Chapter 34 Diseases of the Renal System

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  8. Nicolau DP, Freeman CD, Belliveau PP, et al. 1995. Experience with a once-daily aminoglycoside program administered to 2,184 adult patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 39:650. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Pacifici GM. 2009. Clinical pharmacokinetics of aminoglycosides in the neonate: a review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 65:419. PUBMED Abstract
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  12. Gilbert DN. 1991. Once-daily aminoglycoside therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 35:399. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Godbar LM, Walker RD, Sein GE, et al. 1995. Pharmacokinetics, nephrotoxicosis, and in vitro antibacterial activity associated with single versus multiple (three times) daily gentamicin treatments in horses. Am J Vet Res 56:613.
  14. Magdesian KG, Hogan PM, Cohen ND, et al. 1998. Pharmacokinetics of a high dose of gentamicin administered intravenously or intramuscularly to horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:1007. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Tudor RA, Papich MG, Redding WR. 1999. Drug disposition and dosage determination of once daily administration of gentamicin sulfate in horses after abdominal surgery. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:503. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Hinchcliff KW, McGuirk SM, MacWilliams PS. 1987. Gentamicin nephrotoxicity, pp 65-75. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, New Orleans, LA.
  17. Green SL, Conlon PD. 1993. Clinical pharmacokinetics of amikacin in hypoxic premature foals. Equine Vet J 25:276. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Sojka JE, Brown SA. 1986. Pharmacokinetic adjustment of gentamicin dosing in horses with sepsis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:784. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Divers TJ. 2003. Urine production, renal function, and drug monitoring in the equine intensive-care unit. Clin Tech Equine Pract 2:188.
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  21. Hewitt WL. 1977. Reflections on the clinical pharmacology of gentamicin. Acta Pathol Microb Scand 241(suppl 1381):151. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Adams R, McClure JJ, Gossett KA, et al. 1985. Evaluation of a technique for measurement of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in equine urine. Am J Vet Res 46:147. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Adams R, Brown M, Gronwall R. 1987. In defense of gentamicin. Vet Rec 120:277. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Sweeney RW, MacDonald M, Hall J, et al. 1988. Kinetics of gentamicin elimination in two horses with acute renal failure. Equine Vet J 20:182. PUBMED Abstract
  25. el-Ashker MR. 2011. Acute kidney injury mediated by oxidative stress in Egyptian horses with exertional rhabdomyolysis. Res Vet Commun 35:311. PUBMED Abstract
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  27. Long PH. 1984. Red maple–associated pulmonary thrombosis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:977. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Alward A, Corriher CA, Barton MH, et al. 2006. Red maple (Acer rubrum) leaf toxicosis in horses: a retrospective study of 32 cases. J Vet Intern Med 20:1197. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Oh MS. 1993. Does serum creatinine rise faster in rhabdomyolysis? Nephron 63:255. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Rebhun WC, Tennant BC, Dill SG, et al. 1984. Vitamin K3-induced renal toxicosis in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:1237. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Maxie G, van Dreumel T, McMaster D, et al. 1992. Menadione (vitamin K3) toxicity in six horses. Can Vet J 33:756. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Inoue Y, Ohba Y, Kobayashi Y, et al. 2009. Determination of plasma concentrations of vitamin K homologues in thoroughbred horses. J Equine Vet Sci 29:395.
  33. Terachi T, Inoue Y, Ashihara N, et al. 2011. Plasma vitamin K concentration in horses supplemented with several vitamin K homologs. J Anim Sci 89:1056. PUBMED Abstract
  34. MacKay RJ, French TW, Nguyen HT, et al. 1983. Effects of large doses of phenylbutazone administration to horses. Am J Vet Res 44:774. PUBMED Abstract
  35. MacAllister CG, Morgan SJ, Borne AT, et al. 1993. Comparison of adverse effects of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:71. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Read WK. 1983. Renal medullary crest necrosis associated with phenylbutazone therapy in horses. Vet Pathol 20:662. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Gunson DE. 1983. Renal papillary necrosis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:263. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Behm RJ, Berg IE. 1987. Hematuria caused by renal medullary crest necrosis in a horse. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 9:698.
  39. Ehnen SJ, Divers TJ, Gillette D, et al. 1990. Obstructive nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis associated with chronic renal failure in horses: eight cases (1981-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:249. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Ramirez S, Seahorn TL, Williams J. 1998. Renal medullary rim sign in 2 adult quarter horses. Can Vet J 39:647. PUBMED Abstract
  41. Léveillé R, Miyabayashi T, Weisbrode SE, et al. 1996. Ultrasonographic renal changes associated with phenylbutazone administration in three foals. Can Vet J 37:235. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Mozaffari AA, Derakhshanfar A, Alinejad A, et al. 2010. A comparative study on the adverse effects of flunixin, ketoprofen and phenylbutazone in miniature donkeys: haematological, biochemical and pathological findings. N Z Vet J 58:224. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Dunn MJ, Zambraski EJ. 1980. Renal effects of drugs that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Kidney Int 18:609. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Clive DM, Stoff JS. 1984. Renal syndromes associated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. N Engl J Med 310:563. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Gunson DE, Soma LR. 1983. Renal papillary necrosis in horses after phenylbutazone and water deprivation. Vet Pathol 20:603. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Krook L, Wasserman RH, Shively JN, et al. 1975. Hypercalcemia and calcinosis in Florida horses: implication of the shrub Cestrum diurnium as the causative agent. Cornell Vet 65:26. PUBMED Abstract
  47. Harrington DD, Page EH. 1983. Acute vitamin D3 toxicosis in horses: case reports and experimental studies of the comparative toxicity of vitamins D2 and D3. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1358. PUBMED Abstract
  48. McClure JJ, Taylor HW, Littledike ET, et al. 1987. Vitamin D intoxication in a thoroughbred racehorse. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 9:573.
  49. Roberts MC, Seawright AA. 1978. The effects of prolonged daily low-level mercuric chloride dosing in a horse. Vet Human Toxicol 20:410.
  50. Bayly WM, Elfers RS, Liggitt HD, et al. 1986. A reproducible means of studying acute renal failure in the horse. Cornell Vet 76:287. PUBMED Abstract
  51. Markel MD, Dyer RM, Hattel AL. 1984. Acute renal failure associated with application of a mercuric blister in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:92. PUBMED Abstract
  52. Schuh JC, Ross C, Meschter C. 1988. Concurrent mercuric blister and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) application as a cause of mercury toxicity in two horses. Equine Vet J 20:68. PUBMED Abstract
  53. Gunson DE, Kowalczyk DF, Shoop CR, et al. 1982. Environmental zinc and cadmium pollution associated with generalized osteochondrosis, osteoporosis, and nephrocalcinosis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:295. PUBMED Abstract
  54. Anderson GA, Mount ME, Vrins AA, et al. 1983. Fatal acorn poisoning in a horse: pathologic findings and diagnostic considerations. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1105. PUBMED Abstract
  55. Vivrette S, Cowgill LD, Pascoe J, et al. 1993. Hemodialysis for treatment of oxytetracycline-induced acute renal failure in a neonatal foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:105. PUBMED Abstract
  56. Barton MH. 2000. Use of polymixin B for treatment endotoxemia in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 22:1056.
  57. Meyer C, Guthrie AJ, Stevens KB. 2005. Clinical and clinicopathological changes in 6 healthy ponies following intramuscular administration of multiple doses of imidocarb dipropionate. J S Afr Vet Assoc 76:26. PUBMED Abstract
  58. Schmitz DG. 1989. Cantharidin toxicosis in horses. J Vet Intern Med 3:208. PUBMED Abstract
  59. Shibahara T, Takai H, Shimizu C, et al. 2002. Equine renal granuloma caused by Halicephalobus species. Vet Rec 151:672. PUBMED Abstract
  60. Strampel W, Emkey R, Civitelli R. 2007. Safety considerations with bisphophonates for the treatment of osteoporosis. Drug Saf 30:9. PUBMED Abstract
  61. Divers TJ, Whitlock RH, Byars TD, et al. 1987. Acute renal failure in six horses resulting from hemodynamic causes. Equine Vet J 19:178. PUBMED Abstract
  62. Roberts RC, Kelly WR. 1982. Renal dysfunction in a case of purpura haemorrhagica in a horse. Vet Rec 110:144. PUBMED Abstract
  63. Morris CF, Robertson JL, Mann PC, et al. 1987. Hemolytic uremic-like syndrome in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1453. PUBMED Abstract
  64. Dickinson CE, Gould DH, Davidson AH, et al. 2008. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome in a postpartum mare concurrent with encephalopathy in the neonatal foal. J Vet Diagn Invest 20:239. PUBMED Abstract
  65. Dolente BA, Seco OM, Lewis ML. 2000. Streptococcal toxic shock in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:64. PUBMED Abstract
  66. Hogan PM, Bernard WV, Kazakevicius PA, et al. 1996. Acute renal disease due to Leptospira interrogans in a weanling. Equine Vet J 28:331. PUBMED Abstract
  67. Divers TJ, Byars TD, Shin SJ. 1992. Renal dysfunction associated with infection of Leptospira interrogans in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1391. PUBMED Abstract
  68. Bernard WV, Williams D, Tuttle PA, et al. 1993. Hematuria and leptospiruria in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:276. PUBMED Abstract
  69. Dwyer AE, Crockett RS, Kalsow CM. 1995. Association of leptospiral seroreactivity and breed with uveitis and blindness in horses: 372 cases (1986-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:1327. PUBMED Abstract
  70. Donahue JM, Smith BJ, Poonacha KB, et al. 1995. Prevalence and serovars of Leptospira involved in equine abortions in central Kentucky during the 1991-1993 foaling seasons. J Vet Diagn Invest 7:87. PUBMED Abstract
  71. Frazer ML. 1999. Acute renal failure from leptospirosis in a foal. Aust Vet J 77:499. PUBMED Abstract
  72. Yan W, Faisal SM, Divers TJ, et al. 2010. Experimental Leptospira interrogans serovar kennewicki infection of horses. J Vet Intern Med 24:917.
  73. Conboy HS. 2005. Preventing contagious equine diseases. Proceedings of the 51st Annual Convention of the AAEP, December 3-7, Seattle, WA.
  74. Kiper ML, Traub-Dargatzn JL, Wrigley RH. 1990. Renal ultrasonography in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:993.
  75. Hoffman KL, Wood AKW, McCarthy PH. 1995. Sonographic-anatomic correlation and imaging protocol for the kidneys of horses. Am J Vet Res 56:1403. PUBMED Abstract
  76. Divers TJ, Yeager AE. 1997. The value of ultrasonographic examination in the diagnosis and management of renal diseases in horses. Equine Vet Educ 7:334.
  77. Roussel AJ, Cohen ND, Ruoff WW, et al. 1993. Urinary indices of horses after intravenous administration of crystalloid solutions. J Vet Int Med 7:241. PUBMED Abstract
  78. Matthews HK, Andrews FM, Daniel GB, et al. 1993. Measuring renal function in horses. Vet Med 88:349.
  79. Alexander K, Dunn M, Carmel EN, et al. 2010. Clinical application of Patlak plot CT-GFR in animals with upper urinary tract disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 25:532. PUBMED Abstract
  80. Tyner GA, Nolen-Walston RD, Hall T et al. 2011. A multicenter retrospective study of 151 renal biopsies in horses. J Vet Intern Med 25:532. PUBMED Abstract
  81. Barratt-Boyes SM, Spensley MS, Nyland TG, et al. 1991. Ultrasound localization and guidance for renal biopsy in the horse. Vet Radiol 32:121.
  82. Lieberthal W, Levisky NG. 1990. Treatment of acute tubular necrosis. Semin Nephrol 10:571. PUBMED Abstract
  83. Divers TJ. 1985. Treatment of acute renal failure in the horse, p 673. Proceedings of the 31st Annual Convention of AAEP, Nov 30-Dec 4, Toronto, Canada.
  84. Divers TJ. 1988. Acute renal failure in the horse, p 93. Proceedings of the 10th Bain Fallon Memorial Lectures, May 23-27, Adelaide, Australia.
  85. Lindner A. 1987. Synergism of dopamine and furosemide in oliguric acute renal failure. Nephron 33:121. PUBMED Abstract
  86. Johansson AM, Gardner SY, Levine JF, et al. 2003. Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects. J Vet Intern Med 17:887. PUBMED Abstract
  87. Power DA, Duggan J, Brady HR. 1999. Renal-dose (low-dose) dopamine for the treatment of sepsis-related and other forms of acute renal failure: ineffective and probably dangerous. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol Suppl 26:S23. PUBMED Abstract
  88. Lauschke A, Teichgräber UK, Frei U, et al. 2006. “Low-dose” dopamine worsens renal perfusion in patients with acute renal failure. Kidney Int 69:1669. PUBMED Abstract
  89. Groover ES, Woolums AR, Cole DJ, et al. 2006. Risk factors associated with renal insufficiency in horses with primary gastrointestinal disease: 26 cases (2000-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:572. PUBMED Abstract
  90. Thornhill JA, Roussell AJ, Carter CK. 1983. Hemodialysis in a horse with acute renal failure as induced by rhabdomyolysis, p 16. Proceedings of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease, Nov 14-15, Chicago, IL.
  91. Gallatin LL, Couetil LL, Ash SR. 2005. Use of continuous-flow peritoneal dialysis for the treatment of acute renal failure in an adult horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:756. PUBMED Abstract
  92. Bauer JE. 1990. Normal blood chemistry, p 608. In Koterba AM, Drummond WH, Kosch PC (eds), Equine clinical neonatology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
  93. Schott HC, Mansmann RA. 1988. Biochemical profiles of normal equine amniotic fluid at parturition. Equine Vet J Suppl 5:52.
  94. Chaney KP, Holcombe SJ, Schott HC. 2010. Spurious hypercreatininemia: 28 neonatal foals (2000-2008). J Vet Emerg Crit Care 20:244. PUBMED Abstract
  95. Edwards DJ, Brownlow MA, Hutchins DR. 1990. Indices of renal function: values in eight normal foals from birth to 56 days. Aust Vet J 67:251. PUBMED Abstract
  96. Geor RJ, Brashier MK. 1992. Rational approach to gentamicin dosing in neonatal foals, pp 603-609. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, San Francisco, CA.
  97. Bucki EP, Giguère S, Macpherson M. 2004. Pharmacokinetics of once-daily amikacin in healthy foals and therapeutic drug monitoring in hospitalized equine neonates. J Vet Intern Med 18:728. PUBMED Abstract
  98. Cotovio M, Monreal L, Armengou L. 2008. Fibrin deposits and organ failure in newborn foals with severe septicemia. J Vet Intern Med 22:1403. PUBMED Abstract

