Chapter 33 Diseases of the Hepatobiliary System

Diagnosis of Liver Disease

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  6. Pearson EG. 1991. Liver failure attributable to pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis and associated with inspiratory dyspnea in ponies: three cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1651. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Mas A. 2006. Hepatic encephalopathy: from pathophysiology to treatment. Digestion 73(suppl 1):86. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Morris DD, Henry MM. 1991. Hepatic encephalopathy. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 13:1153.
  9. McGorum BC, D Murphy, S Love, et al. 1999 Clinicopathological features of equine primary hepatic disease: a review of 50 cases. Vet Rec 145:134. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Binesh N, Huda A, Thomas MA, et al. 2006. Hepatic encephalopathy: a neurochemical, neuroanatomical, and neuropsychological study. J Appl Clin Med Phys 7:86. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Butterworth RF. 2003. Hepatic encephalopathy—a serious complication of alcoholic liver disease. Alcohol Res Health 27:143. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Peek SF, Divers TJ, Jackson CJ. 1997. Hyperammonaemia associated with encephalopathy and abdominal pain without liver disease in four mature horses. Equine Vet J 29:70. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Ahbouchas S, Butterworth RF. 2004. Pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy: a new look at GABA from the molecular standpoint. Metab Brain Dis 19:331. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Maddison JE. 1992. Hepatic encephalopathy: current concepts of pathogenesis. J Vet Intern Med 6:341. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Tyler JW. 1990. Hepatic encephalopathy. Part I. Pathophysiology and treatment. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:1260.
  16. Russell KE, Roussel AJ. 2007. Evaluation of the ruminant serum chemistry profile. Vet Clin Food Anim 23:403. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Pearson EG, Dirksen G, Meyer J, et al. 1995. Evaluation of liver-derived serum enzymes and liver function tests in young calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1466. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Boyd JW. 1989. Serum enzyme changes in newborn calves fed colostrum. Vet Clin Pathol 18:47. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Thompson JC, Pauli JV. 1981. Colostral transfer of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in calves. N Z Vet J 29:223. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Gossett KA, French DD. 1984. Effect of age on liver enzyme activities in serum of healthy quarter horses. Am J Vet Res 45:354. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Gardner RB, Nydam DV, Mohammed HO, et al. 2005. Serum gamma glutamyl transferase activity in horses with right or left dorsal displacements of the large colon. J Vet Intern Med 19:761. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Divers TJ. 1993. Biochemical diagnosis of hepatic disease and dysfunction in the horse. Equine Pract 15:15.
  23. Hoffman WE, Solter PF. 2008. Clinical enzymology, pp 351-378. In Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML (eds), Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, ed 6. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
  24. Lechtenberg KF, Nagaraja TG. 1991. Hepatic ultrasonography and blood changes in cattle with experimentally induced hepatic abscesses. Am J Vet Res 52:509. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Eckersall PD. 2008. Proteins, proteomics and the dysproteinemias, pp 117-156. In Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML (eds), Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, ed 6. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
  26. Paraga ME, Carlson GP, Thurmond M. 1995. Serum protein concentrations in horses with severe liver disease: a retrospective study and review of the literature. J Vet Intern Med 9:154. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Gulick BA, Liu IKM, Qualls CW, et al. 1980. Effect of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatic disease on plasma amino acid patterns in the horse. Am J Vet Res 41:1894. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Gronwall RR, Mia AS. 1972. Fasting, hyperbilirubinemia in horses. Am J Dig Dis 17:241. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Gronwall R, Engelking RL, Noonan N. 1980. Direct measurement of biliary bilirubin excretion in ponies during fasting. Am J Vet Res 41:125. PUBMED Abstract
  30. O'Maille ER, Richards TG, Short AH. 1967. The influence of conjugation of cholic acid on its uptake and secretion: hepatic extraction of taurocholate and cholate in the dog. J Physiol (Lond) 189:37. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Pearson EG, Craig AM, Rowe K. 1992. Variability of serum bile acid concentrations over time in dairy cattle, and effect of feed deprivation on the variability. Am J Vet Res 53:1780. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Olsson T. 1988. Serum bile acids in cattle: diurnal variations and variations due to stage of lactation. Res Vet Sci 35:467. PUBMED Abstract
  33. West HJ. 1989. Evaluation of total plasma bile acid concentrations for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in horses. Res Vet Sci 46:264. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Craig AM, Pearson EG, Rowe K. 1992. Serum bile acid concentrations in clinically normal cattle: comparison by type, age, and stage of lactation. Am J Vet Res 53:1784. PUBMED Abstract
  35. West HJ. 1991. Evaluation of total serum bile acid concentration for the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease in cattle. Res Vet Sci 51:133. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Rendle D. 2010. Liver biopsy in horses. In Pract 32:300.
  37. Durham AE, Smith KC, Newton JR, et al. 2003. Development and application of a scoring system for prognostic evaluation of equine liver biopsies. Equine Vet J 35:534. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Rantanen NW. 1986. Diseases of the liver. Vet Clin Equine 2:105. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Braun U. 2009. Ultrasonography of the liver in cattle. Vet Clin Food Anim 25:591-609. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Braun U. 1996. Ultrasonographic examination of the liver and gallbladder in cows: normal findings. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:S61.
  41. Braun U. 1996. Ultrasonographic examination of the liver and gallbladder in cows: abnormal findings. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:1255.
  42. Braun U. 1992. Ultrasonographic examination of the liver in sheep. Am J Vet Res 53:198. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Streeter RN, Step DL. 2007. Diagnostic ultrasonography in ruminants. Vet Clin Food Anim 23:541. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Barton MH. 2011. Understanding abdominal ultrasonography in horses: which way is up? Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 33:E1. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Durham AE, Newton JR, Smith KC, et al. 2003. Retrospective analysis of historical, clinical, ultrasonographic, serum biochemical and haematological data in prognostic evaluation of equine liver disease. Equine Vet J 35:542. PUBMED Abstract

