Chapter 37 Diseases of the Hematopoietic and Hemolymphatic Systems

Diseases Associated with Blood Loss or Hemostatic Dysfunction

Schmall LM, Muir WW, Robertson JT. 1990. Haemodynamic effects of small volume hypertonic saline in experimentally induced haemorrhagic shock. Equine Vet J 22:273. PUBMED Abstract
Bertone JJ, Shoemaker KE. 1992. Effects of hypertonic and isotonic saline solutions on plasma constituents of conscious horses. Am J Vet Res 53:1844. PUBMED Abstract
Kallfelz FA, Whitlock RH, Schultz RD. 1978. Survival of 59Fe-labeled erythrocytes in cross-transfused equine blood. Am J Vet Res 39:617. PUBMED Abstract
Stormont CJ. 1982. Blood groups in animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:1120. PUBMED Abstract
Pascoe RR. 1979. Rupture of the utero-ovarian and middle uterine artery in the mare at or near parturition. Vet Rec 104:77. PUBMED Abstract
Green SL, Specht TE, Dowling SC, et al. 1988. Hemoperitoneum caused by rupture of a juvenile granulose cell tumor in an equine neonate. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1417. PUBMED Abstract
Mongil CM, Drobatz KJ, Hendricks JC. 1995. Traumatic hemoperitoneum in 28 cases: a retrospective review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:217. PUBMED Abstract
Van Hoogmoed L, Snyder JR. 1996. Acute small intestinal injury associated with hematomas in the mesentery of four horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1453. PUBMED Abstract
Southwood LL, Schott HC, Henry CJ, et al. 2000. Disseminated hemangiosarcoma in the horse: 35 cases. J Vet Intern Med 14:105. PUBMED Abstract
Pusterla N, Fecteau ME, Madigan JE, et al. 2005. Acute hemoperitoneum in horses: a review of 19 cases (1992-2003). J Vet Intern Med 19:344. PUBMED Abstract
Dechant JE, Nieto JE, Le Jeune SS. 2006. Hemoperitoneum in horses: 67 cases (1989-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:253. PUBMED Abstract
Magdesian KG, Fielding L, Rhodes DM, et al. 2006. Changes in central venous pressure and blood lactate concentration in response to acute blood loss in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:1458. PUBMED Abstract
Perkins G, Ainsworth DM, Yeager A. 1999. Hemothorax in 2 horses. J Vet Intern Med 13:375. PUBMED Abstract
Schambourg MA, Laverty S, Mullim S, et al. 2003. Thoracic trauma in foals: post mortem findings. Equine Vet J 35:78. PUBMED Abstract
Sweeney CR. 1991. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 7:93. PUBMED Abstract
Meyer TS, Fedde MR, Gaughan EM, et al. 1998. Quantification of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage with bronchoalveolar lavage. Equine Vet J 30:284. PUBMED Abstract
Takahashi T, Hiraga A, Ohmura H, et al. 2001. Frequency of and risk factors for epistaxis associated with exercise-induced pulmonary race starts (1992-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1462. PUBMED Abstract
Vatistas NJ, Snyder JR, Carlson GP, et al. 1999. Cross-sectional study of gastric ulcers of the squamous mucosa in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J S29:34. PUBMED Abstract
McClure SR, Glickman LT, Glickman NW. 1999. Prevalence of gastric ulcers in show horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:1130. PUBMED Abstract
Brosnahan MM, Paradis MR. 2003. Demographic and clinical characteristics of geriatric horses: 467 cases (1989-1999). J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:93. PUBMED Abstract
Nieto JE, Snyder JR, Beldomenico P, et al. 2004. Prevalence of gastric ulcers in endurance horses—a preliminary report. Vet J 167:33. PUBMED Abstract
Dukti SA, Perkins S, Murphy J, et al. 2006. Prevalence of gastric squamous ulceration in horses with abdominal pain. Equine Vet J 38:347. PUBMED Abstract
Le Jeune SS, Nieto JE, Dechant JE, et al. 2006. Prevalence of gastric ulcers in Thoroughbred broodmares in pasture. AAEP Proc 52:264.
Bueno AC, Seahorn TL, Moore RM. 2000. Diagnosis and treatment of right dorsal colitis in horses. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 22:173.
Cohen ND. 2002. Right dorsal colitis. Equine Vet Educ 14:212.
Mosher DF. 1999. Disorders of blood coagulation, pp 999-1017. In Goldman L, Bennett JC (eds), Cecil textbook of medicine, ed 21. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
Weiss DJ, Rashid S. 1998. The sepsis-coagulant axis: a review. J Vet Intern Med 12:317. PUBMED Abstract
Collen D, Lijner HR. 1991. Basic and clinical aspects of fibrinolysis and thrombolysis. Blood 78:3114. PUBMED Abstract
Clouse LH, Camp PC. 1986. The regulation of hemostasis: the protein C system. N Engl J Med 314:1298. PUBMED Abstract
Moore BR, Hinchcliff KW. 1994. Heparin: a review of its pharmacological therapeutic use in horses. J Vet Intern Med 48:26. PUBMED Abstract
Collatos C, Barton MH, Prasse KW, et al. 1995. Intravascular and peritoneal coagulation and fibrinolysis in horses with acute gastrointestinal tract diseases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:465. PUBMED Abstract