Chronic Renal Failure

  1. Schott HC. 2007. Chronic renal failure in horses. Vet Clin Equine 23:593. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Schott HC, Patterson KS, Fitzgerald SD, et al. 1997. Chronic renal failure in 99 horses. Proceedings of the 43rd AAEP Annual Convention, Dec 7-10, Phoenix, AZ.
  3. Banks KL, Henson JB. 1972. Immunologically mediated glomerulitis of horses. II. Antiglomerular basement membrane antibody and other mechanisms in spontaneous disease. Lab Invest 26:708. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Roberts MC, Kelly WR. 1982. Renal dysfunction in a case of purpura haemorrhagica in a horse. Vet Rec 110:144. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Divers TJ, Timoney JF, Lewis RM, et al. 1992. Equine glomerulonephritis and renal failure associated with complexes of group C streptococcal antigen and IgG antibody. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 32:93. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Banks KL, Henson JB, McGuire TC. 1972. Immunologically mediated glomerulitis of horses. I. Pathogenesis in persistent infection by equine infectious anemia virus. Lab Invest 26:701. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Sabnis SG, Gunson DE, Antonovych TT. 1984. Some unusual features of mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis in horses. Vet Pathol 21:574. PUBMED Abstract
  8. McSloy A, Poulsen K, Fisher PJ, et al. 2007. Diagnosis and treatment of a selective immunoglobulin M glomerulonephropathy in a Quarter Horse gelding. J Vet Intern Med 21:874. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Ehnen SJ, Divers TJ, Gillette D, et al. 1990. Obstructive nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis associated with chronic renal failure in horses: eight cases (1981-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:249. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Andrews FM, Rosol TJ, Kohn CW, et al. 1986. Bilateral renal hypoplasia in four young horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:209. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Plummer PJ. 2006. Congenital renal dysplasia in a 7-month old Quarter Horse colt. Vet Clin Equine 22:69. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Ronen N, Van Amstel SR, Nesbit JW, et al. 1993. Renal dysplasia in two adult horses: clinical and pathological aspects. Vet Rec 132:269. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Bertone JJ, Traub-Dargatz JL, Fettman MJ, et al. 1987. Monitoring the progression of renal failure in a horse with polycystic kidney disease: use of the reciprocal of serum creatinine concentration and sodium sulfanilate clearance half-time. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:565. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Held JP, Wright B, Henton JE. 1986. Pyelonephritis associated with renal failure in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:688. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Carrick JB, Pollitt CC. 1987. Chronic pyelonephritis in a brood mare. Aust Vet J 64:252. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Klabec HC. 1988. Ureteropyelonephritis in a Fresian mare. Vet Rec 122:609. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Jakob W. 1971. Spontaneous amyloidosis of mammals. Vet Pathol 8:292. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Haschek WM, King JM, Tennant BC. 1981. Primary renal cell carcinoma in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:992. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Wimberly HC, Antonovych TT, Lewis RM. 1981. Focal glomerulosclerosis-like disease with nephrotic syndrome in a horse. Vet Pathol 18:692. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Roberts MC, Seiler RJ. 1979. Renal failure in a horse with chronic glomerulonephritis and renal oxalosis. J Equine Med Surg 3:278.
  21. Chandler KJ, Johnston HM, Murphy DM. 2003. Polycystic kidney disease in an aged pony. Vet Rec 153:754. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Brown C. 1986. Equine nephrology. Vet Annu 26:1.
  23. Macharg MA, Foerner J, Phillips TN, et al. 1984. Two methods for the treatment of ureterolithiasis in a mare. Vet Surg 13:95.
  24. Frye MA, Johnson JS, Traub-Dargatz JL, et al. 2001. Putative uremic encephalopathy in horses: five cases (1978-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:560. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Bouchard PR, Weldon AD, Lewis RM, et al. 1994. Uremic encephalopathy in a horse. Vet Pathol 31:111. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Leroy B, Woolums A, Wass J, et al. 2011. The relationship between serum calcium concentration and outcome in horses with renal failure presented to referral hospitals. J Vet Intern Med 25:1426. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Brobst DF, Bayly WM, Reed SM, et al. 1982. Parathyroid hormone evaluation in normal horses and horses with renal failure. Equine Vet Sci 2:150.
  28. Tennant B, Lowe JE, Tasker JB. 1981. Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia in ponies following bilateral nephrectomy. Exp Biol Med 167:365. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Divers TJ. 1983. Chronic renal failure in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5(Suppl):S310.
  30. Naylor JM, Kronfeld DS, Acland H. 1980. Hyperlipemia in horses: effects of undernutrition and disease. Am J Vet Res 41:899. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Schott HC, Hodgson DR, Bayly WM. 1995. Haematuria, pigmenturia and proteinuria in exercising horses. Equine Vet J 27:67. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Kohn CW, Strasser SL. 1986. 24-hour renal clearance and excretion of endogenous substances in the mare. Am J Vet Res 47:1332. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Kiper ML, Traub-Dargatz JL, Wrigley RH. 1990. Renal ultrasonography in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:993.
  34. Hoffman KL, Wood AKW, McCarthy PH. 1995. Sonographic-anatomic correlation and imaging protocol for the kidneys of horses. Am J Vet Res 56:1403. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Divers TJ, Yeager AE. 1997. The value of ultrasonographic examination in the diagnosis and management of renal diseases in horses. Equine Vet Educ 7:334.
  36. Matthews HK, Andrews FM, Daniel GB, et al. 1993. Measuring renal function in horses. Vet Med 88:349.
  37. Morris DD, Divers TJ, Whitlock RH. 1984. Renal clearance and fractional excretion of electrolytes over a 24-hour period. Am J Vet Res 45:2431. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Brewer BD, Clement SF, Lotz B, et al. 1990. A comparison of inulin, para-aminohippuric acid and endogenous creatinine clearance as measures of renal function in neonatal foals. J Vet Intern Med 4:301. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Matthews HK, Andrews FM, Daniel GB, et al. 1992. Comparison of standard and radionuclide methods for measurement of glomerular filtration rate and effective renal blood flow in female horses. Am J Vet Res 53:1612. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Walsh DM, Royal HD. 1992. Evaluation of a single injection of 99mTc-labeled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid for measuring glomerular filtration rate in horses. Am J Vet Res 53:776. PUBMED Abstract
  41. Schott HC, Roberts GD, Hiñes MT, et al. 1993. Nuclear scintigraphy as a diagnostic aid in the evaluation of renal disease in horses. Proceedings of the 39th AAEP Annual Convention, Dec. 5-8, San Antonio, TX.
  42. Divers TJ. 1985. Management of chronic renal failure in the horse. Proceedings of the 31st AAEP Annual Convention, Dallas, TX.
  43. Cianciaruso B, Bellizzi V, Minutolo R, et al. 1998. Salt intake and renal outcome in patients with progressive renal disease. Miner Electrolyte Metab 24:296. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Erslev AJ. 1991. Erythropoietin. N Engl J Med 324:1339. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Watson TD, Burns L, Packard CJ, et al. 1992. Selective measurement of lipoprotein and hepatic triglyceride lipase in heparinized plasma from horses. Am J Vet Res 53:771. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Scharschmidt LA, Gibbons NB, McGarry L, et al. 1987. Effects of dietary fish oil on renal insufficiency in rats with subtotal nephrectomy. Kidney Int 32:700. PUBMED Abstract
  47. Cappelli P, Evangelista M, Bonomini M, et al. 1992. Lipids in the progression of chronic renal failure. Nephron 62:31. PUBMED Abstract
  48. Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ, et al. 1994. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. N Engl J Med 330:877. PUBMED Abstract
  49. Ikizler TA, Hakim RM. 1996. Nutrition in end-stage renal disease. Kidney Int 50:343. PUBMED Abstract
  50. Bretzel RG. 1997. Protecting the residual renal function: which drugs of choice? Am J Hypertens 10(Suppl):159S. PUBMED Abstract
  51. Porush JG. 1998. Hypertension and chronic renal failure: the use of ACE inhibitors. Am J Kidney Dis 31:177. PUBMED Abstract
  52. Tamada S, Asai T, Kuwabura N, et al. 2006. Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of chronic renal injury: the role of nuclear factor kappa B activation in the development of renal fibrosis. J Pharmacol Sci 100:7. PUBMED Abstract