Infectious, Toxic, and Parasitic Liver Disease

  1. Tennant B. 1978. Acute hepatitis in horses: problems differentiating toxic and infectious causes in adults. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 24:465.
  2. Divers TJ. 1992. Hepatic disease, pp 253-257. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  3. Howarth L, Shires M. 1976. Serum hepatitis in a horse. Iowa State Vet 38:28.
  4. Blood DC, Radostits OM. 1989. Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, ed 7. Baillière Tindall, London.
  5. Hjerpe CA. 1964. Serum hepatitis in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 144:734. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Theiler A. 1918. Acute liver atrophy and parenchymatous hepatitis of horses. Fifth and Sixth Reports of the Director of Veterinary Research Department of Agriculture, Union of South Africa: 7.
  7. Rose JA, Immenschuh RD, Rose EM. 1975. Serum hepatitis in the horse. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 20:175.
  8. Robinson M, Gopinath C, Hughes DL. 1975. Histopathology of acute hepatitis in the horse. J Comp Pathol 85:111. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Baker JC, Ames T. 1981. Equine serum hepatitis: a case report. Minn Vet 21:19.
  10. Messer NT, Johnson PJ. 1994. Idiopathic acute hepatic disease in horses: 12 cases (1982-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1934. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Aleman M, Nieto JE, Carr EA, et al. 2005. Serum hepatitis associated with commercial plasma transfusion in horses. J Vet Intern Med 19:120. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Chandriani S, Skewes-Cox P, Zhong W, et al. In press. Identification of a previously undescribed divergent virus from the Flaviviridae family in an outbreak of equine serum hepatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Thomsett LR. 1971. Acute hepatic failure in the horse. Equine Vet J 3:15. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Smith HL, Chalmers GA, Wedel R. 1991. Acute hepatic failure (Theiler's disease) in a horse. Can Vet J 32:362. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Scarratt WK, Furr MO, Robertson JL. 1991. Hepatoencephalopathy and hypocalcemia in a miniature horse mare. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1754. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Pearson EG. 1991. Liver failure attributable to pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis and associated with inspiratory dyspnea in ponies: three cases (1982-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1651. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Guglick MA, MacAllister CG, Ely RW, et al. 1995. Hepatic disease associated with administration of tetanus antitoxin in eight horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:1737. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Sahal M, Altinas A, Arslan HH, et al. 2004. Serum hepatitis associated with administration of tetanus toxin in serum producing horses and therapy. Revue Med Vet 155:476.
  19. Pearson EG. 1999. Liver disease in the mature horse. Equine Vet Educ 11:87.

Black Disease

  1. Gay CC, Lording PM, McNeil P, et al. 1980. Infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease) in a horse. Equine Vet J 12:26. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Songer JG. 2009. Clostridium novyi (myonecrosis, black disease, and bacillary hemoglobinuria) and Clostridium septicum (braxy) infections, pp 58-61. In Anderson DE, Rings DM (eds), Current veterinary therapy food animal practice, ed. 5. Saunders Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
  3. Parsonson IM. 2007. Epidemic catarrh of sheep: the possible role of black disease. Aust Vet J 85:78. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Stalker MJ, Hayes MA. 2007. Liver and biliary system, pp 297-388. In Maxie MG (ed), Pathology of domestic animals, vol 2, ed 5. Saunders Elsevier, St Louis, MO.

Bacillary Hemoglobinuria (“Redwater”)

  1. Hauer PJ, Yeary TJ, Rosenbusch RF. 2004. Cloning and molecular characteristics of the beta toxin (phospholipase C) gene of Clostridium haemolyticum. Anaerobe 10:243. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Erwin BG. 1977. Experimental induction of bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle. Am J Vet Res 38:1625. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Stalker MJ, Hayes MA. 2007. Liver and biliary system, pp 297-388. In Maxie MG (ed), Pathology of domestic animals, vol 2, ed 5. Saunders Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
  4. Janzen ED, Orr JP, Osborne AD. 1981. Bacillary hemoglobinuria associated with necrobacillosis in a yearling feedlot heifer. Can Vet J 22:393. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Olander HJ, Hughes JP, Biberstein EL. 1966. Bacillary hemoglobinuria: induction by liver biopsy in naturally and experimentally infected animals. Pathol Vet 3:421. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Takagi M, Yamato O, Sasaki Y, et al. 2009. Successful treatment of bacillary hemoglobinuria in Japanese Black cows. J Vet Med Sci 71:1105. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Vine N, Fayer J, Harwood D. 2006. Bacillary hemoglobinuria in dairy cows. Vet Rec 159:160. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Williams BM. 1964. Clostridium oedematous infections (black disease and bacillary hemoglobinuria) of cattle in mid Wales. Vet Rec 76:591.