Inherited Coagulation Disorders

Turrentine MA, Sculley PW, Green EM, et al. 1986. Prekallikrein deficiency in a family of miniature horses. Am J Vet Res 47:2464. PUBMED Abstract
Geor RJ, Jackson ML, Lewis KD, et al. 1990. Prekallikrein deficiency in a family of Belgian horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:741. PUBMED Abstract
Revenko AS, Gao D, Crosby JR, et al. 2011. Selective depletion of plasma prekallikrein or coagulation factor XII inhibits thrombosis in mice without increased risk of bleeding. Blood 118:5302. PUBMED Abstract
Bird JE, Smith PL, Wang X, et al. 2012. Effects of plasma kallikrein deficiency on haemostasis and thrombosis in mice: murine ortholog of the Fletcher trait. Thromb Haemost 107:1141. PUBMED Abstract
Gentry PA, Crane S, Lotz F. 1975. Factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent) deficiency in cattle. Can Vet J 16:160. PUBMED Abstract
Brush PJ, Anderson PH, Gunning RF. 1987. Identification of factor XI deficiency in Holstein-Friesian cattle in Britain. Vet Rec 121:14. PUBMED Abstract
Kunieda M, Tsuji T, Abbasi AR, et al. 2005. An insertion mutation of the bovine F11 gene is responsible for factor XI deficiency in Japanese black cattle. Mamm Genome 15:383. PUBMED Abstract
Marron BM, Robinson JL, Gentry PA, et al. 2004. Identification of a mutation associated with factor XI deficiency in Holstein cattle. Anim Genet 35:454. PUBMED Abstract
Gurgul A, Rubis D, Slota E. 2009. Identification of carriers of the mutation causing coagulation factor XI deficiency in Polish Holstein-Friesian cattle. J Appl Genet 50:149. PUBMED Abstract
Meydan H, Yildiz MA, Ozdil F, et al. 2009. Identification of factor XI deficiency in Holstein cattle in Turkey. Acta Vet Scand 51:149. PUBMED Abstract
Gentry PA, Black WD. 1980. Prevalence and inheritance of factor XI (plasma thromboplastin antecedent) deficiency in cattle. J Dairy Sci 63:616. PUBMED Abstract
Meydan H, Yildiz MA, Agerholm JS. 2010. Screening for bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency, deficiency of uridine monophosphate synthase, complex vertebral malformation, bovine citrullinaemia, and factor XI deficiency in Holstein cattle reared in Turkey. Acta Vet Scand 52:52. PUBMED Abstract
Watanabe D, Hirano T, Sugimoto Y, et al. 2006. Carrier rate of factor XI deficiency in stunted Japanese Black cattle. J Vet Med Sci 70:293. PUBMED Abstract
Coomber BL, Galligan CL, Gentry PA. 1997. Comparison of in vitro function of neutrophils from cattle deficient in plasma factor XI activity and from normal animals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 58:121. PUBMED Abstract
Liptrap RM, Gentry PA, Ross ML, et al. 1995. Preliminary findings of altered follicular activity in Holstein cows with factor XI deficiency. Vet Res Commun 19:463. PUBMED Abstract
Gentry PA, Ross ML. 1994. Coagulation factor XI deficiency in Holstein cattle: expression and distribution of factor XI activity. Can J Vet Res 58:242. PUBMED Abstract
Henninger RW. 1988. Hemophilia A in two related Quarter Horse colts. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:91. PUBMED Abstract
Moritomo Y, Shimojo K, Miyadera K, et al. 2008. Clinical and pathological aspects of hemophilia A in Japanese Brown cattle. J Vet Med Sci 70:293. PUBMED Abstract
Healy PJ, Sewell CA, Exner T, et al. 1984. Haemophilia in Hereford cattle: factor VIII deficiency. Aust Vet J 61:132. PUBMED Abstract
Khalaj M, Abassi AR, Shimojo K, et al. 2009. A missense mutation (p.Leu2153His) of the factor VIII gene causes cattle haemophilia A. Anim Genet 40:763. PUBMED Abstract
Brooks M, Leith GS, Allen AK, et al. 1991. Bleeding disorder (von Willebrand disease) in a Quarter Horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 98:114. PUBMED Abstract
Baker DC, Robbe SL, Jacobsen L, et al. 1999. Hereditary deficiency of vitamin-K-dependent coagulation factors in Rambouillet sheep. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 10:75. PUBMED Abstract
Hinton M, Jones DR, Lewis IM, et al. 1977. A clotting disorder in an Arab colt foal. Equine Vet J 9:1. PUBMED Abstract

Thrombasthenia in Horses

George JN, Caen JP, Nurden A. 1990. Glanzmann's thrombasthenia: the spectrum of clinical disease. Blood 75:1383. PUBMED Abstract
Boudreaux MK, Kvam K, Dillon AR, et al. 2001. Type I Glanzmann's thrombasthenia in a Great Pyrenees dog. Vet Pathol 38:249.
Sutherland RJ, Cambridge H, Bolton JR. 1989. Functional and morphological studies on blood platelets in a thrombasthenic horse. Aust Vet J 66:366. PUBMED Abstract
Miura N, Senba H, Ogawa H, et al. 1987. A case of equine thrombasthenia. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 49:155. PUBMED Abstract
Livesey L, Christopherson P, Hammod A, et al. 2005. Platelet dysfunction (Glazmann's thrombasthenia) in horses. J Vet Intern Med 19:917. PUBMED Abstract
Macieira S, Rivard G, Champagne J, et al. 2007. Glanzmann thrombasthenia in an Oldenburg Filly. Vet Clin Pathol 36:204. PUBMED Abstract
Sanz MG, Wills TB, Christopherson P, et al. 2011. Glanzmann thrombasthenia in a 17-year-old Peruvian Paso mare. Vet Clin Pathol 40:48. PUBMED Abstract
Macieira S, Lussier J, Bedard C. 2011. Characterization of the cDNA and genomic DNA sequence encoding for the platelet integrin alpha IIB and beta III in a horse with Glanzmann thrombasthenia. Can J Vet Res 75:222. PUBMED Abstract
Christopherson PW, Insalaco TA, Van Santen VL, et al. 2006. Characterization of the cDNA endogen αIIb and β3 in normal horses and two horses with Glanzmann Thrombasthenia. Vet Pathol 43:78. PUBMED Abstract
Christopherson PW, van Santen VL, Livesey L, et al. 2007. A 10-base-pair deletion in the gene encoding platelet glycoprotein IIb associated with Glanzmann thrombasthenia in a horse. J Vet Intern Med 21:196. PUBMED Abstract
Fry MM, Walker NJ, Blevins GM, et al. 2005. Novel platelet function defect in a Thoroughbred filly. J Vet Intern Med 19:359. PUBMED Abstract
Norris JW, Pratt SM, Auh JH, et al. 2006. Investigation of a novel heritable bleeding diathesis of Thoroughbred horses and development of a screening assay. J Vet Intern Med 20:1450. PUBMED Abstract
Norris JW, Pratt SM, Hunter JF, et al. 2007. Prevalence of reduced fibrinogen binding to platelets in a population of Thoroughbreds. Am J Vet Res 68:716. PUBMED Abstract