Urinary Tract Infections

  1. Frye MA. 2006. Pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection in the horse. Vet Clin Equine Pract 22:497. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Rubin RH, Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Cotran RS. 1991. Urinary tract infection, pyelonephritis, and reflux nephropathy, p 1369. In Brenner BM, Rector FC (eds), The kidney, ed 4, vol II. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  3. Mulholland SG, Qureshi SM, Fritz RW, et al. 1982. Effect of hormonal deprivation on the bladder defense mechanism. J Urol 127:1010. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Adams LG, Dollahite JW, Romane WM, et al. 1969. Cystitis and ataxia associated with sorghum ingestion. J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:518. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Roberts MC. 1979. Ascending urinary tract infection in ponies. Aust Vet J 55:191. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Saulez MN, Cebra CK, Heidel JR, et al. 2005. Encrusted cystitis secondary to Corynebacterium matruchotii infection in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:246. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Robinson JA, Allen GK, Green EM, et al. 1993. A prospective study of septicaemia in colostrum-deprived foals. Equine Vet J 25:214. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Kisthardt KK, Schumacher J, Finn-Bodner ST, et al. 1999. Severe renal hemorrhage caused by pyelonephritis in 7 horses: clinical and ultrasonographic evaluation. Can Vet J 40:571. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Farrar WE. 1983. Infections of the urinary tract: symposium on infections in office practice. Med Clin North Am 67:187.
  10. Stamm WE. 1983. Measurement of pyuria and its relation to bacteriuria. Am J Med 28:53. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Kiper ML, Traub-Dargatz JL, Wrigley RH. 1990. Renal ultrasonography in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:993.
  12. Hoffman KL, Wood AKW, McCarthy PH. 1995. Sonographic-anatomic correlation and imaging protocol for the kidneys of horses. Am J Vet Res 56:1403. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Divers TJ, Yeager AE. 1997. The value of ultrasonographic examination in the diagnosis and management of renal diseases in horses. Equine Vet Educ 7:334.
  14. Sullins KE, Traub-Dargatz JL. 1984. Endoscopic anatomy of the equine urinary tract. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 11:S663.
  15. Traub-Dargatz JL, McKinnon AO. 1988. Adjunctive methods of examination of the urogenital tract. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 4:339. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Schott HC, Hodgson DR, Bayly WM. 1990. Ureteral catheterisation in the horse. Equine Vet Educ 2:140.
  17. Murray BE. 2000. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcal infections. N Engl J Med 342:710. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Ling GV. 1978. Clinical use experience, p 61. Proceedings of the Symposium on Trimethoprim/sulfadiazine, January 31, Research Triangle Park, NC.
  19. Tolkoff-Rubin NE, Weber D, Fang LS, et al. 1982. Single-dose therapy with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for urinary tract infections in women. Rev Infect Dis 4:444. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Divers TJ, Byars TD, Murch O, et al. 1981. Experimental induction of Proteus mirabilis cystitis in the pony and evaluation of therapy with trimethoprim/sulfadiazine. Am J Vet Res 42:1203. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Keys TF. 1977. Antimicrobials commonly used for urinary tract infections. Mayo Clin Proc 52:680. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Bach MC, Finland M, Gold O, et al. 1973. Susceptibility of recently isolated pathogenic bacteria to trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole separately and combined. J Infect Dis 128(suppl):408. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Nouws JFM, Firth EC, Vree TB, et al. 1987. Pharmacokinetics and renal clearance of sulfamethazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfadiazine and their N4-acetyl and hydroxy metabolites in horses. Am J Vet Res 48:392. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Van Duijkeren E, Vulto AG, Van Miert AS. 1994. Trimethoprim/sulfonamide combinations in the horse: a review. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 17:64. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Divers TJ. 1982. Urinary tract: horse, cow, p 84. In Johnston D (ed), Bristol veterinary handbook of antimicrobial therapy, ed 1. Veterinary Learning Systems, Princeton, NJ.
  26. Sidor TA, Resnick MI. 1983. Urinary tract infections, p 332. In Speck WT, Blumer JL (eds), Pediatric clinics of North America. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  27. Cummings LE, Guthrie AJ, Harkins JD, et al. 1990. Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in newborn to 30-day-old foals. Am J Vet Res 51:1988. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Sweeney RW, Divers TJ, Rossier Y. 1992. Disposition of gentamicin administered intravenously to horses with sepsis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:503. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Divers TJ. 1982. Serum levels of chloramphenicol after oral dosing and nasogastric administration in horses with acute Salmonella enteritis, p 194. Proceedings of the Equine Colic Research Symposium, September 28-30, Athens, GA.
  30. Horspool LJI, McKellar QA. 1990. Disposition of oxytetracycline in horses, ponies and donkeys after intravenous administration. Equine Vet J 22:284.
  31. Urbanek K, Kolar M, Strojil J, et al. 2005. Utilization of fluoroquinolones and Escherichia coli resistance in urinary tract infection: inpatients and outpatients. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 14:741. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Reid G, Burton J. 2002. Use of Lactobacillus to prevent infection by pathogenic bacteria. Microbes Infect 4:319. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Hopkins WJ, Uehling DT. 2002. Vaccine development for the prevention of urinary tract infections. Curr Infect Dis Rep 4:509. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Li X, Lockatell CV, Johnson DE, et al. 2004. Development of an intranasal vaccine to prevent urinary tract infection by Proteus mirabilis. Infect Immun 72:66. PUBMED Abstract

Urinary Incontinence

  1. Pringle JK, Ducharme NG, Baird JD. 1990. Ectopic ureter in the horse: three cases and a review of the literature. Can Vet J 31:26. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Blikslager AT, Green EM. 1992. Ectopic ureters in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 14:802.
  3. Johnson PJ, Goetz TE, Baker GJ, et al. 1987. Treatment of two mares with obstructive (vaginal) urinary outflow incontinence. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:973. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Sponseller BA, McElhaney R, Carlson GP, et al. 1998. Frontal septation of the bladder in a mare. J Vet Intern Med 12:313. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Watanabe T, Vaccaro AR, Kumon H, et al. 1998. High incidence of occult neurogenic bladder dysfunction in neurologically intact patients with thoracolumbar spinal injuries. J Urol 159:965. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Holt PE, Mair TS. 1990. Ten cases of bladder paralysis associated with sabulous urolithiasis in horses. Vet Rec 127:108. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Madison JB. 1984. Estrogen-responsive urinary incontinence in an aged pony mare. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 6:S390.
  8. Watson ED, McGorum BC, Keeling N, et al. 1997. Oestrogen responsive urinary incontinence in two mares. Equine Vet Educ 9:81.
  9. Kay AD, Lavoie JP. 1987. Urethral pressure profilometry in mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:212. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Clark ES, Semrad SD, Bichsel P, et al. 1987. Cystometrography and urethral pressure profiles in healthy horse and pony mares. Am J Vet Res 48:552. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Ronen N. 1994. Measurements of urethral pressure profiles in the male horse. Equine Vet J 26:55. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Rendle DI, Durham AE, Hughes KJ, et al. 2008. Long-term management of sabulous cystitis in five horses. Vet Rec 162:783. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Smarick SD, Haskins SC, Aldrich J, et al. 2004. Incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infection among dogs in a small animal intensive care unit. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:1936. PUBMED Abstract

Ectopic Ureter

  1. Pringle JK, Ducharme NG, Baird JD. 1990. Ectopic ureter in the horse: three cases and a review of the literature. Can Vet J 31:26. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Blikslager AT, Green EM. 1992. Ectopic ureters in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 14:802.
  3. Squire KRE, Adams SB. 1992. Bilateral ureterocystostomy in a 450-kg horse with ectopic ureters. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1213. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Modransky PD, Wagoner PC, Robinette JD. 1983. Surgical correction of bilateral ectopic ureters in two foals. Vet Surg 12:141.
  5. Blikslager AT, Green EM, MacFadden KE, et al. 1992. Ultrasonography and excretory urography in the diagnosis of bilateral ectopic ureters in a foal. Vet Radiol 33:41.
  6. Gettman LM, Ross MW, Elce YA. 2005. Bilateral ureterocystostomy to correct left ureteral atresia and right ureteral ectopia in an 8-month-old Standardbred filly. Vet Surg 34:657. PUBMED Abstract

Neoplasia

  1. Brown PJ, Holt PE. 1985. Primary renal cell carcinoma in four horses. Equine Vet J 17:473. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Fischer AT, Spier S, Carlson GP, et al. 1985. Neoplasia of the equine urinary bladder as a cause of hematuria. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:1294. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Traub JL, Bayly WM, Reed SM, et al. 1983. Intraabdominal neoplasia as a cause of chronic weight loss in the horse. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5:S526.
  4. Matsuda K, Kousaka Y, Nagamine N, et al. 2007. Papillary renal adenoma of distal nephron differentiation in a horse. J Vet Med Sci 69:763. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Murray RC, Brodbelt DC. 1999. Hematuria due to renal hemangiosarcoma in a donkey. Equine Pract 21:14.
  6. Tyner GA, Nolen-Walston RD, Hall T, et al. 2011. A multicenter retrospective study of 151 renal biopsies in horses. J Vet Intern Med 25:532. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Wise LN, Bryan JN, Sellon DC, et al. 2009. A retrospective analysis of renal carcinoma in the horse. J Vet Intern Med 23:913. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Rumbaugh ML, Latimer FG, Porthouse KP, et al. 2003. Renal carcinoma with osseous and pulmonary metastases in an Arabian gelding. Equine Vet J 35:107. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Rhind SM, Sturgeon B. 1999. Papillary renal carcinoma with an unusual clinical presentation in a horse. Equine Vet Educ 11:171.
  10. Rhind SM, Hawe C, Dixon PM, et al. 1999. Oral metastasis of renal cell carcinoma in a horse. J Comp Pathol 120:97. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Barton MH, Sharma P, LeRoy BE, et al. 2004. Hypercalcemia and high serum parathyroid hormone-related protein concentration in a horse with multiple myeloma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:409. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Swain JM, Pirie RS, Hudson NPH, et al. 2005. Insulin-like growth factors and recurrent hypoglycemia associated with renal cell carcinoma in a horse. J Vet Intern Med 19:613. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Sweeney RW, Hamir AN, Fisher RR, 1991. Lymphosarcoma with urinary bladder infiltration in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1177. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Hilton HG, Aleman M, Maher O, et al. 2008. Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy in a standing horse for the management of renal carcinoma. Equine Vet Educ 20:239.

