUBMED Abstract
39. Hjortkjear RK, Svendsen CK. 1979. Right abomasal displacement in dairy cows: clinical, clinical chemistry and hemodynamic findings with special reference to prognosis and circulatory disturbance. Nord Vet Med 31:1.
40. Sattler N, Fecteau G, Hélie P, et al. 2000. Etiology, forms, and prognosis of gastrointestinal dysfunction resembling vagal indigestion occurring after surgical correction of right abomasal displacement. Can Vet J 41:777. PUBMED Abstract
41. Rebhun WC, Fubini SL, Miller TK. 1998. Vagus indigestion in cattle: clinical features, causes, treatments and long-term follow-up of 112 cases. Compend Contin Educ (Pract Vet) 10:387.
42. Wittek T, Tischer K, Korner I, et al. 2008. Effect of preoperative erythromycin or dexamethasone/vitamin C on postoperative abomasal emptying rate in dairy cows undergoing surgical correction of abomasal volvulus. Vet Surg 37:537. PUBMED Abstract
43. Constable PD, Nouri M, Sen I, et al. 2012. Evidence-based use of prokinetic drugs for abomasal disorders in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 28:51. PUBMED Abstract

Abomasal Ulcers

1. Lilley CW, Hamar DW, Gerlach M, et al. 1985. Linking copper and bacteria with abomasal ulcers in beef calves. Vet Med 80:85.
2. Johnson JL, Schneider NR, et al. 1989. Trace element concentrations in perinatal beef calves from west central Nebraska. Vet Hum Toxicol 31:521. PUBMED Abstract
3. Mills KW, Johnson JL, Jensen RL, et al. 1990. Laboratory findings associated with abomasal ulcers/tympany in range calves. J Vet Diagn Invest 2:208. PUBMED Abstract
4. Roeder BL, Chengappa MM, Nagaraja TG, et al. 1987. Isolation of Clostridium perfringens from neonatal calves with ruminal and abomasal tympany, abomasitis, and abomasal ulceration. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:1550. PUBMED Abstract
5. Roeder BL, Chengappa MM, Nagaraja TG, et al. 1988. Experimental induction of abdominal tympany, abomasitis, and abomasal ulceration by intraruminal inoculation of Clostridium perfringens type A in neonatal calves. Am J Vet Res 49:201. PUBMED Abstract
6. Jelinski MD, Ribble CS, Chirino-Trejo M, et al. 1995. The relationship between the presence of Helicobacter pylori, Clostridium perfringens type A, Campylobacter spp, or fungi and fatal abomasal ulcers in unweaned beef calves. Can Vet J 36:379. PUBMED Abstract
7. Braun U, Anliker H, Corboz L, et al. 1997. [The occurrence of spiral-shaped bacteria in the abomasum of cattle]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 139:507. PUBMED Abstract
8. Assis RA, Lobato FC, Facury Filho EJ, et al. 2002. Isolation of Clostridium perfringens type D from a suckling calve with ulcerative abomasitis. Arch Med Vet 34:287.
9. Katchuik R. 1992. Abomasal disease in young beef calves; surgical findings and management factors. Can Vet J 33:459. PUBMED Abstract
10. Jelinski MD, Ribble CS, Campbell JR, et al. 1996. Investigating the relationship between abomasal hairballs and perforating abomasal ulcers in unweaned beef calves. Can Vet J 37:23. PUBMED Abstract
11. Cable CS, Rebhun WC, et al. 1998. Concurrent abomasal displacement and perforating ulceration in cattle: 21 cases (1985-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1442. PUBMED Abstract
12. Ok M., Sen I, Turgut K, et al. 2001. Plasma gastrin activity and the diagnosis of bleeding abomasal ulcers in cattle. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 48:563. PUBMED Abstract
13. Smith DF, Munson L, Erb HN. 1983. Abomasal ulcer disease in adult dairy cattle. Cornell Vet 73:213. PUBMED Abstract
14. Smith DF, Munson L, Erb HN. 1986. Predictive values for clinical signs of abomasal ulcer disease in adult dairy cattle. Prev Vet Med 3:573.
15. Constable PD, St Jean G, Hull BL, et al. 1997. Intussusception in cattle: 336 cases (1964-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:531. PUBMED Abstract
16. Dennison AC, Van Metre DC, Callan RJ, et al. 2002. Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle: 22 cases (1997-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:686. PUBMED Abstract
17. Francoz D, Babkine M, Couture Y, et al. 2005. [Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in cattle: a retrospective study of 37 cases]. Médecin Vétérinaire du Québec 35:65.
18. Peek SF, Santschi EM, Livesey MA, et al. 2009. Surgical findings and outcome for dairy cattle with jejunal hemorrhage syndrome: 31 cases (2000-2007). J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:1308. PUBMED Abstract
19. Braun U, Bretscher R, Gerber D. 1991. Bleeding abomasal ulcers in dairy cows. Vet Rec 129:279. PUBMED Abstract
20. Marshall TS. 2009. Abomasal ulceration and tympany of calves. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:209. PUBMED Abstract
21. Mesaric M. 2005. Role of serum pepsinogen in detecting cows with abomasal ulcer. Veterinarski Arhiv 75:111.
22. Mesaric M, Zadnik T, Klinkon M. 2002. Comparison of serum pepsinogen activity between enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) positive beef cattle and cows with abomasal ulcers. Slov Vet Res 39:227.
23. Braun U, Wild K, Merz M, et al. 1997. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided abomasocentesis in cows. Vet Rec 140:599. PUBMED Abstract
24. Welchman DD, Baust GN. 1987. A survey of abomasal ulceration in veal calves. Vet Rec 121:586. PUBMED Abstract
25. Wensing T, Breukink HJ, van Dijk S. 1986. The effect of feeding pellets of different types of roughage on the incidence of lesions in the abomasum of veal calves. Vet Res Commun 10:195. PUBMED Abstract
26. Wiepkema PR, Van Hellemond KK, Roessingh P, et al. 1987. Behaviour and abomasal damage in individual veal calves. Appl Anim Behav Sci 18:257.
27. Breukink HJ, Wensing T, van Dijk S, et al. 1989. Effect of clenbuterol on the incidence of abomasal ulcers in veal calves. Vet Rec 125:109. PUBMED Abstract
28. Waldner CL, Kennedy RI, Rosengren LB, et al. 2010. Gross postmortem and histologic examination findings from abortion losses and calf mortalities in western Canadian beef herds. Can Vet J 51:1227. PUBMED Abstract
29. Braun U, Eicher R, Ehrensperger F. 1991. Type 1 abomasal ulcers in dairy cattle. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 38:357. PUBMED Abstract
30. Palmer JE, Whitlock RH. 1983. Bleeding abomasal ulcers in adult dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:448. PUBMED Abstract
31. Palmer JE, Whitlock RH. 1984. Perforated abomasal ulcers in adult dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:171. PUBMED Abstract
32. Rebhun WC. 1982. The medical treatment of abomasal ulcers in dairy cattle. Compend Cont Educ Vet Med 4:S91.
33. Constable PD, Wittek T, Ahmed AF, et al. 2006. Abomasal pH and emptying rate in the calf and dairy cow and the effect of commonly administered therapeutic agents, pp 54-68. Proceedings of the 24th Annual World Buiatrics Congress, Nice, France.
34. Ahmed AF, Constable PD, Misk NA. 2005. Effect of orally administered omeprazole on abomasal luminal pH in dairy calves fed milk replacer. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 52:238. PUBMED Abstract
35. Mikhail M, Brugère H, Le Bars H, et al. 1988. Stimulated esophageal groove closure in adult goats. Am J Vet Res 49:1713. PUBMED Abstract