Liver Disease in Foals

  1. Bauer JE, Asquith RL, Kivipelto J. 1989. Serum biochemical indicators of liver function in neonatal foals. Am J Vet Res 50:2037. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Gossett KA, French DD. 1984. Effect of age on liver enzyme activities in serum of healthy quarter horses. Am J Vet Res 45:354. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Barton MH, LeRoy BE. 2007. Serum bile acids concentrations in healthy and clinically ill neonatal foals. J Vet Intern Med 21:508. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Haggett EF, Magdesian KG, Kass PH. 2011. Clinical implications of high liver enzyme activities in hospitalized neonatal foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 239:661. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Hall WC, Van Kruiningen HJ. 1974. Tyzzer's disease in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 164:1187. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Pulley LT, Shively JN. 1974. Tyzzer's disease in a foal. Light- and electron-microscopic observations. Vet Pathol 11:203. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Yates WD, Hayes MA, Finell GR, et al. 1980. Tyzzer's disease in foals in western Canada. Can Vet J 21:63. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Turk MA, Gallina AM, Perryman LE. 1981. Bacillus piliformis infection (Tyzzer's disease) in foals in northwestern United States: a retrospective study of 21 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:279. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Brown CM, Ainsworth DM, Personett LA, et al. 1983. Serum biochemical and hematological findings in 2 foals with focal bacterial hepatitis (Tyzzer's disease). Equine Vet J 15:376. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Nold JB, Swanson T, Spraker TR. 1984. Bacillus piliformis infection (Tyzzer's disease) in a Colorado foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:306. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Humber KA, Sweeney RW, Saik JE, et al. 1988. Clinical and clinicopathologic findings in two foals infected with Bacillus piliformis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1425. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Chanter N. 1995. Infection of horses by Tyzzer's bacillus. Equine Vet J 27:1. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Shirota K, Une Y, Nomura Y, et al. 1999. Naturally occurring Tyzzer's disease in a calf. Vet Pathol 36:253. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Scholes SF, Edwards GT. 2009. Tyzzer's disease (Clostridium piliforme infection) and possible copper toxicity in a lamb. Vet Rec 164:470. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Headley SA, Shirota K, Baba T, et al. 2009. Diagnostic exercise: Tyzzer's disease, distemper, and coccidiosis in a pup. Vet Pathol 46:151. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Duncan TJ, Carman RJ, Olsen G, et al. 1993. The agent of Tyzzer's disease is a Clostridium species. Clin Infect Dis 16(suppl 4):S422. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Hook RR. 1995. Seroanalysis of Tyzzer's disease in horses: implications that multiple strains can infect Equidae. Equine Vet J 27:8. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Swerczek TW. 1977. Multi-focal hepatic necrosis and hepatitis in foals caused by Bacillus piliformis (Tyzzer's disease). Vet Annu 17:130.
  19. Fosgate GT, Hird DW, Read DH, et al. 2002. Risk factors for Clostridium piliforme infection in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:785. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Borchers A, Magdesian KG, Halland S, et al. 2006. Successful treatment and PCR confirmation of Tyzzer's disease in a foal and clinical and pathologic characteristics of 6 additional foals (1986-2005). J Vet Intern Med 20:1212. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Ganaway JR, Allen AM. 1981. Diagnostic exercise. Tyzzer's disease. Lab Anim Sci 31:249. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Peek SF, Byars TD, Rueve E. 1994. Neonatal hepatic failure in a Thoroughbred foal: Successful treatment of a case of presumptive Tyzzer's disease. Equine Vet Educ 6:307.
  23. Divers TJ, Perkins G. 2003. Urinary and hepatic disorders in neonatal foals. Clin Tech Equine Pract 2:67.
  24. Bryans JT, Sweezle TW, Dorlington RW, et al. 1977. Neonatal foal disease associated with perinatal infection by equine herpesvirus 1. Equine Med Surg 1:20.
  25. Perkins G, Ainsworth DM, Erb HN, et al. 1999. Clinical, haematological and biochemical findings in foals with neonatal Equine herpesvirus-1 infection compared with septic and premature foals. Equine Vet J 31:422. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Murray MJ, Piero F, Jeffrey SC, et al. 1998. Neonatal equine herpesvirus type I infection on a thoroughbred breeding farm. J Vet Intern Med 12:36. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Hodgin EC, Miller DA, Lozano F. 1989. Leptospira abortion in horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 1:283. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Boyle AG, Magdesian KG, Ruby RE. 2005. Neonatal isoerythrolysis in horse foals and a mule foal: 18 cases (1988-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1276. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Polkes AC, Giguère S, Lester GD et al. 2008. Factors associated with outcome in foals with neonatal isoerythrolysis (72 cases, 1988-2003). J Vet Intern Med 22:1216. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Elfenbein JR, Giguère S, Meyer SK, et al. 2010. The effects of deferoxamine mesylate on iron elimination after blood transfusion in neonatal foals. J Vet Intern Med 24:1475. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Loynachan AT, Williams NM, Freestone JF. 2007. Kernicterus in a neonatal foal. J Vet Diagn Invest 19:209. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Divers TJ, Warner A, Vaala WE, et al. 1983. Toxic hepatic failure in newborn foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:1407. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Mullaney TP, Brown CM. 1988. Iron toxicity in neonatal foals. Equine Vet J 20:119. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Acland HM, Mann PC, Robertson JL, et al. 1984. Toxic hepatopathy in neonatal foals. Vet Pathol 21:3. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Fortier LA, Fubini SL, Flanders JA, et al. 1993. Guidelines for the diagnosis and surgical correction of equine and bovine congenital portosystemic shunts. Vet Surg 22:379.
  36. Reimer JM, Donawick WJ, Reef VB, et al. 1988. Diagnosis and surgical correction of patent ductus venosus in a calf. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1539. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Hug SA, Guerrero TG, Makara M, et al. 2012. Diagnosis and surgical cellophane banding of an intrahepatic congenital portosystemic shunt in a foal. J Vet Intern Med 26:171. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Divers TJ, Tennant BC, Murray MJ, et al. 1994. Unusual cases of liver disease in Morgan foals. Gastroenterol View 2:6.
  39. McConnico R, Duckett WM, Wood PA, 1997. Persistent hyperammonemia in two related Morgan weanlings. J Vet Intern Med 11:264. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Valberg SJ, Ward TL, Rush B, et al. 2001. Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency in quarter horse foals. J Vet Intern Med 15:572. PUBMED Abstract

Chronic Active Hepatitis

  1. Smith MRW, Stevens KB, Furham AE, et al. 2003. Equine hepatic disease: the effect of patient and case specific variables on risk and prognosis. Equine Vet J 35:549. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Byars TD. 1983. Chronic liver failure in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5:S423.
  3. Carlson GP. 1992. Icterus in the horse, pp 695-721. In Anderson NV (ed), Veterinary gastroenterology, ed 2. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicity

  1. Muth OH. 1968. Tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) a potential menace to livestock. J Am Vet Med Assoc 153:310. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Stegelmeier BL, Edgar JA, Colegate SM, et al. 1999. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid plants: metabolism and toxicity. J Nat Toxins 8:95. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Stegelmeier BL. 2011. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants (Senecio, Crotalaria, Cynoglossum, Amsinckia, Heliotropium, and Echium spp.). Vet Clin Food Anim 27:419. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Hill BD, Baul KL, Noble JW. 1997. Poisoning of feedlot cattle by seeds of Heliotropium europaeum. Aust Vet J 75:360. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Mendel VE, Witt MR, Gitchell BS, et al. 1988. Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced liver disease in horses: an early diagnosis. Am J Vet Res 49:572. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Stegelmeier BL, Gardner DR, James LF, et al. 1996. Pyrrole detection and pathologic progression of Cynoglossum officinale (hound's tongue) poisoning in horses. J Vet Diagn Invest 8:81. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Craig AM, Pearson EG, Meyer C, et al. 1991. Serum liver enzyme and histopathologic changes in calves with chronic and chronic delayed Senecio jacobaea toxicosis. Am J Vet Res 52:1969. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Molyneux RJ, Johnson AE, Stuart LD. 1988. Delayed manifestation of Senecio-induced pyrrolizidine alkaloidosis in cattle: case reports. Vet Hum Toxicol 30:201. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Skaanild MT, Friis C, Grimer L. 2001. Interplant alkaloid variation and Senecio vernalis toxicity in cattle. Vet Hum Toxicol 43:147. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Jago MB. 1971. Factors affecting chronic hepatotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J Pathol 105:1. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Kim HY, Stermitz FR, JK Li JK, et al. 1999. Comparative DNA cross-linking by activated pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Food Chem Toxicol 37:619. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Rieben WK, Coulombe RA. 2004. DNA cross-linking by dehydromonocrotaline lacks apparent base sequence preference. Toxicol Sci 82:497. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Pearson EG. 1991. Liver failure attributable to pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis and associated with inspiratory dyspnea in ponies: three cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1651. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Byars TD. 1983. Chronic liver failure in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5:S423.
  15. Lessard P, Wilson WD, Olander HJ, et al. 1986. Clinicopathologic study of horses surviving pyrrolizidine alkaloid (Senecio vulgaris) toxicosis. Am J Vet Res 47:1776. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Milne EM, Pogson DM, Doxey DL. 1990. Secondary gastric impaction associated with ragwort poisoning in three ponies. Vet Rec 124:502. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Lodge-Ivey SL, Rappe MS, Johnston WH, et al. 2005. Molecular analysis of a consortium of ruminal microbes that detoxify pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Can J Microbiol 51:455. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Duringer JM, Buhler DR, Craig AM. 2004. Comparison of hepatic in vitro metabolism of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine in sheep and cattle. Am J Vet Res 65:1563. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Craig AM, Pearson EG, Meyer C, et al. 1991. Clinicopathologic studies of tansy ragwort toxicosis in ponies: sequential serum and histopathological changes. J Equine Vet Sci 11:261.