Acquired Hemostatic Disorders

Rosenwasser LJ. 1999. The vasculitic syndromes, pp 1490-1493. In Goldman L, Bennett JC (eds), Cecil textbook of medicine, ed 21. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
Morris DD. 1987. Cutaneous vasculitis in horses: 19 cases (1978-1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:460. PUBMED Abstract
Morris DD, Miller WH Jr, Goldschmidt MH, et al. 1983. Chronic necrotizing vasculitis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:579. PUBMED Abstract
Werner LL, Gross TL, Hillidge CJ. 1984. Acute necrotizing vasculitis and thrombocytopenia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:87. PUBMED Abstract
Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff K. 2006. Veterinary medicine, ed 10. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
Morris DD. 1995. The haemolymphatic system, pp 409-451. In Higgins AJ, Wright IM (eds), The equine manual. WB Saunders, London.
Pusterla N, Watson JL, Affolter VK, et al. 2003. Purpura haemorrhagica in 53 horses. Vet Rec 153:118. PUBMED Abstract
Logus DB, Barbet JL. 1999. Diseases characterized by ulceration, exudation and crusting of the distal extremities, pp 1922-1925. In Colahan PT (eds), Equine medicine and surgery, ed 5. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
Moriello KA, Deboer DJ, Semrad SD. 1998. Vasculitis and purpura hemorrhagica. In Reed SM, Bayly WM (eds), Equine internal medicine. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
Kaese HJ, Valberg SJ, Hayden DW, et al. 2005. Infarctive purpura hemorrhagica in five horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:1893. PUBMED Abstract
Gorbalenya AE, Enjuanes L, Ziebuhr L, et al. 2006. Nidovirales: evolving the largest RNA virus genome. Virus Res 117:17. PUBMED Abstract
Bryans JT, Doll ER, Knappenberger RE. 1957. An outbreak of abortion caused by the equine arteritis virus. Cornell Vet 47:69. PUBMED Abstract
Del Piero F. 2000. Equine viral arteritis. Vet Pathol 37:287. PUBMED Abstract
Samper JC, Tibary A. 2006. Disease transmission in horses. Theriogenology 66:551. PUBMED Abstract
Bryants JT, Doll ER, Crowe ME, et al. 1957. The blood picture and thermal reaction in experimental viral arteritis of horses. Cornell Vet 47:42. PUBMED Abstract
Guthrie A, Howell PG, Hedges JF, et al. 2003. Lateral transmission of equine arteritis virus among Lipizzaner stallions in South Africa. Equine Vet J 35:596. PUBMED Abstract
Powell DG. 2006. EVA outbreak in New Mexico. Equine Dis Quarterly 15:2.

Anaplasma phagocytophila Infection in Horses

Gribble DH. 1969. Equine ehrlichiosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:462. PUBMED Abstract
Dumler JS, Barbet AF, Bekker CP, et al. 2001. Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and “HGE agent” as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:2145. PUBMED Abstract
Dumler JS, Asanovich KM, Bakken JS, et al. 1995. Serologic cross-reactions among Ehrlichia equi, Ehrlichia phagocytophila, and human granulocytic Ehrlichia. J Clin Microbiol 33:1098. PUBMED Abstract
Madigan JE, Gribble D. 1987. Equine ehrlichiosis in northern California: 49 cases (1968-1982). J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:445. PUBMED Abstract
Madigan JE, Barlough JE, Dumler JS, et al. 1996. Equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Connecticut caused by an agent resembling the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. J Clin Microbiol 34:434. PUBMED Abstract
Reubel GH, Kimsey RB, Barlough JE, et al. 1998. Experimental transmission of Ehrlichia equi to horses through naturally infected ticks (Ixodes pacificus) from northern California. J Clin Microbiol 36:1231. PUBMED Abstract
Vredevoe LK, Richter PJ, Madigan JE, et al. 1999. Association of Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) with the spatial and temporal distribution of equine granulocytic ehrlichiosis in California. J Med Entomol 36:551. PUBMED Abstract
Pusterla N, Chae JS, Kimsey RB, et al. 2002. Transmission of Anaplasma phagocytophila (human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent) in horses using experimentally infected ticks (Ixodes scapularis). J Vet Med B 49:484. PUBMED Abstract
Ogden NH, Woldehiwet Z, Hart CA. 1998. Granulocytic ehrlichiosis: an emerging or rediscovered tick-borne disease. J Med Microbiol 47:475. PUBMED Abstract
Lepidi H, Bunnell JE, Martin ME, et al. 2000. Comparative pathology, and immunohistology associated with clinical illness after Ehrlichia phagocytophila-group infections. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62:29. PUBMED Abstract
Van Andel AE, Magnarelli LA, Heimer R, et al. 1998. Development and duration of antibody response against Ehrlichia equi in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1910. PUBMED Abstract
Pusterla N, Huder JB, Leutenegger CM, et al. 1999. Quantitative real-time PCR for detection of members of the Ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup in host animals and Ixodes ricinus ticks. J Clin Microbiol 37:1329. PUBMED Abstract
Madigan JE, Hietala S, Chalmers S, et al. 1990. Seroepidemiologic survey of antibodies to Ehrlichia equi in horses of northern California. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1962. PUBMED Abstract