Urolithiasis and Obstructive Disease

  1. Macharg MA, Foerner J, Phillips TN, et al. 1984. Two methods for the treatment of ureterolithiasis in a mare. Vet Surg 13:95.
  2. Laverty S, Pascoe JR, Ling GV, et al. 1992. Urolithiasis in 68 horses. Vet Surg 21:56. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Ehnen SJ, Divers TJ, Gillette D, et al. 1990. Obstructive nephrolithiasis and ureterolithiasis associated with chronic renal failure in horses: eight cases (1981-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:249. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Wooldridge AA, Seahorn TL, Williams J, et al. 1999. Chronic renal failure associated with nephrolithiasis, ureterolithiasis, and renal dysplasia in a 2-year-old quarter horse gelding. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 40:361. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Kiper ML, Traub-Dargatz JL, Wrigley RH. 1990. Renal ultrasonography in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:993.
  6. Hoffman KL, Wood AKW, McCarthy PH. 1995. Sonographic-anatomic correlation and imaging protocol for the kidneys of horses. Am J Vet Res 56:1403. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Divers TJ, Yeager AE. 1997. The value of ultrasonographic examination in the diagnosis and management of renal diseases in horses. Equine Vet Educ 7:334.
  8. Rodger LD, Carlson GP, Moran ME, et al. 1995. Resolution of a left ureteral stone using electrohydraulic lithotripsy in a thoroughbred colt. J Vet Intern Med 9:280. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Neumann RD, Ruby AL, Ling GV, et al. 1994. Ultrastructure and mineral composition of urinary calculi from horses. Am J Vet Res 55:1357. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Juzwiak JS, Bain FT, Slone DE, et al. 1988. Unilateral nephrectomy for treatment of chronic hematuria due to nephrolithiasis in a colt. Can Vet J 29:931. PUBMED Abstract
  11. DeBowes RM, Nyrop KA, Boulton CH. 1984. Cystic calculi in the horse. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 6(Suppl):S268.
  12. Holt PE, Pearson H. 1984. Urolithiasis in the horse: a review of 13 cases. Equine Vet J 16:31. PUBMED Abstract
  13. DeBowes RM. 1988. Surgical management of urolithiasis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 4:461. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Textor JA, Slone DE, Clark CK. 2005. Cystolithiasis secondary to intravesicular foreign body in a horse. Vet Rec 156:24. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Holt PE, Mair TS. 1990. Ten cases of bladder paralysis associated with sabulous urolithiasis in horses. Vet Rec 127:108. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Rendle DI, Durham AE, Lloyd D, et al. 2008. Long-term management of sabulous cystitis in five horses. Vet Rec 162:783. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Kaneps AJ, Shires GMH, Watrous BJ. 1985. Cystic calculi in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:737. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Röcken M, Stehle C, Mosel G, et al. 2006. Laparoscopic-assisted cystotomy for urolith removal in geldings. Vet Surg 35:394. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Mair TS, Holt PE. 1994. The aetiology and treatment of equine urolithiasis. Equine Vet Educ 6:189.
  20. Abuja GA, Garcia-López JM, Doran R, et al. 2010. Pararectal cystotomy for urolith removal in nine horses. Vet Surg 39:654. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Macharg MA, Foerner JJ, Phillips TN, et al. 1985. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy for treatment of a cystic calculus in a mare. Vet Surg 14:325.
  22. Eustace RA, Hunt JM. 1988. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy for treatment of cystic calculus in two geldings. Equine Vet J 20:221. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Howard RD, Pleasant RS, May KA. 1998. Pulsed dye laser lithotripsy for treatment of urolithiasis in two geldings. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1600. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Sertich PL, Pozor MA, Meyers SA, et al. 1998. Medical management of urinary calculi in a stallion with breeding dysfunction. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:843. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Johnson PJ, Crenshaw KL. 1990. The treatment of cystic and urethral calculi in a gelding. Vet Med 85:891.
  26. Judy CE, Galuppo LD. 2002. Endoscopic-assisted disruption of urinary calculi using a holmium:YAG laser in standing horses. Vet Surg 31:245. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Remillard RL, Modransky PD, Welker FH, et al. 1992. Dietary management of cystic calculi in a horse. J Equine Vet Sci 12:359.
  28. Wood T, Weckman TJ, Henry PA, et al. 1990. Equine urine pH: normal population distributions and methods of acidification. Equine Vet J 22:118. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Carregaro AB, Mataqueiro MI, Soares OAB, et al. 2004. Study of caffeine in urine and saliva of horses subjected to urinary acidification. J Appl Toxicol 24:513. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Trotter GW, Bennett DG, Behm RJ. 1981. Urethral calculi in five horses. Vet Surg 10:159.
  31. Mair TS, Walmsley JP, Phillips TJ. 2000. Surgical treatment of 45 horses affected by squamous cell carcinoma of the penis and prepuce. Equine Vet J 32:406. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Grant DC, Westropp JL, Shiraki R, et al. 2009. Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy for urolithiasis in horses. J Vet Intern Med 23:1079. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Verwilghen D, Ponthier J, Van Galen G, et al. 2008. The use of radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy in the treatment of urethral urolithiasis in the horse: a preliminary study. J Vet Intern Med 22:1449. PUBMED Abstract

Idiopathic Renal Hematuria

  1. Schott HC, Hines MT. 1994. Severe urinary tract hemorrhage in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1320. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Latimer FG, Magnus R, Duncan RB. 1991. Arterioureteral fistula in a colt. Equine Vet J 23:483. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Schott HC, Barbee DD, Hines MT, et al. 1996. Renal arteriovenous malformation in a quarter horse foal. J Vet Intern Med 10:204. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Pardo V, Berian MG, Levi DF, et al. 1979. Benign primary hematuria: clinicopathologic study of 65 patients. Am J Med 67:817. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Hughes JH, Stanisic TH, Buster D, et al. 1990. Massive nontraumatic hematuria: a challenging demand demanding immediate action. Postgrad Med 67:97. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Stone EA, DeNovo RC, Rawlings CA. 1983. Massive hematuria of nontraumatic renal origin in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:868. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Holt PE, Lucke VM, Pearson H. 1987. Idiopathic renal hemorrhage in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 28:253.
  8. Kaufman AC, Barsanti JA, Selcer BA. 1994. Benign essential hematuria in dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 16:1317.
  9. Roberts MC, Kelly WR. 1982. Renal dysfunction in a case of purpura haemorrhagica in a horse. Vet Rec 110:144. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Morris CF, Robertson JL, Mann PC, et al. 1987. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1453. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Dolente BA, Seco OM, Lewis ML. 2000. Streptococcal toxic shock in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:64. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Bernard WV, Williams D, Tuttle PA, et al. 1993. Hematuria and leptospiruria in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:276. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Kisthardt KK, Schumacher J, Finn-Bodner ST, et al. 1999. Severe renal hemorrhage caused by pyelonephritis in 7 horses: clinical and ultrasonographic evaluation. Can Vet J 40:571. PUBMED Abstract

Urethral Hemorrhage

  1. Sullins KE, Bertone JJ, Voss JL, et al. 1988. Treatment of hemospermia in stallions: a discussion of 18 cases. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 10:1396.
  2. Lloyd KC, Wheat JD, Ryan AM, et al. 1989. Ulceration in the proximal portion of the urethra as a cause of hematuria in horses: four cases (1978-1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1324. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Schumacher J, Varner DD, Schmitz DG, et al. 1995. Urethral defects in geldings with hematuria and stallions with hemospermia. Vet Surg 24:250. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Dunn MJ, Zambraski EJ. 1980. Renal effects of drugs that inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. Kidney Int 18:609. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Gunson DE, Soma LR. 1983. Renal papillary necrosis in horses after phenylbutazone and water deprivation. Vet Pathol 20:603. PUBMED Abstract