Abomasal Dilation and Emptying Defect of Suffolk Sheep

1. Pruden SJ, McAllister MM, et al. 2004. Abomasal emptying defect of sheep may be an acquired form of dysautonomia. Vet Pathol 41:164. PUBMED Abstract
2. Smith RM, Underwood WJ, Petersen GC, et al. 1992. Abomasal dilatation and impaction in two Hampshire rams. Vet Rec 130:468. PUBMED Abstract
3. Gabb K, Lofstedt J, Bildfell R. 1992. Abomasal emptying defect in a ewe of predominantly Dorset breeding. Vet Rec 131:127. PUBMED Abstract
4. Sharp MW, Collings DF. 1987. Ovine abomasal enlargement and scrapie. Vet Rec 120:215. PUBMED Abstract
5. Ruegg PL, George LW, East NE. 1988. Abomasal dilatation and emptying defect in a flock of Suffolk ewes. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1534. PUBMED Abstract
6. Edwards GT, Nevel A. 2008. Abomasal emptying defect in two British Toggenburg goats. Vet Rec 162:418. PUBMED Abstract
7. Kline EE, Meyer JR, Nelson DR, et al. 1983. Abomasal impaction in sheep. Vet Rec 113:177. PUBMED Abstract
8. Rings DM, Welker FH, Hull BL, et al. 1984. Abomasal emptying defect in Suffolk sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:1520. PUBMED Abstract
9. Constable PD, Wittek T, Ahmed AF, et al. 2006. Abomasal pH and emptying rate in the calf and dairy cow and the effect of commonly administered therapeutic agents, pp 54-68. Proceedings of the 24th World Buiatrics Congress, Nice, France.
10. Steiner A. 2003. Modifiers of gastrointestinal motility of cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 19:647. PUBMED Abstract

Abomasal Impaction

1. Wittek T, Constable PD, Morin DE. 2005. Abomasal impaction in Holstein-Friesian cows: 80 cases (1980-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:287. PUBMED Abstract
2. Sattler N, Fecteau G, Hélie P. 2000. Etiology, forms, and prognosis of gastrointestinal dysfunction resembling vagal indigestion occurring after surgical correction of right abomasal displacement. Can Vet J 41:777. PUBMED Abstract
3. Constable PD, Nouri M, Sen I, et al. 2012. Evidence-based use of prokinetic drugs for abomasal disorders in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 28:51. PUBMED Abstract