Thrombocytopenia

Gordon BJ, Latimer KS, Murray CM, et al. 1986. Evaluation of leukapheresis and thrombocytapheresis in the horse. Am J Vet Res 47:997. PUBMED Abstract
Morris DD. 1992. Idiopathic thrombocytopenia, pp 507-510. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 3. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
Searcy GP, Orr JP. 1981. Chronic granulocytic leukemia in a horse. Can Vet J 22:148. PUBMED Abstract
Brumbaugh GW, Stitzel KA, Zinkl JG, et al. 1982. Myelomonocytic myeloproliferative disease in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:313. PUBMED Abstract
Burkhardt E, Von Saldern F, Huskamp B. 1984. Monocytic leukemia in a horse. Vet Pathol 21:394. PUBMED Abstract
Morris DD, Bloom JC, Roby KA, et al. 1984. Eosinophilic myeloproliferative disorder in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:993. PUBMED Abstract
Cohen ND, Carter KG. 1991. Persistent thrombocytopenia in a case of equine infectious anemia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:750. PUBMED Abstract
Reef VB, Dyson SS, Beech J. 1984. Lymphosarcoma and associated immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:313. PUBMED Abstract
Sockett DC, Traub-Dargatz J, Weiser MG. 1987. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:308. PUBMED Abstract
Buechner-Maxwell V, Scott MA, Godber L, et al. 1997. Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in a quarter horse foal. J Vet Intern Med 11:304. PUBMED Abstract
Ramirez S, Gaunt SD, McClure JJ, et al. 1999. Detection and effects on platelet function of anti-platelet antibody in mule foals with experimentally induced neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. J Vet Intern Med 13:534. PUBMED Abstract
Shuman M. 2006. Hemorrhagic disorders: abnormalities of platelets and vascular function, pp 997-987. In Golman L, Krevans J (eds), Cecil textbook of medicine, ed 22. Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA.
Morris DD, Whitlock RH. 1983. Relapsing idiopathic thrombocytopenia in a horse. Equine Vet J 15:73. PUBMED Abstract
Jans HE, Armstrong J, Price GS. 1990. Therapy of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia. J Vet Intern Med 4:4. PUBMED Abstract
Nelson RW, Couto GC. 2003. Small animal internal medicine, ed 3. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
Blanchette V, Imbach P, Andrew M, et al. 1994. Randomised trial of intravenous immunoglobulin G, intravenous anti-D and oral prednisone in childhood acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Lancet 344:703. PUBMED Abstract

Disorders of Coagulation Factors

Gando S, Kameue T, Nanzaki S, et al. 1996. Disseminated intravascular coagulation as a frequent complication of systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Thromb Haemost 75:224. PUBMED Abstract
Morris DD, Beech J. 1983. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in six horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:1067. PUBMED Abstract
Vestweber JGE, Krukenberg SM, Spencer H. 1983. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in a cow with coliform mastitis. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5:S185.
Buntain B. 1980. Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC) in a cow with left displaced abomasum, metritis, and mastitis. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 75:1023. PUBMED Abstract
Morris DD, Vaala WE, Sartin E. 1982. Protein-losing enteropathy in a yearling filly with subclinical disseminated intravascular coagulation and autoimmune hemolytic disease. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 4:S542.
Dolente BA, Wilkins PA, Boston RC. 2002. Clinicopathologic evidence of DIC in horses with acute colitis. J Am Vet Met Assoc 220:1034. PUBMED Abstract
Roby KAW, Bloom JC, Becht JL. 1987. Postpartum hemolytic-uremic syndrome in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:187. PUBMED Abstract
Baxter GM. 1986. Equine laminitis caused by distal displacement of the distal phalanx: 12 cases (1976-1985). J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:326. PUBMED Abstract
Weiss DJ, Trent AM, Johnston G. 1995. Prothrombotic events in prodromal stages of acute laminitis in horses. Am J Vet Res 56:986. PUBMED Abstract
MacLachlan NJ, Divers TJ. 1982. Hemolytic anemia and fibrinoid change of renal vessels in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:716. PUBMED Abstract
Dosquet C, Weill D, Wautier JL. 1995. Cytokines and thrombosis. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 25:513. PUBMED Abstract
Morris DD. 1991. Endotoxemia in horses: a review of cellular and humoral mediators involved in its pathogenesis. J Vet Intern Med 5:167. PUBMED Abstract
Couto CG. 1999. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in dogs and cats. Vet Med 94:547.
Triplett DA. 2000. Coagulation and bleeding disorders: review and update. Clin Chem 46:1260. PUBMED Abstract
Silver D, Kapsch DN, Tsoi EK. 1983. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, thrombosis and hemorrhage. Ann Surg 198:301. PUBMED Abstract
Moore JN, Mahaffey EA, Zboran M. 1987. Heparin-induced agglutination of erythrocytes in horses. Am J Vet Res 48:68. PUBMED Abstract
Robinson NE. 2003. Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 5. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
Turner TA. 1996. Management of navicular disease in horses: an update. Mod Vet Pract 1:24.
Vrins A, Carlson G, Feldman B. 1983. Warfarin: a review with emphasis on its use in the horse. Can Vet J 24:211. PUBMED Abstract
Scott EA, Byars TD, Lamar AM. 1980. Warfarin anticoagulation in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 177:1146. PUBMED Abstract
Rebhun WC, Tennant BC, Dill SG, et al. 1984. Vitamin K3-induced renal toxicosis in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:1237. PUBMED Abstract
Casper HH. 1982. Dicoumarol levels in sweet clover toxic to cattle. Annu Conv Vet Lab Diagn Proc 25:41.

Bovine Anaplasmosis

Aubrey P, Geale DW. 2011. A review of bovine anaplasmosis. Transbound Emerg Dis 58:1. PUBMED Abstract
Rar V, Golovljova I. 2010. Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and “Candidatus Neoehrlichia” bacteria: pathogenicity, biodiversity, and molecular genetic characteristics, a review. Infect Genet Evol 11:1842. PUBMED Abstract
Chandrashekar R, Mainville CA, Beall MJ, et al. 2010. Performance of a commercially available in-clinic ELISA for the detection of antibodies against Anaplasma phagocytophilium, Ehrlichia canis, and Borrelia burgdorferi and Dirofilaria immitis antigen in dogs. Am J Vet Res 71:1443. PUBMED Abstract
de la Fuente J, Atkinson M, Hogg JT, et al. 2006. Genetic characterization of Anaplasma ovis strains from Bighorn Sheep in Montana. J Wildl Dis 42:381. PUBMED Abstract
Bradway DS, Torioni de Echaide S, Knowles DP, et al. 2001. Sensitivity and specificity of the complement fixation test for detection of Anaplasma marginale persistently infected carriers. J Vet Diag Invest 13:77. PUBMED Abstract
de la Fuente J, Ruybal P, Mtshali MS, et al. 2007. Analysis of world strains of Anaplasma marginale using major surface protein 1a repeat sequences. Vet Microl 119:382. PUBMED Abstract
Brayton KA, Meeus PF, Barbet AF, et al. 2003. Simultaneous variation of the immunodominant outer membrane proteins MSP2 and MSP3 during Anaplasma marginale persistence in vivo. Infect Immun 71:6627. PUBMED Abstract
Brown WC. 2012. Adaptive immunity to Anaplasma pathogens and immune dysregulation: implications for bacterial persistence. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 35:241. PUBMED Abstract
Coetzee JF, Apley MD, Kocan KM, et al. 2005. Comparison of three oxytetracycline regimes for the treatment of persistent Anaplasma marginale infections in beef cattle. Vet Parasitol 127:61. PUBMED Abstract
Coetzee JF, Apley MD, Kocan KM. 2006. Comparison of the efficacy of enrofloxacin, imidocarb, and oxytetracycline for the clearance of persistent Anaplasma marginale infections in cattle. Vet Ther 7:347. PUBMED Abstract