Liver Flukes in Ruminants

  1. Malone JB. 1986. Fascioliasis and cestodiasis in cattle. Vet Clin Food Anim 2:261. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Bargues, MD, Mas-Coma, S. 2005. Reviewing lymnaeid vectors of fascioliasis by ribosomal DNA sequence analyses. J Helminthol 79:257. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Malone JB, Yilma JM. 1999. Predicting outbreaks of fasciolosis: from Ollerenshaw to satellites, pp 151-184. In Dalton JP (ed), Fasciolosis. CAB International Publications, Cambridge.
  4. Zukowski SH, Wilkerson G, Malone JB. 1992. Fascioliasis in cattle in Louisiana. II. Development of a system to use soil maps in a geographic information system to estimate disease risk on Louisiana coastal ranges. Vet Parasitol 47:51. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Malone JB, Craig TM. 1990. Cattle liver flukes: risk assessment and control. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:747.
  6. Modavi S, Isseroff H. 1984. Fasciola hepatica: collagen deposition and other histopathology in the rat host's bile ducts caused by the parasite and by proline infusion. Exp Parasitol 58:239. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Mulcahy G, Joyce P, Dalton JP. 1999. Immunology of Fasciola hepatica infections, pp 341-376. In Dalton JP (ed), Fasciolosis. CAB International Publications, Cambridge.
  8. Behm CA, Sangster NC. 1999. Pathology, pathophysiology, and clinical aspects, pp 185-224. In Dalton JP (ed), Fasciolosis. CAB International Publications, Cambridge.
  9. Abdel-Rahman SM, O'Reilly KL, Malone JB. 1998. Evaluation of a diagnostic monoclonal antibody–based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of a 26-28kD Fasciola hepatica coproantigen in cattle. Am J Vet Res 59:533.
  10. Gordon DK, Zadoks RN, Stephenson H, et al. 2012. On farm evaluation of the coproantigen ELISA and coproantigen reduction test in Scottish sheep naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica. Vet Parasitol 187:436. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Fairweather I, Boray JC. 1999. Mechanisms of fasciolicide action and drug resistance in F. hepatica, pp 225-276. In Dalton JP (ed), Fasciolosis. CAB International Publications, Cambridge.

Hepatic Abscesses

  1. Nagaraja TG, Laudert SJ, Parrott JC. 1996. Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle. Part 2. Incidence, economic importance and prevention. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:S264.
  2. Nagaraja TG. 2000. Liver abscesses in beef cattle: potential for dairy monitoring, p 65. Proceedings of the 2000 American Association of Bovine Practitioners Meeting, Sept 10-13, Milwaukee, WI.
  3. Tadepalli S, Narayanan SK, Stewart GC, et al. 2009. Fusobacterium necrophorum: a ruminal bacterium that invades liver to cause abscesses in cattle. Anaerobe 15:36. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Emery DL, Vaughan JA, Clark BL, et al. 1985. Cultural characteristics and virulence of strains of Fusobacterium necrophorum isolated from the feet of cattle and sheep. Aust Vet J 62:43. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Tan ZL, Nagaraja TG, Chengappa MM. 1996. Fusobacterium necrophorum infections: virulence factors, pathogenic mechanism and control measures. Vet Res Commun 20:113. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Nagaraja TG, Narayanan SK, Stewart GC, et al. 2005. Fusobacterium necrophorum infections in animals: pathogenesis and pathogenic mechanisms. Anaerobe 11:239. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Scanlan CM, Hathcock TL. 1983. Bovine rumenitis—liver abscess complex: a bacteriological review. Cornell Vet 73:288. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Lechtenberg KF, Nagaraja TG, Leipold HW, et al. 1988. Bacteriologic and histologic studies of hepatic abscesses in cattle. Am J Vet Res 49:58. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Narayanan SK, Nagaraja TG, Wallace N, et al. 1998. Biochemical and ribotypic comparison of Actinomyces pyogenes and A. pyogenes–like isolates from liver abscesses, ruminal wall, and ruminal contents of cattle. Am J Vet Res 59:271. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Nagaraja TG, Laudert SB, Parrott JC. 1996. Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle. Part 1. Causes, pathogenesis, pathology and diagnosis. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:S230.
  11. Narayanan SK, Nagaraja TG, Okwumabua O, et al. 1997. Ribotyping to compare Fusobacterium necrophorum isolates from bovine liver abscesses, ruminal walls, and ruminal contents. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:4671. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Liberg P, Jonsson G. 1993. Ultrasonography and determination of proteins and enzymes in blood for the diagnosis of liver abscess in intensively fed beef cattle. Acta Vet Scand 34:21. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Lechtenberg KF, Nagaraja TG. 1991. Hepatic ultrasonography and blood changes in steers with experimentally induced liver abscesses. Am J Vet Res 52:803. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Dore E, Fecteau G, Hélie P, et al. 2007. Liver abscesses in Holstein dairy cattle: 18 cases. J Vet Intern Med 21:853. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Braun U, Pusterla N, Wild K. 1996. Ultrasonographic examination of the liver and gallbladder in cows: abnormal findings. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:255.
  16. Feed additive compendium. 2012. Miller Publishing, Minnetonka, Minn.
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  18. Nagaraja TG, Lectenberg KL. 2007. Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle. Vet Clin Food Anim 23:351. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Gudmundson J, Radostitis OM, Doige CE. 1980. Pulmonary thromboembolism in cattle due to thrombosis of the posterior vena cava associated with hepatic abscessation. Can Vet J 19:304. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Rebhun WC, Rendano VT, Gill SG, et al. 1980. Caudal vena caval thrombosis in four cattle with acute dyspnea. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:1366. PUBMED Abstract
  21. National Beef Quality Audit Report. 2012. National Cattlemen's Beef Association, Denver (www.bqa.org/audit.aspx).
  22. Brink DR, Lowry SR, Stock RA, et al. 1990. Severity of liver abscesses and efficiency of feed utilization of feedlot cattle. J Anim Sci 68:1201. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Rumbaugh GE, Smith BP, Carlson GP. 1978. Internal abdominal abscesses in the horse: a study of 25 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:304. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Zicker SC, Wilson WD, Medearis I. 1990. Differentiation between intra-abdominal neoplasms and abscesses in horses using clinical and laboratory data: 40 cases (1978-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1130. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Sellon DC, Spaulding K, Brehaus BA, et al. 2000. Hepatic abscesses in three horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:882. PUBMED Abstract