Polyuria and Polydipsia

  1. Hughes D. 1992. Polyuria and polydipsia. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 14:1161.
  2. Knotterbelt DC. 2000. Polyuria-polydipsia in the horse. Equine Vet Educ AE 2:237.
  3. Sufit E, Houpt KA, Sweeting M. 1985. Physiological stimuli of thirst and drinking patterns of ponies. Equine Vet J 17:12. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Houpt KA. 1987. Thirst in horses: the physiological and psychological causes. Equine Pract 9:28.
  5. Cymbaluk NF. 1989. Water balance of horses fed various diets. Equine Pract 11:19.
  6. Love S. 1993. Equine Cushing's disease. Br Vet J 149:139. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Hillyer MH, Taylor FGR, Mair TS. 1992. Diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism in the horse. Equine Vet Educ 4:131.
  8. Van der Kolk JH, Kalsbeek HC, van Garderen E, et al. 1993. Equine pituitary neoplasia: a clinical report of 21 cases (1990-1992). Vet Rec 133:594. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Link RP. 1940. Glucose tolerance in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 97:261.
  10. Green EM, Hunt EL. 1985. Hypophyseal neoplasia in a pony. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 7(Suppl):S249.
  11. Browning AP. 2000. Polydipsia and polyuria in two horses caused by psychogenic polydipsia. Equine Vet Educ AE 2:231.
  12. Brobst DF, Bayly WM. 1982. Responses of horses to a water deprivation test. Equine Vet Sci 2:51.
  13. Genetzky RM, Loparco FV, Ledet AE. 1987. Clinical pathological alterations in horses during a water deprivation test. Am J Vet Res 48:1007. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Buntain BJ, Coffman JR. 1981. Polyuria and polydipsia in a horse induced by psychogenic salt consumption. Equine Vet J 13:266. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Schryver HF, Parker MT, Daniluk PD, et al. 1987. Salt consumption and the effect of salt on mineral metabolism in horses. Cornell Vet 77:122. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Robertson GL. 1988. Differential diagnosis of polyuria. Annu Rev Med 39:425. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Breukink HJ, Van Wegen P, Schotman AJH. 1983. Idiopathic diabetes insipidus in a Welsh pony. Equine Vet J 15:284. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Filar J, Ziolo T, Szalecki J. 1971. Diabetes insipidus in the course of encephalitis in the horse. Med Weterynaryjna 27:205.
  19. Schott HC II, Bayly WM, Reed SM, et al. 1993. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in sibling colts. J Vet Intern Med 7:68. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Morgan RA, Malalana F, McGowan CM. 2012. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a 14-year-old gelding. N Z Vet J 60:254. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Harb MF, Nelson RW, Feldman EC, et al. 1996. Central diabetes insipidus in dogs: 20 cases (1986-1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1884. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Takemura N. 1998. Successful long-term treatment of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 39:592. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Muylle E, van den Hende C, Deprez P, et al. 1986. Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in a horse. Equine Vet J 18:145. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Baker JR, Richie HE. 1974. Diabetes mellitus in the horse: a case report and review of the literature. Equine Vet J 6:7. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Ruoff WW, Baker DC, Morgan SJ, et al. 1986. Type II diabetes mellitus in a horse. Equine Vet J 18:143. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Traver DS, Moore JN, Coffman JR, et al. 1977. Peritonitis in a horse: a cause of acute abdominal distress and polyuria-polydipsia. J Equine Med Surg 1:36.
  27. Kinter LB, Huffman WF, Stassen FL. 1988. Antagonists of the antidiuretic activity of vasopressin. Am J Physiol 254:F165. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Hardy RM, Osborne CA. 1974. Canine pyometra: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of uterine and extra-uterine lesions. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 10:245.
  29. Thurmon JC, Steffey EP, Zinkl JG, et al. 1984. Xylazine causes transient dose-related hyperglycemia and increased urine volume in mares. Am J Vet Res 45:224. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Gellai M. 1990. Modulation of vasopressin antidiuretic action by renal α2-adrenoceptors. Am J Physiol 259:F1. PUBMED Abstract

Renal Tubular Acidosis

  1. Arroyo LG, Stampfli HR. 2007. Equine renal tubular disorders. Vet Clin Equine 23:631. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Battle D. 1983. Renal tubular acidosis. Med Clin North Am 67:859. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Mueller DL, Jergens AE. 1991. Renal tubular acidosis. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 13:435.
  4. Rocher LL, Tannen RL. 1986. The clinical spectrum of renal tubular acidosis. Annu Rev Med 37:319. PUBMED Abstract
  5. van der Kolk JH, de Graaf-Roelfsema E, Joles JA, et al. 2007. Mixed proximal and distal renal tubular acidosis without aminoaciduria in a mare. J Vet Intern Med 21:1121. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Trotter GW, Miller D, Parks A, et al. 1986. Type II renal tubular acidosis in a mare. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:1050. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Hansen TO. 1986. Renal tubular acidosis in a mare. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 8:864.
  8. van der Kolk JH, Kalsbeek HC. 1993. Renal tubular acidosis in a mare. Vet Rec 133:43. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Ziemer EL, Parker HR, Carlson GP, et al. 1987. Clinical features and treatment of renal tubular acidosis in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:294. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Ziemer EL, Parker HR, Carlson GP, et al. 1987. Renal tubular acidosis in two horses: diagnostic studies. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:289. PUBMED Abstract
  11. MacLeay JM, Wilson JH. 1998. Type-II renal tubular acidosis and ventricular tachycardia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1597. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Halperin ML, Richardson RM, Bear RA, et al. 1988. Urine ammonium: the key to the diagnosis of distal renal tubular acidosis. Nephron 50:1. PUBMED Abstract

Bladder Rupture in Adult Horses

  1. Nyrop KA, DeBowes RM, Cox JH, et al. 1984. Rupture of the urinary bladder in two post-parturient mares. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 6:S510.
  2. Saam D. 2001. Urethrolithiasis and nephrolithiasis in a horse. Can Vet J 42:880 PUBMED Abstract
  3. Higuchi T, Nanao Y, Senba H. 2002. Repair of urinary bladder rupture through a urethrotomy and urethral sphincterotomy in four postpartum mares. Vet Surg 31:344. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Gibson KT, Trotter GW, Gustafson SB. 1992. Conservative management of uroperitoneum in a gelding. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1692. PUBMED Abstract

Urinary System Disorders in the Foal

  1. Richardson DW, Kohn CW. 1983. Uroperitoneum in the foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:267. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Hackett RP. 1984. Rupture of the urinary bladder in neonatal foals. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 6:S488.
  3. Hardy J. 1998. Uroabdomen in foals. Equine Vet Educ 10:21.
  4. Finno C, Pusterla N, Aleman M, et al. 2006. Streptococcus equi meningoencephalomyelitis in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:721. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Dunkel B, Palmer JE, Olson KN, et al. 2005. Uroperitoneum in 32 foals: influence of intravenous fluid therapy, infection, and sepsis. J Vet Intern Med 19:889. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Behr MJ, Hackett RP, Bentinck-Smith J, et al. 1981. Metabolic abnormalities associated with rupture of the urinary bladder in neonatal foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:263. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Adams R, Koterba AM, Cudd TC, et al. 1988. Exploratory celiotomy for suspected urinary tract disruption in neonatal foals: a review of 18 cases. Equine Vet J 20:13. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Booth TM, Howes DA, Edwards GB. 2000. Bethanechol-responsive bladder atony in a colt foal after cystorrhaphy for cystorrhexis. Vet Rec 147:306. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Kablack KA, Embertson RM, Bernard WV, et al. 2000. Uroperitoneum in the hospitalised equine neonate: retrospective study of 31 cases, 1988-1997. Equine Vet J 32:505. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Lees MJ, Easley KJ, Sutherland RJ, et al. 1989. Subcutaneous rupture of the urachus, its diagnosis and surgical management in three foals. Equine Vet J 21:462. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Robertson JT, Spurlock GH, Bramlage LL, et al. 1983. Repair of a ureteral defect in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:799. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Divers TJ, Byars TD, Spirito M. 1988. Correction of bilateral ureteral defects in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:384. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Jean D, Marcoux M, Louf CF. 1998. Congenital bilateral distal defect of the ureters in a foal. Equine Vet Educ 10:17.
  14. Cutler TJ, MacKay RJ, Johnson CM, et al. 1997. Bilateral ureteral tears in a foal. Aust Vet J 75:413. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Hoffmann KL, Wood AK, McCarthy PH. 2000. Ultrasonography of the equine neonatal kidney. Equine Vet J 32:109. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Kawashima A, Sandler CM, Corriere JN Jr, et al. 1997. Ureteropelvic junction injuries secondary to blunt abdominal trauma. Radiology 205:487. PUBMED Abstract

Ruminant Renal System

Ulcerative Posthitis and Vulvitis

  1. Uzal FA, Woods L, Stillian M, et al. 2004. Abortion and ulcerative posthitis associated with caprine herpesvirus-1 infection in goats in California. J Vet Diag Invest 16:478. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Piper KL, Fitzgerald CJ, Ficorilli N, et al. 2008. Isolation of caprine herpesvirus 1 from a major outbreak of infectious pustular vulvovaginitis in goats. Aust Vet J 86:136. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Trichard CJV, Jordaan P, Prozesky L, et al. 1993. The identification of Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides LC as the aetiological agent of posthitis and vulvovaginitis in sheep in South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 60:29. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Jones M, Miesner MD, Baird AN, et al. 2011. Diseases of the urinary system, pp 325-360. In Pugh DG, Baird AN (eds), Sheep and goat medicine, ed 2. Elsevier Saunders, Maryland Heights, MO.
  5. Loste A, Ramos JJ, Garcia L, et al. 2005. High prevalence of ulcerative posthitis in Rasa Aragonesa rams associated with a legume-rich diet. J Vet Med A 52:176. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Van Metre DC, Rao S, Kimberling CV, et al. 2012. Factors associated with failure in breeding soundness examination of Western USA rams. Prev Vet Med 105:118 PUBMED Abstract