Babesiosis

Wright IG. 1981. Biochemical characteristics of Babesia and physicochemical reactions in the host. In Ristic M, Kreier JP (eds), Babesiosis. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Francis S. 1966. Resistance of zebu and other cattle to tick infestation and babesiosis with special reference to Australia: a historical review. Br Vet J 122:301.
Mahoney DF. 1983. Studies on the protection of cattle against Babesia bovis infection. In Dunsmore JD (ed), Tropical parasitoses and parasitic zoonoses. World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology, Perth, Australia.
Levy MG, Clabaugh G, Ristic M. 1982. Age resistance in bovine babesiosis: role of blood factors in resistance to Babesia bovis. Infect Immun 37:1127. PUBMED Abstract
Mahoney DF, Wright IG, Mirre GB. 1973. Bovine babesiosis: the persistence of immunity to Babesia argentina and B. bigemina in calves (Bos taurus) after naturally acquired infection. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 67:197. PUBMED Abstract
Robertson A. 1976. Handbook on animal diseases in the tropics, ed 3. British Veterinary Association, London, England.
Kuttler KL. 1984. Babesiosis. In Trevono GS, Hyde JL (eds), Foreign animal diseases, U.S. Animal Health Association, Richmond, VA.
Weright IG. 1972. Studies on the pathogenesis of Babesia argentina and Babesia bigemina infections in splenectomized calves. Z Parasitenkd 39:85. PUBMED Abstract
Kuttler KL, Adams LG, Todorovic RA. 1977. Comparisons of the complement-fixation and indirect fluorescent antibody reactions in the detection of bovine babesiosis. Am J Vet Res 38:153. PUBMED Abstract
Madruga CR, Aycardi E, Kessler RH, et al. 1984. Antibody levels anti-Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis in calves of Nelore and Ibage breeds and Nelore crosses. Pesq Aqropec Gras Brasilia 19:1163.
Anonymous: Microtiter technique for the complement-fixation test for anaplasmosis, Beltsville, 1974, USDA.
Mahoney DF. 1967. Bovine babesiosis: preparation and assessment of complement fixing antigens. Exp Parasitol 20:232-241. PUBMED Abstract
Todorovic RA, Adams LG. 1971. Serodiagnosis of babesiosis. World Vet Cong Proc 19:1114.
Zuckerman A, Ristic M. 1968. Blood parasite antigens and antibodies. In Weinman D, Ristic M (eds), Infectious blood diseases of man and animals. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Todorovic RA, Kuttler KL. 1974. A babesiosis card agglutination test. Am J Vet Res 35:1347. PUBMED Abstract
Barry DN, Rodwell BJ, Timms P, et al. 1982. A microplate enzyme immunoassay for detecting and measuring antibodies to Babesia bovis in cattle serum. Aust Vet J 59:136. PUBMED Abstract
Figueroa JV, Buening GM. 1994. Nucleic acid probes as a diagnostic method for tick-borne hemoparasites of veterinary importance. Vet Parasitol 75:75. PUBMED Abstract
Kuttler KL. 1981. Chemotherapy of babesiosis: a review. In Ristic M, Dreier JP (eds), Babesiosis. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Kuttler KL, Graham OH, Trevino JL. 1975. The effect of imidocarb treatment on Babesia in the bovine and the tick (Boophilus microplus). Res Vet Sci 18:198. PUBMED Abstract
Todorovic RA, Vizcaino OG, Gonzales ED, et al. 1974. Chemoprophylaxis (imidocarb) against Babesia bigeminia and Babesia argentina infections. Am J Vet Res 39:1153. PUBMED Abstract
Todorovic RA, Gonzales ED, Adams LG. 1975. Babesia bigemina, Babesia argentina, Anaplasma marginale: coinfectious immunity in bovines. Exp Parasitol 37:179. PUBMED Abstract
Kuttler KL, Johnson LW. 1980. Immunization of cattle with a Babesia bigemina antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant. Am J Vet Res 41:536. PUBMED Abstract
Montenegro-James S, Ristic M, Benitez MT, et al. 1985. Heterologous strain immunity in bovine babesiosis using a culture-derived soluble Babesia bovis immunogen. Vet Parasitol 19L:321-337. PUBMED Abstract
Wright IG, Mirre BG, Rode-Gramanis K, et al. 1985. Protective vaccination against virulent Babesia bovis with a low-molecular-weight antigen. Infect Immun 48:109. PUBMED Abstract
Mehlhorn H, Schein E. 1998. Redescription of Babesia equi Lavern, 1901 as Theileria equi. Parasitol Res 84:467. PUBMED Abstract
Frerichs MW, Allen PC, Holbrook AA. 1973. Equine piroplasmosis (Babesia equi): therapeutic trials of imidocarb dihydrochloride in horses and donkeys. Vet Rec 93:73. PUBMED Abstract
Kuttler KL, Zaugg JL, Gipson CA. 1987. Imidocarb and parvaquone in the treatment of piroplasmosis (Babesia equi) in equids. Am J Vet Res 48:1613. PUBMED Abstract
Zaugg J. 1993. Buparvaquone in the treatment of equine piroplasmosis (Babesia equi) of European origin. Equine Practice 15:19.

Haemobartonellosis (Eperythrozoonosis) and Theileriasis

Smith JA, Thrall MA, Smith JL, et al. 1989. Eperythrozoon wenyoni infection in dairy heifers. ACVIM Proc 7.
Jain NC. 1986. Schalm's veterinary hematology, ed 4. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
Chae J, Lee J, Kwon O, et al. 1998. Nucleotide sequence heterogeneity in the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene variable (V4) region among and within geographic isolates of Theileria from cattle, elk and white-tailed deer. Vet Parasitol 75:42.
Stockman SL, Kjemtrup AM, Conrad PA, et al. 2000. Theileriosis in a Missouri beef herd caused by Theileria buffeli: case report, herd investigation, ultrastructure, phylogenetic analysis, and experimental transmission. Vet Pathol 37:11.