Hepatic Lipidosis

  1. Deem DA. 1985. Bovine fatty liver syndrome. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 11:S185.
  2. Geelen MJH, Wensin T. 2006. Studies on hepatic lipidosis and coinciding health and fertility problems of high-producing cows using the “Utrecht fettle liver model of dairy cows.” Vet Quart 28:90. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Bobe G, Young JW, Beitz DC. 2004. Pathology, etiology, prevention, and treatment of fatty liver in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 87:3105. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Cebra CK, Garry FB, Getzy DM, et al. 1997. Hepatic lipidosis in anorectic, lactating Holstein cattle: a retrospective study of serum biochemical abnormalities. J Vet Intern Med 11:231. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Kalaitzakia E, Roubies N, Panousis N, et al. 2007. Clinicopathologic evaluation of hepatic lipidosis in periparturient dairy cattle. J Vet Intern Med 21:835. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Rings DM. 1990. Hepatic lipidosis: mechanisms, diagnostics, and treatments, p 19. Proceedings of the 1990 American Association of Bovine Practitioners Meeting, Sept 9-12, Milwaukee, WI.
  7. Haudum A, Starke A, Beyerbach M, et al. 2011. Ultrasonographic measurement of liver dimensions in dairy cows with different hepatic triacylglycerol content. J Anim Sci 89:1392. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Starke A, Haudum A, Weigers G, et al. 2010. Noninvasive detection of hepatic lipidosis in dairy cows with calibrated ultrasonographic image analysis. J Dairy Sci 93:2952. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Reid IM. 1980. Incidence and severity of fatty liver in dairy cows. Vet Rec 107:281. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Herdt TH, Goeders L, Liesman JS, et al. 1983. Test for estimation of bovine hepatic lipid content. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:953. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Baird GD. 1982. Lipometabolism in the dairy cow: problems involved in meeting the demand of high productivity. Bovine Pract 17:147.
  12. Oikawa S, Oetzel GR. 2006. Decreased insulin response in dairy cows following a four-day fast to induce hepatic lipidosis. J Dairy Sci 89:2999. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Holtenius P, Hjort M, 1990. Studies on the pathogenesis of fatty liver in cows. Bovine Pract 25:91.
  14. Rayssinguier Y, Mazur A, Gueux E. 1988. Plasma lipoproteins and fatty liver in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 45:389. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Uchida E, Katoh N, Takahashi K. 1992. Induction of fatty liver in cows by ethionine administration and concomitant decreases of serum apolipoproteins B-100 and A-1 concentrations. Am J Vet Res 53:2035. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Berties SJ, Grummer RR, Cadorninga-Valino C, et al. 1992. Effect of prepartum dry matter intake on liver triglyceride concentration and early lactation. J Dairy Sci 75:1914. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Reid IM, Stark HA, Isenor RA. 1977. Fasting and refeeding in the lactating dairy cow. J Comp Pathol 87:2141.
  18. Treachers RJ, Sansom, BF. 1969. Liver function in dairy cows at parturition. Res Vet Sci 10:461. PUBMED Abstract
  19. West HJ. 1990. Liver function in dairy cows in late pregnancy and early lactation. Bovine Pract 25:127.
  20. Bobe G, Ametaj BN, Young JW, et al. 2003. Potential treatment of fatty liver with 14-day subcutaneous injections of glucagon. J Dairy Sci 86:3138. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Dawson RMC, Grime DW, Lindsay DB. 1981. On the insensitivity of sheep to the almost complete microbial destruction of dietary choline before alimentary-tract absorption. Biochem J 196:499. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Gerloff BJ, Herdt TH, Wells WW, et al. 1986. Inositol and hepatic lipidosis. I. Effect of inositol supplementation and time from parturition on liver and serum lipids in dairy cattle. J Anim Sci 62:1682.
  23. Rings DM. 1985. Therapeutic consideration in ketosis and hepatic lipidosis in cattle. Mod Vet Pract 66:523.
  24. Duffield TF. 2000. Subclinical ketosis in lactating dairy cattle. Vet Clin Food Anim 16:213. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Duffield TF, LeBlanc S, Bagg R, et al. 2003. Effect of a monensin controlled-release capsule on metabolic parameters in transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 86:1171. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Nafikov RA, Ametaj BN, Bobe G, et al. 2006. Prevention of fatty liver in transition dairy cows by subcutaneous injections of glucagon. J Dairy Sci 89:1533. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Hayirli A, Bertics SJ, Grummer RR. 2002. Effects of slow-release insulin on production, liver triglyceride and metabolic profiles of Holsteins in early lactation. J Dairy Sci 85:2180. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Fetrow JP, Pankowski JW, Vicini JL, et al. 1999. Use of bovine somatotropin at the time of surgery for left displacement of the abomasum in dairy cows. Minnesota Dairy Practitioners Study Group. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:529. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Oetzel GR, Berger LL. 1986. Protein-energy malnutrition in domestic ruminants. II. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 8:S16.
  30. East NE. 1983. Pregnancy toxemia, abortions and paraparturient diseases. Vet Clin Food Anim 5:601. PUBMED Abstract
  31. González FHD, Hernández F, Madrid J, et al. 2012. Acid-base and electrolyte status during early induced pregnancy toxaemia in goats. Vet J 193:598. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Hallford DM, Sansom DW. 1983. Serum profiles determined during ovine pregnancy toxemia. Agric Pract 4:27.
  33. Brozos C, Mavrogianni VS, Fthenakis GC. 2011. Treatment and control of peri-parturient metabolic diseases: pregnancy toxemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia. Vet Clin Food Anim 27:105. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Scott PR, Sargison ND, Penny CD. 1998. Evaluation of recombinant-bovine somatotropin in the treatment of ovine pregnancy toxaemia. Vet J 155:197. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Naylor JM. 1982. Hyperlipemia and hyperlipidemia in horses, ponies, and donkeys. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 4:S321.
  36. Mogg TD, Palmer JE. 1995. Hyperlipidemia: hyperlipemia and hepatic lipidosis in American Miniature Horses: 23 cases (1990-1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:604. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Moore BR, Abood SK, Hinchcliff KW. 1994. Hyperlipemia in 9 miniature horses and miniature donkeys. J Vet Intern Med 8:376. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Dunkel B, McKenzie HC III. 2003. Severe hypertriglyceridaemia in clinically ill horses: diagnosis, treatment and outcome. Equine Vet J 35:590. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Watson TDG, Burns L, Love S, et al. 1992. Plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and lipases in ponies with hyperlipaemia. Equine Vet J 24:341. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Waitt LH, Cebra CK. 2009. Characterization of hypertriglyceridemia and response to treatment with insulin in horses, ponies, and donkeys: 44 cases (1995-2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:915. PUBMED Abstract