Obstructive Intestinal Diseases

1. Vogel SR, Nichols S, Buczinski S, et al. 2012. Duodenal obstruction caused by duodenal sigmoid flexure volvulus in dairy cattle: 29 cases (2006-2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 241:621. PUBMED Abstract
2. Barker IK, Van Dreumel AA, et al. 1993. Congenital anomalies of the intestine, pp 85-87. In Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N (eds), Pathology of domestic animals, ed 4. Academic Press, Toronto, ON.
3. Syed M, Shanks RD. 1992. Incidence of atresia coli and relationships among the affected calves born in one herd of Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci 75:1357. PUBMED Abstract
4. Constable PD, Shanks RD, Huhn J, et al. 1997. Evaluation of breed as a risk factor for atresia coli in cattle. Theriogenology 48:775. PUBMED Abstract
5. Brenner J, Orgad U. 2003. Epidemiological investigations of an outbreak of intestinal atresia in two Israeli dairy herds. J Vet Med Sci 65:141. PUBMED Abstract
6. Mulon PY, Desrochers A. 2005. Surgical abdomen of the calf. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 21:101. PUBMED Abstract
7. Anderson DE, Ewoldt JM. 2005. Intestinal surgery of adult cattle. Vet Clin Food Anim 21:133. PUBMED Abstract
8. Constable PD, St Jean G, Hull BL, et al. 1997. Intussusception in cattle: 336 cases (1964-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:531. PUBMED Abstract
9. Mitchell WC. 1983. Intussusception in goats. Vet Med (Small Anim Clin) 78:1918.
10. Khodakaram Tafti, A. 1999. Ileoileal intussusception associated with coccidiosis in sheep. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 46:659. PUBMED Abstract
11. Shakespeare, A. 2000. Intussusception as a complication of rectal prolapse replacement in a ewe. Vet Rec 147:78. PUBMED Abstract
12. Ducharme NG, Smith DF, Koch DB. 1982. Small intestinal obstruction caused by a persistent round ligament of the liver in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:1234. PUBMED Abstract
13. Boerboom D, Mulon PY, Desrochers A. 2003. Duodenal obstruction caused by malposition of the gallbladder in a heifer. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1475. PUBMED Abstract
14. Steiner A. 2004. Surgery of the cecum, p 249. In Fubini SL, Ducharme NG (eds), Farm animal surgery. Saunders, St Louis, MO.
15. Braun U, Beckmann C, Gerspach C, et al. 2012. Clinical findings and treatment in cattle with caecal dilatation. BMC Vet Res 8:75. PUBMED Abstract
16. Meylan M, Eicher R, Blum JW, et al. 2002. Effects of an abrupt increase of starch-rich concentrates in the diet of dairy cows on concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the rumen and large intestine and on myoelectric activity of the spiral colon. Am J Vet Res 63:857. PUBMED Abstract
17. Braun U, Steiner A, Bearth G. 1989. Therapy and clinical progress of cattle with dilatation and torsion of the caecum. Vet Rec 125:430. PUBMED Abstract
18. Kasari TR, Woodbury AH, Morcom-Kasari E. 1990. Adverse effect of orally administered magnesium hydroxide on serum magnesium concentration and systemic acid-base balance in adult cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:735. PUBMED Abstract
19. Smith GW, Correa MT. 2004. The effects of oral magnesium hydroxide administration on rumen fluid in cattle. J Vet Intern Med 18:109. PUBMED Abstract
20. Bertone AL. 1990. Neoplasms of the bovine gastrointestinal tract. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 6:515. PUBMED Abstract
21. Munday JS, Keenan JI, Beaugie CR, et al. 2009. Ovine small intestinal adenocarcinomas are not associated with infection by herpesviruses, Helicobacter species or Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. J Comp Pathol 140:177. PUBMED Abstract
22. Løken T, Bjørnstad ER, Ersdal C. 2012. Intestinal adenocarcinomas in three generations of sheep. Vet Rec 170:54. PUBMED Abstract
23. Bristol DG, Baum KH, Mezza LE. 1984. Adenocarcinoma of the jejunum in two cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:551. PUBMED Abstract
24. el-Sebaie A, el-Amrousi S. 1995. Bovine fat necrosis (Lipomatosis): an overview. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr 108:427. PUBMED Abstract
25. Smith GW, Rotstein DS, Brownie CF. 2004. Abdominal fat necrosis in a pygmy goat associated with fescue toxicosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 16:356. PUBMED Abstract
26. Oka A, Yamasaki T, Shibatani, M, et al. 1988. Efficacy of isoprothiolane for the treatment of fat necrosis in cattle. Br Vet J 144:507. PUBMED Abstract
27. Johnson R, Ames NK, Dunstan R. 1985. Abdominal fat necrosis in a heifer. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 7:S103.
28. Tharwat M, Buczinski S. 2012. Diagnostic ultrasonography in cattle with abdominal fat necrosis. Can Vet J 53:41. PUBMED Abstract
29. Ruggles AJ, Sweeney RW, Freeman DE, et al. 1992. Intraluminal hemorrhage from small intestinal ulceration in two cows. Cornell Vet 82:181. PUBMED Abstract
30. Abutarbush SM, Radostits OM. 2005. Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in dairy and beef cattle: 11 cases (2001 to 2003). Can Vet J 46:711. PUBMED Abstract
31. Francoz D, Babkine M, Couture Y, et al. 2005. [Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in cattle: a retrospective study of 37 cases]. Médecin Vétérinaire du Québec 35:65.
32. Godden S, Frank R, Ames T. 2001. Survey of Minnesota Dairy veterinarians on the occurrence of and potential risk factors for jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in adult dairy cows. Bovine Pract 35:97.
33. Kirkpatrick MA, Timms LL. 2001. Case report—Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome of dairy cattle. Bovine Pract 35:104.
34. Puntenney SB, Wang Y, Forsberg NE. 2003. Mycotic infections in livestock: recent insights on etiology, diagnostics and prevention of hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, pp 49-62. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Southwest Animal Nutrition Management Conference, Tucson, AZ.
35. Dennison AC, Van Metre DC, Morley PS, et al. 2005. Comparison of the odds of isolation, genotypes, and in vivo production of major toxins by Clostridium perfringens obtained from the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome or left-displaced abomasum. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:132. PUBMED Abstract
36. Dennison AC, Van Metre DC, Callan RJ, et al. 2002. Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle: 22 cases (1997-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:686. PUBMED Abstract
37. Baines D, Erb S, Turkington K, et al. 2011. Mouldy feed, mycotoxins and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli colonization associated with jejunal hemorrhage syndrome in beef cattle. BMC Vet Res 7:24. PUBMED Abstract
38. Baines D, Erb S, Lowe R, et al. 2011. A prebiotic, Celmanax™, decreases Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization of bovine cells and feed-associated cytotoxicity in vitro. BMC Res Notes 4:110. PUBMED Abstract
39. Ewoldt JM, Anderson DE. 2005. Determination of the effect of single abomasal or jejunal inoculation of Clostridium perfringens type A in dairy cows. Can Vet J 46:821. PUBMED Abstract
40. Anonymous. 2012. SAC C VS disease surveillance report: further cases of jejunal haemorrhage syndrome in cattle. Vet Rec 170:13. PUBMED Abstract
41. Berghaus RD, McCluskey BJ, Callan RF. 2005. Risk factors associated with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:1700. PUBMED Abstract
42. Peek SF, Santschi EM, Livesey MA, et al. 2009. Surgical findings and outcome for dairy cattle with jejuna hemorrhage syndrome: 31 cases (2000-2007). J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:1308. PUBMED Abstract
43. Braun U, Forster E, Steininger K, et al. 2010. Ultrasonographic findings in 63 cows with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome. Vet Rec 166:79. PUBMED Abstract

Diseases Caused by Clostridium Perfringens Toxins (Enterotoxemia, Yellow Lamb Disease, Lamb Dysentery, Necrotic Enteritis)