Equine Leptospirosis

Songer JG, Thiermann AB. 1988. Leptospirosis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1250. PUBMED Abstract
Barwick RS, Mohammed HO, McDonough PL, et al. 1998. Epidemiological features of equine Leptospira interrogans of human significance. Prev Vet Med 36:153. PUBMED Abstract
Donahue JM, Williams NM. 2000. Emergent causes of placentitis and abortions. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:443. PUBMED Abstract
Divers TJ. 2006. Equine leptospirosis: diagnosis, treatment and prevention. ACVIM Proc 24:140.
Faber NA, Crawford M, LeFebvre RB, et al. 2000. Detection of Leptospira spp. in the aqueous humor of horses with naturally acquired recurrent uveitis. J Clin Microbiol 38:2731. PUBMED Abstract
Conboy HS. 2005. Preventing contagious equine diseases. AAEP Proc 51:439.

Equine Infectious Anemia

Lignée M. 1843. Mémoire et observation sur une maladie de sang, conque sous le nom d'anémie hydrohemie, cachexie aqueuse du chaval. Rec Med Vet 20:30.
Carré H, Vallée H. 1904. Sur l'anémie infectieuse du cheval. Compt Rend Acad Sci 139:1239.
Coggins L, Norcross NL. 1970. Immunodiffusion reaction in equine infectious anemia. Cornell Vet 60:330. PUBMED Abstract
Coggins L, Norcross NL, Nusbaum SR. 1972. Diagnosis of equine infectious anemia by immunodiffusion test. Am J Vet Res 33:11. PUBMED Abstract
USDA. 2002. Equine infectious anemia: uniform methods and rules, pp. 1-12. United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.
Craigo JK, Leroux C, Howe L. 2002. Transient immune suppression of inapparent carriers infected with a principal neutralizing domain-deficient equine infectious anaemia virus induces neutralizing antibodies and lowers steady-state virus replication. J Gen Virol 83:1353. PUBMED Abstract
Oaks JL, Long MT, Baszler TV. 2004. Leukoencephalitis associated with selective viral replication in the brain of a pony with experimental chronic equine infectious anemia virus infection. Vet Pathol 41:527. PUBMED Abstract
Leroux C, Cadore JL, Montelaro RC. 2004. Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV): what has HIV's country cousin got to tell us? Vet Res 35:485. PUBMED Abstract
Kono Y, Kobayashi K, Fukunaga Y. 1973. Antigenic drift of equine infectious anemia virus in chronically infected horses. Arch Ges Virus Forsch 41:1. PUBMED Abstract
McGuire TC, Fraser DG, Mealey RH. 2002. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and neutralizing antibody in the control of equine infectious anemia virus. Viral Immunol 15:521. PUBMED Abstract
Sellon DC, Perry ST, Coggins L, et al. 1992. Wild-type equine infectious anemia virus replicates in vivo predominantly in tissue macrophages, not in peripheral blood monocytes. J Virol 66:5906. PUBMED Abstract
Oaks JL, McGuire TC, Ulibarri C, et al. 1998. Equine infectious anemia virus is found in tissue macrophages during subclinical infection. J Virol 72:7263. PUBMED Abstract
Rivera JA, McGuire TC. 2005. Equine infectious anemia virus-infected dendritic cells retain antigen presentation capability. Virology 335:145. PUBMED Abstract
Oaks JL, Ulibarri C, Crawford TB. 1999. Endothelial cell infection in vivo by equine infectious anaemia virus. J Gen Virol 80:2393. PUBMED Abstract
Lasne D, Jude B, Susen S. 2006. From normal to pathological hemostasis. Can J Anaesth 53:S2. PUBMED Abstract
Russell KE, Perkins PC, Hoffmann MR, et al. 1999. Platelets from thrombocytopenic ponies acutely infected with equine infectious anemia virus are activated in vivo and hypofunctional. Virology 259:7. PUBMED Abstract
Sellon DC. 1993. Equine infectious anemia. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 9:321. PUBMED Abstract
Russell KE, Walker KM, Miller RT, et al. 1998. Hyperglobulinemia and lymphocyte subset changes in naturally infected, inapparent carriers of equine infectious anemia virus. Am J Vet Res 59:1009. PUBMED Abstract

Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia

Beck DJ. 1990. A case of primary autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in a pony. Equine Vet J 22:292. PUBMED Abstract
Fenger CK, Hoffsis GF, Kociba CJ, et al. 1992. Idiopathic immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a calf. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:97. PUBMED Abstract
Ford RB. 1980. Immune-mediate hemolytic anemia: a clinical review. Calif Vet 34:13.
Mair TS, Taylor FG, Hillyer MH. 1990. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in eight horses. Vet Rec 126:51. PUBMED Abstract
Collins JD. 1975. Autoimmune haemolytic anemia in the horse. Equine Hematol Proc 1:342.
Blue JT, Dinsmore RP, Anderson KL. 1987. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia induced by penicillin in horses. Cornell Vet 77:263. PUBMED Abstract
Lokhurst HM, Breukink HJ. 1975. Auto-immune hemolytic anemia in two horses. Tijdschr Diergeneesk 100:752. PUBMED Abstract
Step DL, Blue JT, Dill SG. 1991. Penicillin-induced hemolytic anemia and acute hepatic failure following treatment of tetanus in a horse. Cornell Vet 81:13. PUBMED Abstract
McConnico RS, Roberts MC, Tompkins M. 1992. Penicillin-induced immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1402. PUBMED Abstract
Robbins RL, Wallace SS, Brunner CJ, et al. 1993. Immune-mediated haemolytic disease after penicillin therapy in a horse. Equine Vet J 25:462. PUBMED Abstract
Thomas HL, Livesey MA. 1998. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia associated with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole administration in a horse. Can Vet J 39:171. PUBMED Abstract
Wilkerson MJ, Davis J, Shuman W, et al. 2000. Isotype-specific antibodies in horses and dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. J Vet Intern Med 14:190. PUBMED Abstract
Geor RJ, Clark EG, Haines DM, et al. 1990. Systemic lupus erythematosus in a filly. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:1489. PUBMED Abstract
Messer NT, Arnold K. 1991. Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1415. PUBMED Abstract
Boyle AG, Magdesian KG, Ruby RE. 2005. Neonatal isoerythrolysis in horse foals and a mule foal: 18 cases (1988-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1276. PUBMED Abstract