Congenital Hyperbilirubinemia

  1. Cornelius CE, Gronwall RR. 1968. Congenital photosensitivity and hyperbilirubinemia in Southdown sheep in the United States. Am J Vet Res 29:291. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Black M, Billing BH. 1969. Hepatic bilirubin UDP glucuronyltransferase activity in liver disease and Gilbert's syndrome. N Engl J Med 280:1266. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Martin JF, Vierling JM, Wolkoff AW, et al. 1979. Abnormal hepatic transport of indocyanine green in Gilbert's syndrome. Gastroenterology 70:385. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Engelking LR, Gronwall R. 1979. Bile acid clearance in sheep with hereditary hyperbilirubinemia. Am J Vet Res 40:1277. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Arias IM, Bernstein L, Toffler R. 1964. Black liver disease in Corriedale sheep: a new mutant affecting hepatic excretory function. J Clin Invest 43:1249.
  6. Divers TJ, Schappel KA, Sweeney RW, et al. 1993. Persistent hyperbilirubinemia in a healthy Thoroughbred horse. Cornell Vet 83:237. PUBMED Abstract

Miscellaneous Liver Diseases

  1. Salman M. 2013. Is the United States really at risk for introduction of Rift Valley fever virus? J Am Vet Med Assoc 242:606. PUBMED Abstract
  2. House JA, Turell MJ, Mebus CA. 1992. Rift Valley fever: present status and risk to the Western Hemisphere. Ann N Y Acad Sci 653:233. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Stotland EI, Edwards JF, Roussel AJ, et al. 2001. Bacterial microflora of normal and telangiectatic livers in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:36. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Atasever A, Atalay Vural S, Berkin S. 2002. Incidence and pathologic studies on liver telangiectasis in beef cattle. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 26:235.
  5. Rensen R, Johnson LW, Layerman LH, et al. 1982. Ischemia: a cause of hepatic telangiectasis in cattle. Am J Vet Res 43:1436. PUBMED Abstract

Failure of Drug Metabolism and Excretion

  1. Boothe DM. 2001. Factors affecting drug disposition and extrapolation of dosing regimens, pp 18-40. In Boothe DM (ed), Small animal clinical pharmacology and therapeutics. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  2. Hebert MF. 1997. Guide to drug dosage in hepatic disease. In Speight TM, Holford NH (eds), Avery's drug treatment, ed 4. Adis International, Auckland. Appendix F.
  3. Riviere JE. 1984. Calculation of dosage regimens of antimicrobial drugs in animals with renal and hepatic dysfunction. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:1094. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Witassek F, Bircher J, Huguenin P, et al. 1983. Abnormal glucuronidation of zomepirac in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Hepatology 3:415. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Howden CW, Birnie GG, Brodie MJ. 1989. Drug metabolism in liver disease. Pharmacol Ther 40:439. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Kawata S, Imai Y, Inada M, et al. 1987. Selective reduction of hepatic cytochrome P450 content in patients with intrahepatic cholestasis. A mechanism for impairment of microsomal drug oxidation. Gastroenterology 92:299. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Knych HK, McKemie DS, Stanley SD. 2010. Molecular cloning, expression, and initial characterization of members of the CYP3A family in horses. Drug Metab Dispos 38:1820. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Zancanella V, Giantin M, Lopparelli RM, et al. 2012. Constitutive expression and phenobarbital modulation of drug metabolizing enzymes and related nuclear receptors in cattle liver and extra-hepatic tissues. Xenobiotica 42:1096. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Hempfling W, Grunhage F, Dilger K, et al. 2003. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic action of budesonide in early- and late-stage primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 38:196. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Wojcicki M, Drozdzik M, Sulikowski T, et al. 1997. Pharmacokinetics of intragastrically administered digoxin in rabbits with experimental bile duct obstruction. J Pharm Pharmacol 49:1082. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Demontes-Mainard F, Vincon G, Labat L, et al. 1994. Cefpiramide kinetics and plasma protein binding in cholestasis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 37:295. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Davis JL, Sheats MK, Papich MG. 2009. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous enrofloxacin and its active metabolite ciprofloxacin in hospitalized horses. J Vet Intern Med 23:726.
  13. Hildebrandt R, Gundert-Remy U, Raedsch R, et al. 1995. Biliary excretion of mezlocillin in patients with hepatic disease. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 33:384. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Adamson PJ, Wilson WD, Baggot JD, et al. 1991. Influence of age on the disposition kinetics of chloramphenicol in equine neonates. Am J Vet Res 52:426. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Wilcke JR, Crisman MV, Sams RA, et al. 1993. Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in neonatal foals. Am J Vet Res 54:2064. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Crisman MV, Wilcke JR, Sams RA. 1996. Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in healthy foals less than twenty-four hours old. Am J Vet Res 57:1759. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Wilcke JR, Crisman MV, Scarratt WK, et al. 1998. Pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in healthy foals less than twenty-four hours old. Am J Vet Res 59:290. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Bermingham EC, Papich MG, Vivrette SL. 2000. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin administered intravenously and orally to foals. Am J Vet Res 61:706. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Shoaf SE, Schwark WS, Guard CL et al. 1987. The development of hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity in the neonatal calf and its effect on drug disposition. Drug Metab Dispos 15:676. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Gow PJ, Ghabrial H, Smallwood RA, et al. 2001. Neonatal hepatic drug elimination. Pharmacol Toxicol 88:3. PUBMED Abstract