Urolithiasis

  1. Hay L. 1990. Prevention and treatment of urolithiasis in sheep. In Pract 12:87.
  2. Gasthuys F, Martens A, DeMoor A. 1996. Surgical treatment of urethral dilatation in seven cattle. Vet Rec 138:17. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Wolfe DF, Moll HD, May KA. 1999. Urolithiasis, pp 349-359. In Wolfe DF, Moll HD (eds), Large animal urogenital surgery, ed 2. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD.
  4. VanMetre DC, Smith BP. 1991. Clinical management of urolithiasis in small ruminants. In Proceedings of the 1991 Annual Forum of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 9:555.
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  6. Todhunter P, Baird AN, Wolfe DW. 1996. Erection failure secondary to obstructive urolithiasis in a male goat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:650. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Carr EA, Schott HC, Barrington GM, et al. 1993. Ruptured urinary bladder after dystocia in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:631. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Baxter GM, Zamos DT, Mueller PO. 1992. Uroperitoneum attributable to ruptured urachus in a yearling bull. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:517. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Divers TJ, Reef VB, Roby KA. 1989. Nephrolithiasis resulting in intermittent ureteral obstruction in a cow. Cornell Vet 79:143. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Ziemer EL, Smith BP. 1988. Pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, and urolithiasis in a Holstein bull with diarrhea. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 10:82.
  11. Braun U, Schefer U, Fohn J. 1992. Urinary tract ultrasonography in normal rams and in rams with obstructive urolithiasis. Can Vet J 33:654. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Palmer JL, Dykes NL, Love K, et al. 1998. Contrast radiography of the lower urinary tract in the management of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants and swine. Vet Radiol 39:175. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Scott P. 2000. Ultrasonography of the urinary tract in male sheep with urethral obstruction. In Pract 22:329.
  14. Scott P, Rhind S. 2002. Ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of azotaemia in an adult Cheviot ram. Vet Rec 150:150. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Floek M. 2009. Ultrasonography of bovine urinary tract disorders. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:651. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Sockett DC, Knight AP, Fettman MJ, et al. 1986. Metabolic changes due to experimentally induced rupture of the bovine urinary bladder. Cornell Vet 76:198. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Harris CL, Krawiec DR. 1990. The pathophysiology of uremic bleeding. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:1294.
  18. Divers TJ, Crowell WA, Duncan JR, et al. 1982. Acute renal disorders in cattle: a retrospective study of 22 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:694. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Maxie MG, Newman SJ. 2007. Urolithiasis, pp 508-514. In Maxie MG (ed), Jubb, Kennedy & Palmer's pathology of domestic animals, ed 5. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  20. Stewart SR, Emerick RJ, Pritchard RH. 1991. Effects of dietary ammonium chloride and variations in calcium to phosphorus ratio on silica urolithiasis in sheep. J Anim Sci 69:2225. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Bailey CB. 1975. Siliceous urinary calculi in bulls, steers, and partial castrates. Can J Anim Sci 55:187.
  22. Sahinduran S, Buyukoglu T, Gulay MS, et al. 2007. Increased water hardness and magnesium levels may increase occurrence of urolithiasis in cows from the Burdur region (Turkey). Vet Res Com 31:665. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Maes D, Vrielinck J, Millet S, et al. 2004. Urolithiasis in finishing pigs. Vet J 168:209. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Villar D, Larson DJ, Janke BH, et al. 2003. Case report: obstructive urolithiasis in a feedlot steer. Bovine Pract 37:74.
  25. Loretti AP, de Oliveira LO, Cruz CEF, et al. 2003. Clinical and pathological study of an outbreak of obstructive urolithiasis in feedlot cattle in southern Brazil. Pesquisa Vet Brasil 23:61.
  26. Wang JY, Sun WD, Wang XL. 2009. Comparison of effect of high intake of magnesium with high intake of phosphorus and potassium on urolithiasis in goats fed with cottonseed meal diet. Res Vet Sci 87:79. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Freeman SR, Poore MH, Young GA, et al. 2010. Influence of calcium (0.6 or 1.2%) and phosphorus (0.3 or 0.6%) content and ratio on the formation of urolithogenic compounds in the urine of Boer-cross goats fed high-concentrate diets. Sm Rum Res 93:94.
  28. Kallfelz FA, Ahmed AS, Wallace RJ, et al. 1987. Dietary magnesium and urolithiasis in growing calves. Cornell Vet 77:33. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Jones ML, Streeter RN, Goad CL. 2009. Use of dietary cation anion difference for control of urolithiasis risk factors in goats. Am J Vet Res 70:149. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Bailey CB. 1972. The precipitation of polymerized silicic acid by urine protein: a possible mechanism in the etiology of silica urolithiasis. Can J Anim Sci 50:305, PUBMED Abstract
  31. Stewart SR, Emerick RJ, Kayongo-Male H. 1993. Silicon-zinc interactions and potential roles for dietary zinc and copper in minimizing silica urolithiasis. J Anim Sci 71:946. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Stewart SR, Emerick RJ, Pritchard RH. 1990. High dietary calcium to phosphorus ratio and alkali-forming potential as factors promoting silica urolithiasis in sheep. J Anim Sci 68:498. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Ewoldt JM, Jones ML, Miesner MD. 2008. Surgery of obstructive urolithiasis in ruminants. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 24:455. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Kannanab KVA, Lawrencea KE. 2010. Obstructive urolithiasis in a Saanen goat in New Zealand, resulting in a ruptured bladder. N Z Vet J 58:269. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Angus KW. 1990. Nephropathy in young lambs. Vet Rec 126:525. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Adair HS, Adams WH. 1990. Ascorbic acid as suspected cause of oxalate nephrotoxicosis in a goat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:1626. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Finkielstein VA, Goldfarb DS. 2006. Strategies for preventing calcium oxalate stones. Can Med Assoc J 174:1407. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Walter-Toews D, Meadows DH. 1980. Urolithiasis in a herd of beef cattle associated with oxalate ingestion. Can Vet J 21:61. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Tiruneh R. 2004. Minerals and oxalate content of feed and water in relation with ruminant urolithiasis in Adea district, central Ethiopia. Revue Med Vet 156:272.
  40. Fortier L, Gregg A, Erb H, et al. 2004. Caprine obstructive urolithiasis: requirement for 2nd surgical intervention and mortality after percutaneous tube cystostomy, surgical tube cystostomy, or urinary bladder marsupialization. Vet Surg 33:661. PUBMED Abstract
  41. Rakestraw PC, Fubini SL, Gilbert RO, et al. 1995. Tube cystostomy for treatment of urolithiasis in small ruminants. Vet Surg 24:498. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Janke JJ, Osterstock JB, Washburn KE, et al. 2009. Use of Walpole's solution for treatment of goats with urolithiasis: 25 cases (2001-2006). J AM Vet Med Assoc 234:249. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Haven ML, Bowman KF, Englebert TA, et al. 1993. Surgical management of urolithiasis in small ruminants. Cornell Vet 83:47. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Winter RB, Hawkins LL, Holterman DE, et al. 1987. Catheterization: an effective method of treating bovine urethral calculi. Vet Med 82:1261.
  45. Stone WC, Bjorling DE, Trostle SS, et al. 1997. Prepubic urethrostomy for relief of urethral obstruction in a sheep and a goat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 210:939. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Ewoldt JM, Anderson DE, Miesner MD, et al. 2006. Short- and long-term outcome and factors predicting survival after surgical tube cystostomy for treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in small ruminants. Vet Surg 35:417. PUBMED Abstract
  47. Streeter R, Washburn K, McCauley C. 2002. Percutaneous tube cystostomy and vesicular irrigation for treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in a goat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:546. PUBMED Abstract
  48. May KA, Moll HD, Wallace LM, et al. 1998. Urinary bladder marsupialization for treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in male goats. Vet Surg 27:583. PUBMED Abstract
  49. Fubini SL. 2004. Surgery of the urinary bladder and ureters, pp 422-427. In Fubini SL, Ducharme NG (eds), Farm animal surgery. Saunders, St Louis, MO.
  50. Fubini SL. 2004. Surgery of the kidney, pp 419-422. In Fubini SL, Ducharme NG (eds), Farm animal surgery. Saunders, St Louis, MO.
  51. Bailey CB. 1981. Silica metabolism and silica urolithiasis in ruminants: a review. Can J Anim Sci 61:219.
  52. VanMetre DC, Fecteau G, House JK, et al. 1996. Obstructive urolithiasis in ruminants: surgical management and prevention. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 18:S275.
  53. MacLeay JD, Olson JD, Enns RR, et al. 2004. Dietary-induced metabolic acidosis decreases bone mineral density in mature ovariectomized ewes. Calcif Tissue Int 75:431. PUBMED Abstract
  54. Stratton-Phelps M, House JK. 2004. Effect of a commercial anion dietary supplement on acid-base balance, urine volume, and urinary ion excretion in male goats fed oat or grass hay diets. Am J Vet Res 65:1391. PUBMED Abstract
  55. Grant IM, Bingham AM, Caple IW. 1992. Acid-base balance and susceptibility of ewes to hypocalcemia. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of the Australian Society of Animal Production 19:412.

Urachal Disorders

  1. Batchelder CA, Bertolini M, Mason JB, et al. 2007. Perinatal physiology in cloned and normal calves: physical and clinical characteristics. Cloning Stem Cells 9:63. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Virtala AM, Mechor GD, Grohn YT, et al. 1996. Morbidity from nonrespiratory diseases and mortality in dairy heifers during the first three months of life. J Am Vet Med Assoc 208:2043. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Baxter GM, Zamos DT, Mueller PO. 1992. Uroperitoneum attributable to ruptured urachus in a yearling bull. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:517. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Bell GJ, Macrae AI, Milne EM, et al. 2004. Extensive uroperitoneum and pleural effusion associated with necrotic urachal remnant in a bull calf. Vet Rec 154:508. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Hassel DM, Tyler JW, Tucker RL, et al. 1995. Clinical vignette: urachal abscess and cystitis in a calf. J Vet Intern Med 9:286. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Hylton WE, Rousseaux CG. 1985. Intestinal strangulation: association with omphaloarteritis in a calf. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:1099. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Mesaric M, Modic T. 2003. Strangulation of the small intestine in a cow by a persistent urachal remnant. Vet Rec 153:688. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Trent AM, Smith DF. 1984. Pollakiuria due to urachal abscesses in two heifers. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:984. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Steiner A, Lejeune B. 2009. Ultrasonic assessment of umbilical disorders. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 25:781. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Starost MF. 2001. Haemophilus somnus isolated from a urachal abscess in a calf. Vet Pathol 38:547. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Rings DM. 1995. Umbilical hernias, umbilical abscesses, and urachal fistulas: surgical considerations. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 11:137. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Boure L, Foster RA, Palmer M, et al. 2001. Use of an endoscopic suturing device for laparoscopic resection of the apex of the bladder and umbilical structures in normal neonatal calves. Vet Surg 30:319. PUBMED Abstract

Urinary Bladder Eversion and Prolapse

  1. Ducharme NG, Stem ES. 1981. Eversion of the urinary bladder in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:996. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Peter AT, Arighi M, Gaines JD. 1989. Herniation of distal jejunum into the partially everted urinary bladder of a cow. Can Vet J 30:830. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Frazier GS. 1988. Uterine torsion followed by jejunal incarceration in a partially everted urinary bladder in a cow. Aust Vet J 65:24. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Hojbjerg A. 1990. Eversion of the bovine bladder. Bovine Pract 25:120.
  5. Friesen CH, Theoret CL, Barber SM. 1995. Urinary bladder eversion with hydronephrosis and renal failure in a beef cow. Can Vet J 36:710. PUBMED Abstract

Pelvic Entrapment of the Bladder

  1. Gaines JD. 1988. Postparturient pelvic entrapment of the bladder in two cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:222. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Scott PR, Gessert ME. 1998. Ultrasonographic examination of 12 ovine vaginal prolapses. Vet J 155:323. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Divers TJ. 1992. Assessment of the urinary system. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 8:373. PUBMED Abstract

Enzootic Hematuria

  1. Campo MS, Jarrett WFH, Barron R, et al. 1992. Association of bovine papillomavirus type 2 and bracken fern with bladder cancer in cattle. Cancer Res 52:6898. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Hopkins NCG. 1986. Aetiology of enzootic hematuria. Vet Rec 118:715. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Hoque M, Somvanashi R, Singh GR, et al. 2002. Ultrasonographic evaluation of urinary bladder in normal, fern fed, and enzootic hematuria-affected cattle. J Vet Med Physiol Pathol Clin Med 49:403. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Campo MS. 1997. Bovine papillomavirus and cancer. Vet J 154:175. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Bringuier PP, Piaton E, Berger N, et al. 1995. Bracken fern-induced bladder tumors in guinea pigs. Am J Pathol 147:858. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Pennie WD, Campo MS. 1992. Synergism between bovine papillomavirus type 4 and the flavonoid quercetin in cell transformation in vitro. Virology 190:861. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Anderson RA, Scobie L, O'Neil BW, et al. 1997. Viral proteins of bovine papillomavirus type 4 during the development of alimentary canal tumors. Vet J 154:69. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Alonso-Amelot ME, Castillo U, Smith BL, et al. 1996. Bracken ptaquiloside in milk. Nature 382:587. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Borzacchiello G, Galati AP, Roperto F. 2003. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 expression in urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder in cows. Vet Pathol 40:455. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Maxie MG, Newman SJ. 2007. Inflammation of the lower urinary tract, pp 514-520. In Maxie MG (ed), Jubb, Kennedy and Palmer's Pathology of Domestic Animals, ed 5. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.