1. Bueschel D, Walker R, Woods L, et al. 1998. Enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens type A necrotic enteritis in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:130. PUBMED Abstract
2. Donaldson MT, Palmer JE. 1999. Prevalence of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and Clostridium difficile toxin A in feces of horses with diarrhea and colic. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:358. PUBMED Abstract
3. Meer RR, Songer JG. 1997. Multiplex PCR method for genotyping Clostridium perfringens. Am J Vet Res 58:702. PUBMED Abstract
4. Dray T. 2004. Clostridium perfringens type A and β2 toxin associated with enterotoxemia in a 5-week-old goat. Can Vet J 45:251. PUBMED Abstract
5. Callan RJ, Van Metre DC. 2004. New insight into hemorrhagic bowel syndrome, p 299. Proceedings of the 22nd ACVIM Forum, Minneapolis, MN.
6. Kirkpatrick MA, Timms LL, Kersting KW, et al. 2001. Case report—jejunal hemorrhage syndrome of dairy cattle. Bovine Pract 35:104.
7. Dennison AC, Van Metre DC, Callan RJ, et al. 2002. Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome in dairy cattle: 22 cases (1997-2000). J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:686. PUBMED Abstract
8. Ewoldt JM, Anderson DE. 2005. Determination of the effect of single abomasal or jejunal inoculation of Clostridium perfringens type A in dairy cows. Can Vet J 46:821. PUBMED Abstract
9. East LM, Dargatz DA, Traub-Dargatz JL, et al. 2000. Foaling management practices associated with the occurrence of enterocolitis attributed to C. perfringens infection in the equine neonate. Prev Vet Med 46:61. PUBMED Abstract
10. Diab SS, Kinde H, Moore J, et al. 2012. Pathology of Clostridium perfringens type C enterotoxemia in horses. Vet Pathol 49:255. PUBMED Abstract
11. Scholes SE, Welchman D de B, Hutchinson JP, et al. 2007. Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxaemia in neonatal lambs. Vet Rec 160:811. PUBMED Abstract
12. Dorca-Arevalo J, Martin-Satue M, Blasi J. 2012. Characterization of the high affinity binding of epsilon toxin from Clostridium perfringens to the renal system. Vet Microbiol 157:179. PUBMED Abstract
13. Uzal FA, Kelly WR, Morris WE, et al. 2004. The pathology of peracute experimental Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia in sheep, J Vet Diagn Invest 16:403. PUBMED Abstract
14. Filho EJF, Carvalho A, Assis, RA, et al. 2009. Clinicopathologic features of experimental Clostridium perfringens type D enterotoxemia in cattle. Vet Pathol 46:1213. PUBMED Abstract
15. Herholz C, Miserez R, Nicolet J, et al. 1999. Prevalence of β2-toxigenic C. perfringens in horses with intestinal disorders. J Clin Microbiol 37:358. PUBMED Abstract
16. Garmory HS, Chanter N, French NP, et al. 2000. Occurrence of C. perfringens β2-toxin amongst animals, determined using genotyping and subtyping PCR assays. Epidemiol Infect 124:6. PUBMED Abstract

Oak (Acorn) Toxicosis

1. Spier SJ, Smith BP, Seawright AA, et al. 1987. Oak toxicosis in cattle in northern California: clinical and pathological findings. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:958. PUBMED Abstract
2. Kasari TR, Pearson EG, Hultgren BD. 1986. Oak (Quercus garryana) poisoning of range cattle in southern Oregon. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 8:F17.
3. Anderson GA, Mount ME, Vrins AA, et al. 1983. Fatal acorn poisoning in a horse: pathological findings and diagnostic considerations. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1105. PUBMED Abstract
4. Basden KW, Dalvi RR. 1987. Determination of total phenolics in acorns from different species of oak trees in conjunction with acorn poisoning in cattle. Vet Hum Toxicol 29:305. PUBMED Abstract
5. Derakhshanfar A, Pourjafar M, Badiei K, et al. 2008. Histopathological, hematobiochemical and urinalysis changes in experimental consumption of oak (Quercus brantii) in sheep. J Pharmacol Toxicol 3:153.
6. Merrill LB, Schuster JL. 1978. Grazing management practices affect livestock losses from poisonous plants. J Range Manage 31:351.
7. Hume T. 2006. Oak poisoning in cattle. Vet Rec 159:860. PUBMED Abstract
8. Dollahite JW, Houshoulder BS, Camp BJ. 1966. Effect of calcium hydroxide on the toxicity of post oak (Quercus stellata) in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 148:908. PUBMED Abstract

Winter Dysentery in Cattle (Bovine Coronavirus)

1. MacPherson LW. 1957. Bovine virus enteritis (winter dysentery). Can J Comp Med 16:149. PUBMED Abstract
2. Takahashi E, Inaba Y, Sato K, et al. 1980. Epizootic diarrhoea of adult cattle associated with a coronavirus-like agent. Vet Microbiol 5:151.
3. Espinasse J, Viso M, Laval A, et al. 1982. Winter dysentery: a coronavirus-like agent in the faeces of beef and dairy cattle with diarrhoea. Vet Rec 110:385. PUBMED Abstract
4. Broes A, Van Opdenbosch E, Wellemans G. 1984. Isolement d'un coronavirus chez des bovins atteints d'entérite hemorragique hivernale (winter dysentery) en Belgique. Ann Med Vet 128:299.
5. Van Kruiningen HJ, Khairallah LH, Sasseville VG, et al. 1987. Calfhood coronavirus enterocolitis: a clue to the etiology of winter dysentery. Vet Pathol 24:564. PUBMED Abstract
6. Saif LJ, Redman DR, Brock KV, et al. 1988 Winter dysentery in adult dairy cattle: detection of coronavirus in the faeces. Vet Rec 123:300. PUBMED Abstract
7. Van Kruiningen HJ, Hiestand L, Hill DL, et al. 1985. Winter dysentery in dairy cattle: recent findings. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 7:S591.
8. Campbell SG, Cookingham CA. 1978. The enigma of winter dysentery. Cornell Vet 68:423. PUBMED Abstract
9. Kahrs RF, Scott FW, Hillman RB. 1973. Epidemiologic observations on bovine winter dysentery. Bovine Pract 8:36.
10. Roberts SJ. 1957. Winter dysentery in dairy cattle. Cornell Vet 47:373. PUBMED Abstract