Heinz Body Hemolytic Anemia

Harvey JW, Kaneko JJ. 1974. Interactions between methylene blue and erythrocytes of several mammalian species in vitro. Soc Exp Biol Med Proc 147:245. PUBMED Abstract
Easley JR. 1985. Erythrogram and red cell distribution width of equidae with experimentally induced anemia. Am J Vet Res 46:2378. PUBMED Abstract
Pierce KR, Joyce JR, England RB, et al. 1972. Acute hemolytic anemia caused by wild onion poisoning in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 160:323. PUBMED Abstract
Divers TJ, George LW, George JW. 1982. Hemolytic anemia in horses after the ingestion of red maple leaves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:300. PUBMED Abstract
George LW, Divers TJ, Mahaffey EA, et al. 1982. Heinz body anemia and methemoglobinemia in ponies given red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves. Vet Pathol 19:521. PUBMED Abstract
Tennant B, Dill SG, Glickman LT, et al. 1981. Acute hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia, and Heinz body formation associated with ingestion of red maple leaves by horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:143. PUBMED Abstract
Warner A. 1984. Methemoglobinemia and hemolytic anemia in a horse with acute renal failure. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 8:S465.
Weber M, Miller RE. 1997. Presumptive red maple (Acer rubrum) toxicosis in Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi). J Zoo Wildl Med 28:105. PUBMED Abstract
Dewitt SF, Bedenice D, Mazan MR. 2004. Hemolysis and Heinz body formation associated with ingestion of red maple leaves in two alpacas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:578. PUBMED Abstract
Alward A, Corriher CA, Barton MH, et al. 2006. Red maple (Acer rubrum) leaf toxicosis in horses: a retrospective study of 32 cases. J Vet Intern Med 20:1197. PUBMED Abstract
Simpson CF, Anderson B. 1980. Heinz body anemia in cattle grazing rye pastures. Florida Vet J 9:26.
Morris JG, Cripe WS, Chapman HL Jr, et al. 1984. Selenium deficiency in cattle associated with Heinz bodies and anemia. Science 223:491. PUBMED Abstract
Ellison RS, Young BJ, Read DH. 1991. Bovine post-parturient haemoglobinuria: two distinct entities in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 34:7. PUBMED Abstract
Rollins JB, Wigton DH, Clement TH. 1991. Heinz body anemia associated with lymphosarcoma in a horse. Equine Pract 13:20.
Boyer JD, Breeden DC, Brown DL. 2002. Isolation, identification, and characterization of compounds from Acer rubrum capable of oxidizing equine erythrocytes. Am J Vet Res 63:604. PUBMED Abstract
Dixon PM, McPherson EA, Muir A. 1977. Familial methaemoglobinaemia and haemolytic anaemia in the horse associated with decreased erythrocytic glutathione reductase and glutathione. Equine Vet J 9:198. PUBMED Abstract
McConnico RS, Brownie CF. 1992. The use of ascorbic acid in the treatment of 2 cases of red maple (Acer rubrum)-poisoned horses. Cornell Vet 82:293. PUBMED Abstract
Corriher CA, Parviainen AKJ, Gibbons DS, et al. 1999. Equine red maple leaf toxicosis. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 21:74.

Other Causes of Hemolytic Anemia

Norman TE, Chaffin MK, Johnson MC, et al. 2002. Intravascular hemolysis associated with severe cutaneous burn injuries in five horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:2039. PUBMED Abstract
Lawrence C, Atac B. 1992. Hematologic changes in massive burn injury. Crit Care Med 20:1284. PUBMED Abstract
Wong CH, Song C, Heng KS, et al. 2006. Plasma free hemoglobin: a novel diagnostic test for assessment of the depth of burn injury. Plast Reconstr Surg 117:1206. PUBMED Abstract
Paradis MR, Breeze RG, Bayly WM, et al. 1991. Acute hemolytic anemia after oral administration of L-tryptophan in ponies. Am J Vet Res 52:742. PUBMED Abstract
Paradis MR, Breeze RG, Laegreid WW, et al. 1991. Acute hemolytic anemia induced by oral administration of indole in ponies. Am J Vet Res 52:748. PUBMED Abstract
Shimizu Y, Naito Y, Murakami D. 1979. The experimental study on the mechanism of hemolysis on paroxysmal hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria in calves due to excessive water intake. Jpn J Vet Sci 41:583. PUBMED Abstract
Hannan J. 1965. Water intoxication of calves. Irish Vet J 19:211.
Wright MA. 1961. Haemaglobinuria from excessive water drinking. Vet Rec 73:129.
Kirkbride CA, Frey RA. 1967. Experimental water intoxication in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 151:742. PUBMED Abstract
MacWilliams PS, Searcy GP, Bellamy JEC. 1982. Bovine post-parturient haemoglobinuria: a review of the literature. Can Vet J 23:309. PUBMED Abstract
Parkinson B, Sutherland AK. 1954. Post-parturient haemoglobinuria of dairy cows. Aust Vet J 30:232.