Neoplasia of the Liver

  1. Stalker MJ, Hayes MA. 2007. Liver and biliary system, pp 297-388. In Maxie MG (ed), Pathology of domestic animals, vol 2, ed 5. Saunders Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
  2. Schnable L, Njaa BL, Gold JR, et al. 2006. Primary alimentary lymphoma with metastasis to the liver causing encephalopathy in a horse. J Vet Intern Med 20:204. PUBMED Abstract
  3. East LM, Savage CJ. 1998. Abdominal neoplasia. Vet Clin Equine 14:475. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Beeler-Marfisi J, Arroyo L, Caswell JL, et al. 2010. Equine primary liver tumors: a case series and review of the literature. J Vet Diagn Invest 22:174. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Lennox TJ, Wilson JH, Hayden DW, et al. 2000. Hepatoblastoma with erythrocytosis in a young female horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:718. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Roby KA, Beech J, Bloom JC, et al. 1990. Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with erythrocytosis and hypoglycemia in a yearling filly. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:465. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Mueller POE, Morris DD, Carmichael KP, et al. 1992. Antemortem diagnosis of cholangiocellular carcinoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:899. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Jeong WI, Do SH, Sohn HS, et al. 2005. Hepatocellular carcinoma with metastasis to the spleen in a Holstein cow. Vet Pathol 42:230. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Braun U, Nuss K, Soldati G, et al. 2005. Clinical and ultrasonographic findings in four cows with liver tumours. Vet Rec 157:482. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Braun U, Caplazi P, Linggi T, et al. 1997. Polycythemia caused by liver carcinoma in cattle and sheep. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd 139:165. PUBMED Abstract
  11. House JK, Smith BP, Maas J, et al. 1994. Hemochromatosis in Salers cattle. J Vet Intern Med 8:105. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Pearson EG, Hedstrom OR, Poppengor RR. 1994. Equine hepatic cirrhosis associated with hemochromatosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1053.
  13. Holland KK, Spivak JL. 1989. Hemochromatosis. Med Clin North Am 73:831. PUBMED Abstract
  14. O'Toole D, Kelly EJ, McAllister MM, et al. 2001. Hepatic failure and hemochromatosis of Salers and Salers-cross cattle. Vet Pathol 38:372. PUBMED Abstract

Gallbladder and Biliary Tract Disease

  1. Pearson EG. 1982. Clinical management of the icteric horse. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 4:S114.
  2. Cable CS, Rebhun WC, Fortier LA. 1997. Cholelithiasis and cholecystitis in a dairy cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:899. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Ryu S, Bak U, Lee C, et al. 2004. Cholelithiasis associated with recurrent colic in a Thoroughbred mare. J Vet Sci 5:79. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Van der Luer RJT, Kroneman J. 1982. Three cases of cholelithiasis and biliary fibrosis in the horse. Equine Vet J 14:251. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Tulleners EP, Becht JL, Richardson DW, et al. 1985. Choledocholithotripsy in a mare. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:1317. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Traub JL, Grant BD, Rantanen NW, et al. 1983. Surgical removal of choleliths in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:714. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Green DS, Davies JV. 1989. Successful choledocholithotomy in a horse. Equine Vet J 21:464. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Reef VB, Johnston JK, Divers TJ, et al. 1990. Ultrasonographic findings in horses with cholelithiasis: eight cases (1985-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1836. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Johnson JK, Divers TF, Reef VB, et al. 1989. Cholelithiasis in horses: ten cases (1982-1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:405. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Dickson J, Nottle MC, White JB. 1983. Sand impaction of the bile duct of a sheep. Aust Vet J 60:64. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Pertruzzi J, Mangini V, Messa C, et al. 1988. Spontaneous cholelithiasis in sheep: prevalence survey and analysis of gallstones and bile. J Comp Pathol 98:367. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Laverty S, Pascoe JR, Williams JW, et al. 1992. Cholelith causing duodenal obstruction in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:751. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Holland PS, Schmitz DG, Read WK. 1991. Hepatolithiasis in an Arabian mare. Equine Vet J 23:229. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Gerros TC, McGuirk SM, Biller DS, et al. 1993. Choledocholithiasis attributable to a foreign body in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:301. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Ford EJH. 1955. A case of biliary calculus and jaundice in a cow. Vet Rec 67:634.
  16. Moens Y. 1990. Cholelithiasis associated with partial liver atrophy in a horse. Vlaams Diergeneeskd Tijdschr 59:230.
  17. Haaland MA, Manspeaker JE, Davidson JP, et al. 1983. Bovine leucosis involving the gallbladder in a dairy cow. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 78:403.
  18. Tulleners EP. 1983. Empyema of the gallbladder in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:410. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Anderson WA, Monlux AW, Davis CL. 1958. Epithelial tumors of the bovine gallbladder: a report of 18 cases. Am J Vet Res 19:58. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Grymer J, Coy CH. 1983. Ruptured gallbladder as the cause of bovine jaundice. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 78:947.
  21. Schulz KS, Simmons TR, Johnson R. 1990. Primary cholangiohepatitis in a horse. Cornell Vet 80:35. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Davis JL, Jones SL. 2003. Suppurative cholangiohepatitis and enteritis in adult horses. J Vet Intern Med 17:583. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Gardner RB, Nydam DV, Mohammed HO, et al. 2005. Serum gamma glutamyl transferase activity in horses with right or left dorsal displacements of the large colon. J Vet Intern Med 19:761. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Banse HE, Tennent-Brown BS, Mueller PO. 2012. Case report: left dorsal displacement of the large colon manifested as increased γ-glutamyl transferase activity in a horse. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 34:E1. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Clabough DL, Duckett W. 1992. Septic cholangitis and peritonitis in a gelding. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1521. PUBMED Abstract