Salmonellosis in Ruminants

1. Ruzante JM, Lombard JE, Wagner B, et al. 2010. Factors associated with Salmonella presence in environmental samples and bulk tank milk from US dairies. Zoonoses Public Health 57:e217. PUBMED Abstract
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3. Smith BP, Da Roden L, Thurmond MC, et al. 1994. Prevalence of Salmonella on California dairies. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:467. PUBMED Abstract
4. Callaway TR, Keen JE, Edrington TS, et al. 2005. Fecal prevalence and diversity of Salmonella species in lactating dairy cattle in four states. J Dairy Sci 88:3603. PUBMED Abstract
5. Anonymous. 2005. Salmonellosis. [WWW page]. http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/nontyphoidal_salmonellosis.pdf, accessed Nov 24, 2012.
6. Cobbold RN, Rice DH, Davis MA, et al. 2006. Long-term persistence of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Newport in two dairy herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:588. PUBMED Abstract
7. Morningstar-Shaw BR, Barker DA, Mackie TA, et al. 2011. Salmonella serotypes isolated from animals in the United States, 2010. Proc US Animal Health Assoc, 397.
8. Wray C, Sojka WJ. 1977. Bovine salmonellosis. J Dairy Res 44:383. PUBMED Abstract
9. Gibson EA. 1965. Salmonella infection in cattle. J Dairy Res 32:97.
10. Anderson M, Blanchard P. 1989. The clinical syndromes caused by Salmonella infection. Vet Med 84:816.
11. Loeb E, Toussaint MJM, Rutten VP, et al. 2006. Dry gangrene of the extremities in calves associated with Salmonella Dublin infection; a possible immune-mediated reaction. J Comp Pathol 134:366.
12. Smith BP, Habasha FG, Reina-Guierra M, et al. 1980. Immunization of calves against salmonellosis. Am J Vet Res 41:1947. PUBMED Abstract
13. Smith BP. 1986. Understanding the role of endotoxins in gram-negative septicemia. Vet Med 81:1148.
14. Eriksson E, Aspan A. 2007. Comparison of culture, ELISA and PCR techniques for salmonella detection in faecal samples for cattle, pig and poultry. BMC Vet Res 3:21. PUBMED Abstract
15. Jones GW, Richardson LA. 1981. The attachment to and invasion of HeLa cells by Salmonella Typhimurium: the contribution of mannose-sensitive and mannose-resistant hemagglutinating antibodies. J Gen Microbiol 127:361. PUBMED Abstract
16. Takeuchi A. 1967. Electron microscope studies of experimental Salmonella infection. I. Penetration into the intestinal epithelium by Salmonella Typhimurium. Am J Pathol 50:109. PUBMED Abstract
17. Takeuchi A, Sprinz H. 1967. Electron-microscope studies of experimental Salmonella infections in the preconditioned guinea pig. II. Response of the intestinal mucosa to invasion by Salmonella Typhimurium. Am J Pathol 51:137.
18. Clarke RC, Gyles CL. 1987. Virulence of wild and mutant strains of Salmonella Typhimurium in ligated intestinal segments of calves, pigs, and rabbits. Am J Vet Res 48:504. PUBMED Abstract
19. Collins FM, Campbell SG. 1982. Immunity to intracellular bacteria. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 3:5. PUBMED Abstract
20. Kirchner M, McLaren I, Clifton-Hadley FA, et al. 2012. A comparison between longitudinal shedding patterns of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Dublin on dairy farms. Vet Rec 171:194. PUBMED Abstract
21. Cummings, KJ, Warnick LD, Alexander, KA, et al. 2009. The incidence of salmonellosis among dairy herds in the northeastern United States. J Dairy Sci 92:3766. PUBMED Abstract
22. Berge ACB, Moore DA, Sischo WM. 2006. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella enterica in preweaned calves from dairies and calf ranches. Am J Vet Res 67:1580. PUBMED Abstract
23. Smith BP, Oliver DG, Singh P, et al. 1989. Detection of Salmonella Dublin mammary gland infection in carrier cows using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody in milk and serum. Am J Vet Res 50:1352. PUBMED Abstract
24. Nielsen LR, Schukken YH, Gröhn YT, et al. 2004. Salmonella Dublin infection in dairy cattle: risk factors for becoming a carrier. Prev Vet Med 65:47. PUBMED Abstract
25. Forshell LP, Ekesbo I. 1990. Salmonella Dublin survival in dry feces in a cow barn and the implications thereof. Dtsch Veterinarmed Ges 229.
26. Daniels EK, Woollen NE, Fryda-Bradley SJ, et al. 1993. Salmonella viability in frozen bovine feces. Bovine Pract 27:166.
27. Kinde H, Adelson M, Ardans A, et al. 1997. Prevalence of Salmonella in municipal sewage treatment plant effluents in Southern California. Avian Dis 41:392. PUBMED Abstract
28. Anderson RJ, House JK, Smith BP, et al. 2001. Epidemiologic and biological characteristics of salmonellosis in three dairy herds. JAVMA 219:310. PUBMED Abstract
29. Fedorka-Cray PJ, Dargatz DA, Thomas LA, et al. 1998. Survey of Salmonella serotypes in feedlot cattle. J Food Protect 61:525. PUBMED Abstract
30. Galland JC, House JK, Hyatt DR, et al. 2000. Prevalence of Salmonella in beef feeder steers as determined by bacterial culture and ELISA serology. Vet Microbiol 76:143. PUBMED Abstract
31. Purdy CW, Straus DC, Clark RN. 2004. Diversity of Salmonella serovars in feedyard and nonfeedyard playas of the southern high plains in the summer and winter. Am J Vet Res 65:40. PUBMED Abstract
32. Daly RF, Neiger RD. 2008. Outbreak of Salmonella enterica serotype Newport in a beef cow-calf herd associated with exposure to bovine viral diarrhea virus. J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:618. PUBMED Abstract
33. Murphy A. 2012. Salmonella Dublin: the impact of infection and means of on farm control. UK Vet Livestock 17:26.
34. Mohler VL, Izzo MM, House JK. 2009. Salmonella in calves. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:37. PUBMED Abstract
35. Fossler CP, Wells SJ, Kaneene JB, et al. 2005. Cattle and environmental sample-level factors associated with the presence of Salmonella in a multi-state study of conventional and organic dairy farms. Prev Vet Med 67:39.
36. Nielsen TD, Vesterbaek IL, Kudahl AB, et al. 2012. Effect of management on prevention of Salmonella Dublin exposure of calves during a one-year control programme in 84 Danish dairy herds. Prev Vet Med 105:101. PUBMED Abstract
37. Hoorfar J, Bitsch V. 1995. Evaluation of an O antigen ELISA for screening cattle herds for S. Typhimurium. Vet Rec 137:374. PUBMED Abstract
38. Gay JM, Rice DH, Steiger JH. 1994. Prevalence of fecal Salmonella shedding by cull dairy cattle marketed in Washington state. J Food Protect 57:195.
39. Smith BP, House JK. 1992. Prospects for Salmonella control in cattle. Proc XVII World Buiatrics Congr 67:73.
40. House JK, Smith BP, Dilling GW, et al. 1993. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serologic detection of Salmonella Dublin carriers on a large dairy. Am J Vet Res 54:1391. PUBMED Abstract
41. Nielsen BB, Vestergaard EM. 1992. Use of ELISA in the eradication of Salmonella Dublin infection, pp 220-224. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Salmonella, Ploufragan, France.
42. Hoorfar J, Wedderkopp A, Lind P. 1996. Comparison between persisting anti-lipopolysaccharide antibodies and culture at postmortem in Salmonella-infected cattle herds. Vet Microbiol 50:81. PUBMED Abstract
43. Nielsen LR, Toft N, Ersbøll AK. 2004. Evaluation of an indirect serum ELISA and a bacteriological faecal culture test for diagnosis of Salmonella serotype Dublin in cattle using latent class models. J Appl Microbiol 96:311. PUBMED Abstract
44. Davies RH. 1997. A 2-year study of S. Typhimurium DT104 infection and contamination on cattle farms. Cattle Pract 5:189.
45. Tublante NL, Lane VM. 1989. Wild mice as potential reservoirs of Salmonella Dublin in a closed dairy herd. Can Vet J 30:590. PUBMED Abstract
46. Evans SJ. 1996. A case control study of multiple-resistant S. Typhimurium DT104 infection of cattle in Great Britain. Cattle Pract 4:259. PUBMED Abstract
47. Habasha FG, Smith BP, Schwartz L, et al. 1985. Correlation of macrophage migration inhibition factor and protection from challenge exposure in calves vaccinated with S. Typhimurium. Am J Vet Res 46:1415. PUBMED Abstract
48. Johnson E, Hietala S, Smith BP. 1985. Chemiluminescence of bovine alveolar macrophages as an indicator of developing immunity in calves vaccinated with aromatic-dependent Salmonella. Vet Microbiol 10:451. PUBMED Abstract
49. Clarke RC, Cyles CL. 1986. Salmonella. In Gyles CL, Thoen CO (eds), Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
50. Smith BP, Reina-Guerra M, Hoiseth SK, et al. 1984. Aromatic-dependent Salmonella Typhimurium as modified live vaccine for calves. Am J Vet Res 45:59. PUBMED Abstract
51. Cullor J, Fenwick BW, Smith BP, et al. 1985. Decreased mortality and severity of infection from salmonellosis in calves immunized with E. coli (J5), abstract #352. Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases, November, Chicago, IL.
52. Bairey M. 1978. Immunization of calves against salmonellosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:610. PUBMED Abstract
53. Da Roden L, Smith BP, Spier SJ, et al. 1992. Effects of calf age and Salmonella bacterin type on ability to produce immunoglobulins directed against Salmonella whole cells or lipopolysaccharide. Am J Vet Res 53:1895. PUBMED Abstract
54. Spier SJ, Smith BP, Tyler JW, et al. 1990. Use of ELISA for detection of immunoglobulins G and M that recognize Salmonella Dublin lipopolysaccharide for prediction of carrier status in cattle. Am J Vet Res 51:1900. PUBMED Abstract
55. Mohler VL, Heithoff DM, Mahan MJ, et al. 2006. Cross-protective immunity in calves conferred by a DNA adenine methylase deficient Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine. Vaccine 24:1339. PUBMED Abstract
56. Fox BC, Roof MB, Carter DP, et al. 1997. Safety and efficacy of an avirulent live Salmonella choleraesuis vaccine for protection of calves against S. Dublin infection. Am J Vet Res 58:265. PUBMED Abstract
57. Dargatz DA, Fedorka-Cray PJ, Ladely SR, et al. 2002. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Salmonella isolates from cattle in feedlots. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:268. PUBMED Abstract
58. Fecteau ME, House JK, Kotarski SE, et al. 2003. Efficacy of ceftiofur for treatment of experimental salmonellosis in neonatal calves. Am J Vet Res 65:918. PUBMED Abstract
59. Smith BP, House JK, Magdesian KG, et al. 2004. Principles of an infectious disease control program for preventing nosocomial gastrointestinal and respiratory tract diseases in large animal veterinary hospitals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1186. PUBMED Abstract
60. Ravary B, Fecteau G, Higgins R, et al. 1998. Prevalence of Salmonella spp. infections in cattle and horses from the veterinary teaching hospital, University of Montreal. Can Vet J 39:566. PUBMED Abstract
61. Cummings KJ, Divers TJ, McDonough PL, et al. 2010. Temporal clusters of bovine Salmonella cases at a veterinary medical teaching hospital, 1996-2007. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10:471. PUBMED Abstract