Urinary Tract Infection

  1. Rebhun WC, Dill SG, Perdrizet JA, et al. 1989. Pyelonephritis in cows: 15 cases (1982-1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:953. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Mills-Wallace LL, Bouchard G, Nicholson W, et al. 1990. Polypoid cystitis, pyelonephritis, and obstructive uropathy in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:1181. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Moore R, Miyoshi A, Pacheco LGC, et al. 2010. Corynebacterium and Arcanobacterium. In Gyles CL, Prescott JF, Songer JG, et al (eds), Pathogenesis of bacterial infection in animals, ed 4. Blackwell, Ames, IA.
  4. Yeruham I, Elad D, Avidar Y, et al. 2006. A herd level analysis of urinary tract infection in dairy cattle. Vet J 171:172. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Rosenbaum A, Guard CL, Njaa BL, et al. 2005. Slaughterhouse survey of pyelonephritis in dairy cows. Vet Rec 157:652. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Angus KW. 1990. Nephropathy in young lambs. Vet Rec 126:525. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Franz S, Winter P, Baumgartner W. 2004. Cystoscopy in cattle—a valuable additional tool for clinical examination. Acta Vet Hung 52:423. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Hayashi H, Biller DS, Rings DM, et al. 1994. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of pyelonephritis in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:736. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Floeck M. 2009. Ultrasonography of bovine urinary tract disorders. Vet Clin Food Anim 25:651. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Braun U, Nuss K, Wehbrink D, et al. 2008. Clinical and ultrasonographic findings, diagnosis and treatment of pyelonephritis in 17 cows. Vet J 175:240. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Markusfeld O, Nahari N, Kessner D, et al. 1989. Observations on bovine pyelonephritis. Br Vet J 145:573. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Higgins RJ, Weaver CR. 1981. Corynebacterium renale pyelonephritis and cystitis in a sheep. Vet Rec 209:256. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Elias S, Abbas B, San-Ousi SME. 1993. The goat as a model for Corynebacterium renale pyelonephritis. Br Vet J 149:485. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Sheldon IM. 1995. Suspected venereal spread of Corynebacterium renale. Vet Rec 137:100. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Honda E, Yanagawa R. 1975. Attachment of Corynebacterium renale to tissue culture cells by the pili. Am J Vet Res 36:1663. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Takai S, Yanagawa R, Kitamura Y. 1980. pH-Dependent adhesion of piliated Corynebacterium renale to bovine bladder epithelial cells. Infect Immun 28:669. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Yerham I, Elad D, Avidar Y, et al. 2004. Four-year survey of urinary tract infections in calves in Israel. Vet Rec 154:204. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Vogel SR, Desrochers A, Babkine M, et al. 2011. Unilateral nephrectomy in 10 cattle. Vet Surg 40:233. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Tyler J, Ruffin DC, Yu A. 1998. Probable ceftiofur-induced cutaneous drug reaction in a cow. Can Vet J 39:296. PUBMED Abstract
  20. New Animal Drugs; Cephalosporin Drugs; Extralabel Animal Drug Use; Order of Prohibition FDA-2008-N-0326 21 CFR 530.

Amyloidosis

  1. Woldemeskel M. 2012. A concise review of amyloidosis in animals. Vet Med Int Article ID 427296. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Johnson R, Jamison K. 1984. Amyloidosis in six dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:1538. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Murray M, Rushton A, Selman I. 1972. Bovine renal amyloidosis: a clinico-pathologic study. Vet Rec 90:210. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Elitok OM, Elitok B, Unver O. 2008. Renal amyloidosis in cattle with inflammatory diseases. J Vet Intern Med 22:450. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Kim DH, Ono K, Yasuda K, et al. 1985. Urinary amyloids in bovine amyloidosis. Jpn J Vet Sci 47:129 PUBMED Abstract
  6. Gruys E, Timmermans HJF. 1979. Diagnosis of secondary amyloid in bovine renal amyloidosis. Vet Sci Commun 3:21.
  7. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, et al. 2010. Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease, ed 8. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  8. DiBartola SP, Benson MD. 1989. The pathogenesis of reactive systemic amyloidosis. J Vet Intern Med 3:31. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Alpers CE. 2010. The kidney, p 921. In Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, et al. Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease, ed 8. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.

Glomerulonephritis

  1. White MR, Crowell WA, Blue JA. 1986. A nephrotic-like syndrome with an associated mesangio-proliferative glomerulopathy in a cow. Vet Pathol 23:439. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Wiseman A, Spencer A, Petrie L. 1980. The nephrotic syndrome in a heifer due to glomerulonephritis. Res Vet Sci 28:325. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Glav V, Mishra N, Dubey R, et al. 2007. Pathogenicity of an Indian isolate of bovine viral diarrhea virus 1b in experimentally infected calves. Res Vet Sci 83:364. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Cutlip RC, McClurkin AW, Coria MF. 1980. Lesions in healthy cattle persistently infected with the virus of bovine viral diarrhea: glomerulonephritis and encephalitis. Am J Vet Res 41:1938. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Marques ST, Scroferneker ML, Edelweiss MI. 2005. Kidney pathology in cattle naturally infected by Fasciola hepatica. Isr J Vet Med 60:23.
  6. Ferris TF, Herdson PB, Dunnill MS, et al. 1969. Toxemia of pregnancy in sheep: a clinical, physiological, and pathological study. J Clin Invest 48:1643. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Angus KW. 1990. Nephropathy in young lambs. Vet Rec 126:525. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Alpers CE. 2010. The kidney, p 907. In Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, et al. Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease, ed 8. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  9. Pusterla N, Braun U, Forrer R, et al. 1997. Antithrombin-III activity in plasma of healthy and sick cattle. Vet Rec 140:17. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Stratta P, Canavese C, Colla L, et al. 1987. Acute renal failure in preeclampsia-eclampsia. Gynecol Obstet Invest 24:225. PUBMED Abstract

Congenital Defects

  1. Deem DA, Whitlock RH. 1982. Renal cysts in a cow with anorexia, hypocalcemia, and abdominal pain. Cornell Vet 72:36. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Dennis SM. 1979. Urogenital defects in sheep. Vet Rec 105:344. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Fetcher A. 1985. Renal disease in cattle. I. Causative agents. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 7:S702.
  4. Krotec K, Meyer BS, Freeman W, et al. 1996. Congenital cystic disease of the liver, pancreas, and kidney in a Nubian goat (Capra hircus). Vet Pathol 33:708. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Mutinelli F, Vascellari M, Schiavon E. 2005. Retroperitoneal perirenal pseudocyst in a Massese breed ram. J Vet Diagn Invest 17:288. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Rhyan JC, Sartin EA, Powers RD, et al. 1992. Severe renal oxalosis in five young beefmaster calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1907. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Hammer EJ, Divers TJ, Tulleners EP. 2000. Nephrectomy for treatment of ectopic ureter in a Holstein calf. Bovine Pract 34:101.

Neoplasia

  1. Herenda D, Dukes TW, Feltmate TE. 1990. An abattoir survey of bladder lesions in cattle. Can Vet J 31:515. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Valentine BA. 2004. Neoplasia, p 36. In Fubini SL, Ducharme ND (eds), Farm animal surgery. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  3. Sato S, Suzuki T, Yokoyama R, et al. 1986. Renal cell carcinoma in a cow. Jpn J Vet Sci 48:1007. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Tateishi S, Kobayashi Y, Kurosawa S, et al. 2005. Bovine renal cell carcinoma with marked connective tissue proliferation. J Jpn Vet Med Assoc 58:676.
  5. Raperto F, Damiano S. 1981. Nephroblastoma in an ovine fetus (abstract). Zendralbl Vet Med 28:504. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Braun U, Rutten M, Hogger R, et al. 2004. Colic in a cow caused by lymphoma of the urinary bladder. Vet Rec 155:777. PUBMED Abstract

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

  1. Alpers CE. 2010. The kidney: thrombotic microangiopathies, pp 952-956. In Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Aster JC (eds), Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease, ed 8. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  2. Brilliant SE, Lester PA, Ohno AK, et al. 1996. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome without evidence of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia on peripheral blood smear. South Med J 89:342. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Dickinson CE, Gould DH, Davidson AH, et al. 2008. Hemolytic-uremic syndrome in a postpartum mare concurrent with encephalopathy in the neonatal foal. J Vet Diagn Invest 20:239. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Karch H, Tarr PI, Bielaszewska M. 2005. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli in human medicine. Int J Med Microbiol 295:405. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Morris CF, Robertson JL, Mann PC, et al. 1987. Hemolytic uremic-like syndrome in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1453. PUBMED Abstract
  6. MacLachlan NJ, Divers TJ. 1982. Hemolytic anemia and fibrinoid change of renal vessels in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:716. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Kurtded A, Kirmizigül AH. 2008. Suspected postpartum haemolytic-uraemic syndrome in a cow. Kafkas Üniv Vet Fak Derg 14:249.
  8. Roby KW, Bloom JC, Becht JL. 1987. Postpartum hemolytic-uremic syndrome in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:187. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Tarr PI. 1995. Escherichia coli O157:H7: clinical, diagnostic, and epidemiological aspects of human infection. Clin Infect Dis 20:1. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Repetto HA. 2005. Long-term course and mechanisms of progression of renal disease in hemolytic uremic syndrome. Kidney Int Suppl 97:S102. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Orth D, Grif K, Zimmerhackl LB, et al. 2008. Prevention and treatment of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infections in humans. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 6:101. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Keusch GT, Acheson DWK. 1997. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with shiga toxins. Semin Hematol 34:106. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Moxley RA, Smith DR. 2010. Attaching-effacing Escherichia coli infections in cattle. Vet Clin Food Anim 26:29. PUBMED Abstract