Therapy of Liver Failure

  1. Peek SF, Divers TJ. 2000. Medical treatment of cholangiohepatitis and cholelithiasis in adult horses: 9 cases (1991-1998). Equine Vet J 32:301. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Borchers A, Magdesian KG, Halland S, et al. 2006. Successful treatment and PCR confirmation of Tyzzer's disease in a foal and clinical and pathologic characteristics of 6 additional foals (1986-2005). J Vet Intern Med 20:1212. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Jones EA, Skolnick P, Gammal SH, et al. 1989. The γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor complex and hepatic encephalopathy. Ann Intern Med 110:532. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Grimm C, Ferencie P, Katzenschlager R, et al. 1988. Improvement of hepatic encephalopathy treated with flumazenil. Lancet 2:1392. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Meyer HP, Legemate DA, van den Brom W, et al. 1998. Improvement of chronic hepatic encephalopathy in dogs by the benzodiazepine-receptor partial inverse agonist sarmazenil, but not by the antagonist flumazenil. Metab Brain Dis 13:241.
  6. Muller JM, Fiege K, Kastner SB, et al. 2005. The use of sarmazenil in the treatment of a moxidectin intoxication in a foal. J Vet Intern Med 19:348. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Gulick BA, Lidd IKM, Qualls CW, et al. 1980. Effect of pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatic disease on plasma amino acid patterns in the horse. Am J Vet Res 41:1894. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Charlton C. 2006. Branched-chain amino acid enriched supplements as therapy for liver disease. J Nutr 136(suppl 1):295. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Muting D, Reikowski J. 1983. Hepatic coma: principles of pathogenesis and treatment. 2. Treatment, prognosis. Fortschr Med 101:1766. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Divers TJ. 1983. Liver disease and liver failure in horses. In Milne FJ (ed), Proceedings of the 29th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Dec 4-8, Las Vegas, NV.
  11. Liska DA, Akucewich LH, Marsella R, et al. 2006. Pharmacokinetics of pentoxifylline and its 5-hydroxyhexyl metabolite after oral and intravenous administration of pentoxifylline to healthy adult horses. Am J Vet Res 67:1621. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Webster CR, Cooper J. 2009. Therapeutic use of cytoprotective agents in canine and feline hepatobiliary disease. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 39:631. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Miyai K, Javitt NB, Gouchman N, et al. 1982. Hepatotoxicity of bile acids in rabbits: urodeoxycholic acid is less toxic than chenodeoxycholic acid. Lab Invest 46:428. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Naylor JM. 1987. Hyperlipemia, pp 114-117. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 2. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  15. Jeffcott LB, Field JR. 1985. Current concepts of hyperlipaemia in horses and ponies. Vet Rec 116:461. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Sweeney RW, Divers TJ, Whitlock RH, et al. 1988. Hepatic failure in dairy cattle following mastitis or metritis. J Vet Intern Med 2:80. PUBMED Abstract

Pancreatic Disease

  1. Lilley CW, Beeman GM. 1981. Gastric dilatation associated with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Equine Pract 3:8.
  2. Furr MO, Robertson J. 1992. Two cases of equine pancreatic disease and a review of the literature. Equine Vet Educ 4:55.
  3. Hamir AN. 1987. Verminous pancreatitis in a horse. Vet Rec 121:301. PUBMED Abstract
  4. McClure JJ. 1987. Acute pancreatitis, pp 46-47. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  5. Dacre KJP, Pirie RS. 2003. Hyperlipaemia and pancreatitis in a pony with Cushing's disease. Equine Vet Educ 5:225.
  6. Kawaguchi K, Church S, Slocombe RF. 2004. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis following grain overload in a donkey. Aust Vet J 82:619. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Ollivett TJ, Divers TJ, Cushing T, et al. 2012. Acute pancreatitis in two five-day-old Appaloosa foals. Equine Vet J Suppl S41:96. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Taintor J, Sartin EA, Waldridge BM, et al. 2006. Acute pancreatitis in a 3-day-old foal. J Vet Intern Med 20:210. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Buote M. 2003. Cholangiohepatitis and pancreatitis secondary to severe gastroduodenal ulceration in a foal. Can Vet J 44:746. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Nyack B. 1982. Abdominal crisis in a horse. Equine Pract 4:35.
  11. Baker RH. 1978. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:268. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Parry BW, Crisman MV. 1991. Serum and peritoneal fluid amylase and lipase reference values in horses. Equine Vet J 23:390. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Charles JA. 2007. Pancreas, pp 389-424. In Maxie MG (ed), Pathology of domestic animals, vol 2, ed 5. Saunders Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
  14. Grulke S, Deby-Dupont G. 2003. Pancreatic injury in equine acute abdomen evaluated by plasma trypsin activity and histopathology of pancreatic tissue. Vet Pathol 40:8. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Mohamed T, Sato H, Kurosawa T, et al. 2003. Ultrasonographic imaging of experimentally induced pancreatitis in cattle. Vet J 165:314. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Reef VB. 1998. Pancreatitis, pp 321-347. In Reef B (ed), Equine diagnostic ultrasound. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  17. Pusteria N, Braun U. 1997. Ultrasonic examination of the pancreas in healthy cows. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 38:63. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Bulgin MS, Anderson BC. 1983. Verminous arteritis and pancreatic necrosis with diabetes mellitus in a pony. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5:482.
  19. Collobert C. 1990. Chronic pancreatitis associated with diabetes mellitus in a standardbred racehorse. Equine Vet Sci 10:58.
  20. Kaneko JJ, Rhode EA. 1964. Diabetes mellitus in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 144:367. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Mostaghni K, Ivoghli B. 1977. Diabetes mellitus in the bovine. Cornell Vet 67:24. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Baker JS, Jackson HD, Sommers EL. 1983. Diabetes mellitus in a 4-year-old pregnant Holstein. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5:328.
  23. Giri JK, Magdesian KG, Gaffney PM. 2011. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus associated with presumed autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome in a mare. Can Vet J 52:506. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Durham AE, Hughes KJ, Cottle HJ, et al. 2009. Type 2 diabetes mellitus with pancreatic beta cell dysfunction in 3 horses confirmed with minimal model analysis. Equine Vet J 41:924. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Navas de Solis C, Foreman JH. 2010. Transient diabetes mellitus in a neonatal Thoroughbred foal. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 20:611. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Holdstock NB, Allen VL, Fowden AL. 2012. Pancreatic endocrine function in newborn pony foals after induced or spontaneous delivery at term. Equine Vet J Suppl S41:30. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Kerr OM, Pearson GR, Rice DA. 1982. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma in a donkey. Equine Vet J 14:338. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Church C, West HJ, Baker JR. 1987. Two cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in horses. Equine Vet J 19:77. PUBMED Abstract