Paratuberculosis (Johne's Disease)

1. USDA. 2008. Johne's disease on US dairies, 1991-2007. USDA-APHIS-VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System N521.0408, Fort Collins, CO.
2. USDA. 1999. What do I need to know about Johne's disease in beef cattle? USDA-APHIS-VS, CEAH, National Animal Health Monitoring System N309.899, Fort Collins, CO.
3. Lamont EA, Bannantine JP, Armien A, et al. 2012. Identification and characterization of a spore-like morphotype in chronically starved Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis cultures. PLoS ONE 7:e30648. PUBMED Abstract
4. Eisenberg SW, Nielen M, Koets AP. 2012. Within-farm transmission of bovine paratuberculosis: recent developments. Vet Q 32:31. PUBMED Abstract
5. Sweeney RW, Whitlock RH, Rosenberger EA. 1992. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis isolated from fetuses of infected cows not manifesting signs of the disease. Am J Vet Res 53:477. PUBMED Abstract
6. Seitz SE, Heider LE, Heuston WD, et al. 1989. Bovine fetal infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1423. PUBMED Abstract
7. Larsen AB, Merkal RS, Cutlip RC. 1975. Age of cattle related to resistance to infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Am J Vet Res 36:255. PUBMED Abstract
8. Kirkpatrick BW, Shook GE. 2011. Genetic susceptibility to paratuberculosis. Vet Clin Food Anim 27:559. PUBMED Abstract
9. Momotani E, Whipple DL, Thiermann AB, et al. 1988. Role of M cells in the entrance of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis into domes of ileal Peyer's patches in calves. Vet Pathol 25:131. PUBMED Abstract
10. Stabel JR. 2000. Cytokine secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cows infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Am J Vet Res 61:754. PUBMED Abstract
11. Sweeney RW, Jones DE, Habecker P, et al. 1998. Interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 gene expression in cows infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Am J Vet Res 59:842. PUBMED Abstract
12. Gonzalez J, Geijo MV, Garcia-Pariente C. 2005. Histopathologic classification of lesions associated with natural paratuberculosis infection in cattle. J Comp Path 133:184. PUBMED Abstract
13. Stabel JR. 2000. Transitions in immune responses to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Vet Microbiol 77:465. PUBMED Abstract
14. Sweeney RW, Whitlock RH, McAdams S, et al. 2006. Longitudinal study of ELISA reactivity to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in infected cattle and culture negative herd mates. J Vet Diagn Invest 18:2. PUBMED Abstract
15. Nielsen SS, Krogh MA, Enevoldsen C. 2009. Time to the occurrence of a decline in milk production in cows with various paratuberculosis antibody profiles. J Dairy Sci 92:149. PUBMED Abstract
16. Benedictus G, Dijkhuizen AA, Stelwagen J. 1987. Economic losses due to paratuberculosis in dairy cattle. Vet Record 121:142. PUBMED Abstract
17. Gonda MG, Chang YM, Shook GE, et al. 2007. Effect of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection on production, reproduction, and health traits in US cattle. Prev Vet Med 80:103. PUBMED Abstract
18. Johnson-Ifearulundu YJ, Kaneene JB, Sprecher DJ, et al. 2000. The effect of subclinical Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection on days open in Michigan, USA dairy cow. Prev Vet Med 46:171. PUBMED Abstract
19. Sweeney RW, Whitlock RH, Buckley C, et al. 1995. Evaluation of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis in cattle. J Vet Diagn Invest 7:488. PUBMED Abstract
20. Collins MT, Wells SJ, Petrini KR, et al. 2005. Evaluation of five antibody detection tests for bovine paratuberculosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12:685. PUBMED Abstract
21. Raizman EA, Wells SJ, Godden SM, et al. 2004. The distribution of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis in the environment surrounding Minnesota dairy farms. J Dairy Sci 87:2959. PUBMED Abstract
22. Greenstein RJ, Su L, Whitlock RH, et al. 2009. Monensin causes dose dependent inhibition of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in radiometric culture. Gut Path 1:4. PUBMED Abstract
23. Brumbaugh GW, Edwards JF, Roussel AJ, et al. 2000. Effect of monensin sodium on histological lesions of naturally occurring bovine paratuberculosis. J Comp Path 123:22. PUBMED Abstract
24. Feller M, Huwiler K, Stephan R, et al. 2007. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Crohn's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 7:607. PUBMED Abstract