Tubular Necrosis

  1. Divers TJ, Crowell WA, Duncan JR, et al. 1982. Acute renal disorders in cattle: a retrospective study of 22 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:694. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Dunigan C, Tyler J, Valdez R, et al. 1996. Apparent renal encephalopathy in a cow. J Vet Intern Med 10:39. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Summers BA, Smith CA. 1985. Renal encephalopathy in a cow. Cornell Vet 75:524. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Radi ZA, Thomsen BV, Summers BA. 2005. Renal (uremic) encephalopathy in a goat. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 52:397. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Mechor GD, Cebra C, Blue J. 1993. Renal failure in a calf secondary to chronic enteritis. Cornell Vet 83:325. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Sommardahl C, Olchowy T, Provenza M, et al. 1997. Urinary diagnostic indices in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:212. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Fetcher A. 1986. Renal disease in cattle. II. Clinical signs, diagnosis, and treatment. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 8(Suppl):338.
  8. Kasari TR, Woodbury AH, Morcom-Kasari E. 1990. Adverse effects of orally administered magnesium hydroxide on serum magnesium concentration and systemic acid-base balance in adult cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:735. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Carr EA, Schott HC, Barrington GM, et al. 1993. Ruptured urinary bladder after dystocia in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:631. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Brobst DF, Parish SM, Torbeck RL, et al. 1978. Azotemia in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:481. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Sula MJM, Winslow CM, Boileau MJ, et al. 2012. Heat-related injury in lambs. J Vet Diagn Invest 24:772. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Alpers C. 2010. The kidney, pp 905-969. In Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, et al (eds), Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease, ed 8. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  13. Hinchcliff KW, Shaftoe S, Dubielzig RR. 1988. Gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicosis in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:958. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Whelton A. 1999. Nephrotoxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: physiologic foundations and clinical implications. Am J Med 106:13S. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Granowitz EV, Brown RB. 2008. Antibiotic adverse reactions and drug interactions. Crit Care Clin 24:421. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Garry F, Chew DJ, Hoffsis GF. 1990. Urinary indices and renal function in sheep with induced aminoglycoside nephrotoxicosis. Am J Vet Res 51:420. PUBMED Abstract
  17. McMartin K. 2009. Are calcium oxalate crystals involved in the mechanism of acute renal failure in ethylene glycol poisoning? Clin Toxicol 47:859. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Crowell WA, Whitlock RH, Stout RC, et al. 1979. Ethylene glycol toxicosis in cattle. Cornell Vet 69:272. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Singh DP, Kumar M, Varshney KC. 1994. Pathological changes in experimental ethylene glycol intoxication in cow calves: clinico-haematological and biochemical changes. Ind J Anim Sci 64:1361.
  20. Corley KT. 2004. Inotropes and vasopressors in adults and foals. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 20:77. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Trim CM, Moore JN, Clark ES. 1989. Renal effects of dopamine infusion in conscious horses. Eq Vet J Suppl 7:124. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Kellum JA, Decker JM. 2001. Use of dopamine in acute renal failure: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med 29:1526. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Spier SJ, Smith BP, Seawright AA, et al. 1987. Oak toxicosis in northern California: clinical and pathologic findings. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:958. PUBMED Abstract

Leptospirosis

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  2. Bolin C. 2000. Leptospirosis, pp 185-198. In Brown C, Bolin C (eds), Emerging diseases of animals. ASM Press, Washington, D.C.
  3. Bolin C, Prescott J. 1999. Leptospirosis, pp 352-358. In Howard J, Smith R (eds), Current veterinary therapy 4: food animal practice, ed 4. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  4. Heath SE, Johnson R. 1994. Leptospirosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 205:1518. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Levett PN. 2001. Leptospirosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 14:296. PUBMED Abstract
  6. McBride AJ, Athanazio DA, Reis MG, et al. 2005. Leptospirosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 18:376. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Songer JG, Thiermann AB. 1988. Leptospirosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1250. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Adler B, de la Pena Moctezuma A. 2010. Leptospira and leptospirosis. Vet Microbiol 140:287. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Blood DC, et al. 2000. Diseases caused by Leptospira spp., pp 971-986. Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and horses, ed 9. Saunders Ltd., London.
  10. Thiermann AB. 1984. Leptospirosis: current developments and trends. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:722. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Cerqueira GM, Picardeau M. 2009. A century of Leptospira strain typing. Infection, genetics and evolution. J Mol Epidemiol Evol Genet Infect Dis 9:760. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Miller DA, Wilson MA, Beran GW. 1991. Survey to estimate prevalence of Leptospira interrogans infection in mature cattle in the United States. Am J Vet Res 52:1761. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Jubb K, Kennedy P, Palmer N. 1993. Pathology of domestic animals, ed 4, vol 2. Academic Press, San Diego.
  14. Lilenbaum W, Varges R, Brandao FZ, et al. 2008. Detection of Leptospira spp. in semen and vaginal fluids of goats and sheep by polymerase chain reaction. Theriogenology 69:837. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Ellis GR, Partington DL, Hindmarsh M, et al. 1994. Seroprevalence to Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo in merino stud rams in South Australia. Aust Vet J 71:203. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Dorjee S, Heuer C, Jackson R, et al. 2008. Prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in sheep in a sheep-only abattoir in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 56:164. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Talpada MD, Garvey N, Sprowls R, et al. 2003. Prevalence of leptospiral infection in Texas cattle: implications for transmission to humans. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 3:141. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Miller DA, Wilson MA, Beran GW. 1991. Relationships between prevalence of Leptospira interrogans in cattle, and regional, climatic, and seasonal factors. Am J Vet Res 52:1766. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Givens MD. 2006. A clinical, evidence-based approach to infectious causes of infertility in beef cattle. Theriogenology 66:648. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Grooms DL. 2006. Reproductive losses caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus and leptospirosis. Theriogenology 66:624. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Grooms DL, Bolin CA. 2005. Diagnosis of fetal loss caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus and Leptospira spp. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 21:463. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Fetcher A. 1985. Renal disease in cattle. I. Causative agents. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 7:701.
  23. Leonard FC, Quinn PJ, Ellis WA, et al. 1992. Duration of urinary excretion of leptospires by cattle naturally or experimentally infected with Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo. Vet Rec 131:435. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Ellis WA. 1994. Leptospirosis as a cause of reproductive failure. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 10:463. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Prescott J. 1991. Treatment of leptospirosis. Cornell Vet 81:7. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Smith CR, Ketterer PJ, McGowan MR, et al. 1994. A review of laboratory techniques and their use in the diagnosis of Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo infection in cattle. Aust Vet J 71:290. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Bolin CA, Zuerner RL, Trueba G. 1989. Comparison of three techniques to detect Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis in bovine urine. Am J Vet Res 50:1001. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Adler B, Lo M, Seemann T, et al. 2011. Pathogenesis of leptospirosis: the influence of genomics. Vet Microbiol 153:73. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Bomfim MR, Ko A, Koury MC. 2005. Evaluation of the recombinant LipL32 in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of bovine leptospirosis. Vet Microbiol 109:89. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Surujballi O, Elmgren C. 2000. Monoclonal antibodies suitable for incorporation into a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of specific antibodies to Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. Vet Microbiol 71:149. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Surujballi O, Mallory M. 2001. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona antibodies in bovine sera. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 8:40. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Surujballi O, Mallory M. 2004. An indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of bovine antibodies to multiple Leptospira serovars. Can J Vet Res 68:1. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Bolin CA, Alt DP. 2001. Use of a monovalent leptospiral vaccine to prevent renal colonization and urinary shedding in cattle exposed to Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo. Am J Vet Res 62:995. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Otaka DY, Martins G, Hamond C, et al. 2012. Serology and PCR for bovine leptospirosis: herd and individual approaches. Vet Rec 170:338. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Levett PN. 2003. Usefulness of serologic analysis as a predictor of the infecting serovar in patients with severe leptospirosis. Clin Infect Dis 36:447. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Heinemann MB, Garcia JF, Nunes CM, et al. 2000. Detection and differentiation of Leptospira spp. serovars in bovine semen by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Vet Microbiol 73:261. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Suwimonteerabutr J, Chaicumpa W, Saengjaruk P, et al. 2005. Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based dot-blot ELISA for detection of Leptospira spp in bovine urine samples. Am J Vet Res 66:762. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Wagenaar J, Zuerner RL, Alt D, et al. 2000. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction assays with bacteriologic culture, immunofluorescence, and nucleic acid hybridization for detection of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo in urine of cattle. Am J Vet Res 61:316. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Nervig RM, Garrett LA. 1979. Use of furosemide to obtain bovine urine samples for leptospiral isolation. Am J Vet Res 40:1197. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Saglam YS, Temur A, Aslan A. 2003. Detection of leptospiral antigens in kidney and liver of cattle. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 110:75. PUBMED Abstract
  41. Hospenthal DR, Murray CK. 2003. In vitro susceptibilities of seven Leptospira species to traditional and newer antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:2646. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Kim D, Kordick D, Divers T, et al. 2006. In vitro susceptibilities of Leptospira spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi isolates to amoxicillin, tilmicosin, and enrofloxacin. J Vet Sci 7:355. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Murray CK, Hospenthal DR. 2004. Determination of susceptibilities of 26 Leptospira sp. serovars to 24 antimicrobial agents by a broth microdilution technique. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48:4002. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Alt DP, Zuerner RL, Bolin CA. 2001. Evaluation of antibiotics for treatment of cattle infected with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:636. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Cortese VS, Behan S, Galvin JE, et al. 2007. Evaluation of two antimicrobial therapies in the treatment of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo infection in experimentally infected cattle. Vet Ther 8:201. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Bolin CA, Thiermann AB, Handsaker AL, et al. 1989. Effect of vaccination with a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine on Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis infection of pregnant cattle. Am J Vet Res 50:161. PUBMED Abstract
  47. Bolin CA, Zuerner RL, Trueba G. 1989. Effect of vaccination with a pentavalent leptospiral vaccine containing Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo type hardjo-bovis on type hardjo-bovis infection of cattle. Am J Vet Res 50:2004. PUBMED Abstract
  48. Brown RA, Blumerman S, Gay C, et al. 2003. Comparison of three different leptospiral vaccines for induction of a type 1 immune response to Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo. Vaccine 21:4448. PUBMED Abstract
  49. Naiman BM, Alt D, Bolin CA, et al. 2001. Protective killed Leptospira borgpetersenii vaccine induces potent Th1 immunity comprising responses by CD4 and gammadelta T lymphocytes. Infect Immun 69:7550. PUBMED Abstract
  50. Naiman BM, Blumerman S, Alt D, et al. 2002. Evaluation of type 1 immune response in naive and vaccinated animals following challenge with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar hardjo: involvement of WC1(+) gammadelta and CD4 T cells. Infect Immun 70:6147. PUBMED Abstract