Copper Deficiency in Ruminants

1. National Research Council. 1996. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, pp 62-64. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
2. National Research Council. 1978. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle, pp 14-15. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
3. National Research Council. 1975. Nutrient requirements of sheep, p 10. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
4. Blood DC, Radostits OM, Henderson JA. 1983. Veterinary medicine, ed 6, pp 1021-1031. Bailliere Tindall, London.
5. Smith BP, Fisher GL, Poulos, PW, et al. 1975. Abnormal bone development and lameness associated with secondary copper deficiency in young cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:682. PUBMED Abstract
6. Schalm OW, Jain NC, Carrol EJ. 1975. Veterinary hematology, ed 3, p 422. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
7. Weiner G, Sales DI, Field AC. 1976. Libido and fertility in rams in relation to plasma copper levels. Vet Rec 19:115. PUBMED Abstract
8. Jones DG, Suttle NF. 1981. Some effects of copper deficiency on leucocyte function in sheep and cattle. Res Vet Sci 31:151. PUBMED Abstract
9. Boyne R, Arthur JR. 1986. Effects of molybdenum or iron induced copper deficiency on the viability and function of neutrophils from cattle. Res Vet Sci 41:417. PUBMED Abstract
10. Suttle NF. 1986. Copper deficiency in ruminants: recent developments. Vet Rec 119:519. PUBMED Abstract
11. Phillippo M, Humphries WR, Lawrence CB, et al. 1987. The effect of dietary molybdenum and iron on copper status, puberty, fertility and estrous cycles in cattle. J Agric Sci Camb 109:321.
12. Campbell AG, Coup MR, Bishop WH, et al. 1974. Effect of elevated iron intake on the copper status of grazing cattle. NZ J Agric Res 17:393.
13. Mills CF, Dalgarno AC. 1972. Copper and zinc status of ewes and lambs receiving increased dietary concentrations of cadmium. Nature 239:171. PUBMED Abstract
14. Brenner I, Young BW, Mills CF. 1976. Protective effect of zinc supplementation against copper toxicosis in sheep. Br J Nutr 36:551. PUBMED Abstract
15. Maas J, Peauroi JR, Weber DW, et al. 1994. Safety, efficacy, and effects on copper metabolism of intrareticularly placed selenium boluses in beef heifer calves. Am J Vet Res 55:247. PUBMED Abstract
16. Lehninger AL. 1982. Principles of biochemistry. Worth Publishers, New York.
17. Gay CC, Pritchett LC, Madson W. 1988. Copper deficiency in cattle: a review, pp 10-14. In Young RJ Jr (ed), Selenium and copper deficiencies in cattle. Veterinary Medicine Publishing, Lenexa, KS.
18. Puls R. 1981. Veterinary trace mineral deficiency and toxicity information, pp 28-38. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON.
19. Claypool DW, Adams FW, Pendell HW, et al. 1975. Relationship between the level of copper in the blood plasma and liver of cattle. J Anim Sci 41:911. PUBMED Abstract
20. Kincaid RL, Gay CC, and Krieger RI. 1986. Relationship of serum and plasma copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations of cattle and the effects of whole blood sample storage. Am J Vet Res 47:1157. PUBMED Abstract
21. Rogers GM, Capucille DJ, Poore MH, et al. 2001. Growth performance of cattle following percutaneous biopsy utilizing a Schackelford-Courtney biopsy instrument. Bovine Pract 35:177.
22. Underwood EJ. 1977. Copper, pp 56-108. Trace elements in human and animal nutrition, ed 4. Academic Press, New York.
23. Bingley JB, Dufty JH. 1972. Distribution of copper in the tissues of the bovine neonate and dam. Res Vet Sci 13:8. PUBMED Abstract
24. Huber JT, Price NO, Engel RW. 1971. Response of lactating dairy cows to high levels of dietary molybdenum. J Anim Sci 32:364. PUBMED Abstract
25. Ludwick, TP, Poppenga RH, Green PG, et al. 2008. The correlation of potassium content and moisture in bovine liver samples analyzed for trace mineral concentrations, J Vet Diagn Invest 20:314. PUBMED Abstract
26. Bulgin MS, Maas J, Anderson BC, et al. 1986. Death associated with parenteral administration of copper disodium edetate in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:406. PUBMED Abstract
27. Langlands JP, Bowles JE, Donald GE, et al. 1983. Copper oxide particles for grazing sheep. Aust J Agri Res 34:751.
28. Inglis DM, Gilmour JS, and Murray IS. 1986. A farm investigation into swayback in a herd of goats and the result of administration of copper needles. Vet Rec 118:657. PUBMED Abstract

Cobalt Deficiency in Ruminants

1. Kennedy DG, Kennedy S, Blanchflower WJ, et al. 1994. Cobalt-vitamin B12 deficiency causes accumulation of odd-numbered, branched-chain fatty acids in the tissues of sheep. Brit J Nutr 71:67. PUBMED Abstract
2. Kennedy DG, Young PB, Blanchflower WJ, et al. 1994. Cobalt-vitamin B12 deficiency causes lipid accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and decreased alpha-tocopherol concentrations in the liver of sheep. Internat J Vit Nutr 64:270.
3. Kennedy S, McConnell S, Anderson H, et al. 1997. Histopathologic and ultrastructural alterations of white liver disease in sheep experimentally depleted of cobalt. Vet Pathol 34:575. PUBMED Abstract
4. MacPherson A, Gray D, Mitchell GBB, et al. 1987. Ostertagia infection and neutrophil function in cobalt-deficient and cobalt-supplemented cattle. Br Vet J 143:348. PUBMED Abstract
5. Sager B. 2011. Cobalt supplement affecting immune response. Masters thesis. Montana State University, Bozeman, MT.
6. Andrews ED, Hart LI. 1962. A comparison of vitamin B12 concentrations in liver and kidneys from cobalt-treated and mildly cobalt-deficient lambs. NZ J Agri Res 5:403.
7. Andrews ED, Hart LI, Stephenson BJ. 1959. A comparison of the vitamin B12 and cobalt content of livers from normal lambs, cobalt-dosed lambs, and others with a recent history of mild cobalt deficiency disease. NZ J Agri Res 2:274.
8. Somers M, Gawthorne JM. 1969. The effect of dietary cobalt intake on the plasma vitamin B12 concentration of sheep. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 47:227. PUBMED Abstract
9. Andrews ED, Stephenson BJ. 1966. Vitamin B12 in the blood of grazing cobalt-deficient sheep. NZ J Agri Res 9:491.
10. Maas J. 2007. Diagnostic considerations for evaluating nutritional problems in cattle. Vet Clin Food Anim 23:527. PUBMED Abstract
11. Puls R. 1981. Veterinary trace mineral deficiency and toxicity information. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON.
12. Herdt TH. 2012. Personal communication. Michigan State University, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, East Lansing, MI.
13. Smith RM, Marston HR. 1970. Production, absorption, distribution and excretion of vitamin B12 in sheep. Br J Nutr 24:857. PUBMED Abstract
14. Kercher CJ, Smith SE. 1955. The response of cobalt-deficient lambs to orally administered vitamin B12. J Anim Sci 14:458.
15. Lehninger AL. 1975. Biochemistry, ed 2. Worth Publishers, New York.
16. Marston HR, Allen SH, Smith RM. 1961. Primary metabolic defect supervening on vitamin B12 deficiency in the sheep. Nature 190:1085. PUBMED Abstract
17. Marston HR, Allen SH, Smith RM. 1972. Production within the rumen and removal from the bloodstream of volatile fatty acids in sheep given a diet deficient in cobalt. Br J Nutr 27:147. PUBMED Abstract
18. Judson GJ, Gifford KE. 1979. Hematological values in vitamin B12 responsive calves. Aust Vet J 55:504. PUBMED Abstract
19. Gawthorne JM, Smith RM. 1974. Folic acid metabolism in vitamin B12-deficient sheep. Effects of injected methionine on methotrexate transport and the activity of enzymes associated with folate metabolism in liver. Biochem J 142:119. PUBMED Abstract
20. Kubota J. 1968. Distribution of cobalt deficiency in grazing animals in relation to soils and forage plants of the United States. Soil Science 106:122.
21. Poole DBR, Fleming GA, Kiely J. 1972. Cobalt deficiency in Ireland-soil, plant and animal. Irish Vet J 26:109.
22. National Research Council. 1984. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle, ed 6. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, pp 13-14.
23. National Research Council. 1985. Nutrient requirements of sheep, ed 5. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, pp 18-19.
24. National Research Council. 1978. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle, ed 5. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, pp 13-14.
25. Lee HJ, Marston HR. 1969. The requirement for cobalt of sheep grazed on cobalt-deficient pastures. Aust J Agri Res 20:905.
26. Andrews ED, Anderson JP. 1954. Responses of cobalt-deficient lambs to cobalt and to vitamin B12. NZ J Sci Tech 35:483.
27. Adams SN, Honeysett JL, Tiller KG, et al. 1919. Factors controlling the increase of cobalt in plants following the addition of a cobalt fertilizer. Aust J Soil Res 7:29.
28. Poole DBR, Connolly JF. 1967. Some observations on the use of the cobalt heavy pellet in sheep. Ir J Agri Res 6:281.
29. Lee HJ, Kuchel RE. 1953. The etiology of Phalaris staggers in sheep. 1. Preliminary observations on the preventive role of cobalt. Aust J Agri Res 4:88.
30. Ludwick TP, Poppenga RH, Green PG, et al. 2008. The correlation of potassium content and moisture in bovine liver samples analyzed for trace mineral concentrations. J Vet Diagn Invest 20:314. PUBMED Abstract

Rectal Prolapse in Ruminants and Horses

1. Welker B, Modransky M. 1991. Rectal prolapse in food animals. I. Cause and conservative management. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 13:1869.
2. Turner T. 1987. Rectal prolapse. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 2. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
3. Thomas D, Waldron D, Lowe G, et al. 2003. Length of docked tail and the incidence of rectal prolapse in lambs. J Anim Sci 81:2725. PUBMED Abstract
4. Anderson DE. 2009. Rectal prolapse, pp 125-127. In Anderson DE, Rings M (eds), Current veterinary therapy: food animal practice, ed 5. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
5. Steiner A. 2004. Surgery of the colon, pp 257-262. In Fubini SL, Ducharme NG (eds), Farm animal surgery. Saunders, St Louis, MO.
6. Freeman DE. 2012. Rectum and anus, pp 494-505. In Auer JA, Stick JA (eds), Equine surgery, ed 4. Elsevier Saunders, St Louis, MO.