Copper Toxicosis

Bostwick JL. 1982. Copper toxicosis in sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc 180:386. PUBMED Abstract
Auza NJ, Olson WG, Murphy MJ, et al. 1999. Diagnosis and treatment of copper toxicosis in ruminants. J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:1624. PUBMED Abstract
Soli NE. 1980. Chronic copper poisoning in sheep. A review of the literature. Nord Vet Med 32:75. PUBMED Abstract
Marston HR, Lee HJ. 1948. The effects of copper deficiency and of chronic overdosage with copper on Border Leicester and Merino sheep. J Agr Sci 38:229.
Bradley CH. 1990. Copper poisoning in a dairy herd fed a mineral supplement. Can Vet J 31:629. PUBMED Abstract
Gummow B. 1996. Experimentally induced copper toxicosis in cattle. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 63:277. PUBMED Abstract
Hartmans J. 1975. De frequentie van het optreden van kopervergiftiging bij schapen en de rol van het schapen-kracht-voer daarbij. Verslag van een enquete. [The incidence of copper poisoning in sheep and the role of concentrates as a causative factor. Report of an inquiry]. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 100:379. PUBMED Abstract
Hogan KG, Money Fl, Blaney A. 1968. The effect of molybdate and sulfate supplement on the accumulation of copper in the livers of penned sheep. N Z J Agr Res 11:435.
Todd JR. 1969. Chronic copper toxicity of ruminants. Proc Nutr Soc 28:189. PUBMED Abstract
Sass-Kortsak A. 1965. Copper metabolism. Adv Clin Chem 8:1. PUBMED Abstract
Weber KM, Boston RC, Leaver DD. 1980. A kinetic model of copper metabolism in sheep. Aust J Agric Res 31:773.
White RD, Swick RA, Cheeke PR. 1984. Effects of dietary copper and molybdenum on tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) toxicity in sheep. Am J Vet Res 45:159. PUBMED Abstract
Arora RG, Andersson L, Bucht RS, et al. 1977. Chronic copper toxicosis in sheep. Nord Vet Med 29:181. PUBMED Abstract
Macpherson A, Hemmingway RG. 1965. Effect of protein intake on the storage of copper in the liver of sheep. J Sci Food Agric 16:220.
Batey T, Berryman C, Line C. 1972. The disposal of copper-enriched pig manure slurry on grassland. J Brit Grassland Soc 27:139.
Bremner I, Young BW, Mills CF. 1976. Protective effects of zinc supplementation against copper toxicosis in sheep. Br J Nutr 36:551. PUBMED Abstract
Humphries WR, Phillippo M, Young BW, et al. 1983. The influence of dietary iron and molybdenum on copper metabolism in calves. Br J Nutr 49:77. PUBMED Abstract
Cousins RJ. 1983. Metallothionein—aspects related to copper and zinc metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 6:S15. PUBMED Abstract
Van Nierkerk FE, Cloete SW, Coetzer WA, et al. 1994. The assessment of the toxicity of parenteral treatment with copper EDTA and copper heptonate in sheep. J S Afr Vet Assoc 65:46. PUBMED Abstract
Mahmoud OH, Ford EJ. 1981. Injection of sheep with organic compounds of copper. Vet Rec 108:114. PUBMED Abstract
Humann-Ziehank E, Coenen M, Ganter M, et al. 2001. Long-term observation of subclinical chronic copper poisoning in two sheep breeds. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 48:429. PUBMED Abstract
Weiner G, Macleod NS, Breed M. 1970. Body weight and age as factors in the mortality rate of sheep following copper injection. Vet Rec 86:740. PUBMED Abstract
Gardiner B. 1978. Toxicity of copper injection. Vet Rec 103:408. PUBMED Abstract
Shand A, Lewis G. 1957. Chronic copper poisoning in young calves. Vet Rec 69:618.
Gooneratne SR, Howell J, Cook RD. 1980. An ultrastructural and morphometric study of the liver of normal and copper-poisoned sheep. Am J Pathol 99:429. PUBMED Abstract
Howell JM, Blakemore WF, Gopinath C, et al. 1974. Chronic copper poisoning and changes in the central nervous system of sheep. Acta Neuropath (Berl) 29:9. PUBMED Abstract
Tait RM, Krishnamurti CR, Gilchrist FW, et al. 1971. Chronic copper poisoning in feeder lambs. Can Vet J 12:73. PUBMED Abstract
Froslie A, Norheim G. 1976. The concentrations of molybdenum and zinc in liver in relation to copper accumulation in normal and copper poisoned sheep. Acta Vet Scand 17:307. PUBMED Abstract
Ganter M, Bickhardt K, Stockhofe N, et al. 1991. The diagnostic significance of some blood constituents and of liver biopsy in the chronic copper toxicosis in sheep. Tierarztl Prax 19:141. PUBMED Abstract
Harker DB. 1976. The use of molybdenum for the prevention of nutritional copper poisoning in housed sheep. Vet Rec 99:78. PUBMED Abstract
Blakley BR, Berzowski JA, Schiefer HB. 1982. Chronic copper toxicity in a dairy cow. Can Vet J 23:190. PUBMED Abstract
McCosker PJ. 1968. Observations on blood copper in sheep. II. Chronic copper poisoning. Res Vet Sci 9:103. PUBMED Abstract
Soli NE, Nafstad I. 1976. Chronic copper poisoning in sheep. Structural changes in erythrocytes and organs. Acta Vet Scand 17:316. PUBMED Abstract
Howell JM, Gopinath C. 1977. Copper toxicity in sheep: the effects of repeated intravenous injections of copper sulphate. Res Vet Sci 22:86. PUBMED Abstract
Soli N, Froslie A, Aaseth J. 1978. The mobilization of copper in sheep by chelating agents. Acta Vet Scand 19:422. PUBMED Abstract
Humann-Ziehank E, Bickhardt K. 2001. Effects of D-penicillamine on urinary copper excretion in high-copper supplemented sheep. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 48:537. PUBMED Abstract
Van Ryssen JBJ. 1994. The effectiveness of using supplementary zinc and molybdenum to reduce the copper content in the liver of hypercuprotic sheep. J S Afr Vet Assoc 65:59. PUBMED Abstract
Allen JD, Gawthorne JM. 1987. Involvement of the solid phase of rumen digesta in the interaction between copper, molybdenum, and sulphur in sheep. Br J Nutr 58:265. PUBMED Abstract
Marcilese NA, Ammerman CB, Valsecchi RM, et al. 1969. Effect of dietary molybdenum and sulphate upon urinary excretion of copper in sheep. J Ntr 99:177. PUBMED Abstract
Ogra Y, Ohmichi M, Suzuki KT. 1996. Mechanisms of selective copper removal by tetrathiomolybdate from metallothionein in LEC rats. Toxicology 106:75. PUBMED Abstract
Perez-Hernandez A, Lopez Lopez R. 1988. Intoxicacion cronica de cobre en bovinos. Vet Mex 19:241.
Kumaratilake JS, Howell JM. 1989. Intravenously administered tetrathiomolybdate and the removal of copper from the liver of copper-loaded sheep. J Comp Pathol 101:177. PUBMED Abstract
Howell JM, Kumaratilake JS. 1990. Effect of intravenously administered tetrathiomolybdate on plasma copper concentrations of copper-loaded sheep. J Comp Pathol 103:321. PUBMED Abstract
Suttle NF. 1979. Changes in hepatic copper stores in pre-ruminant and ruminant lambs given ammonium tetrathiomolybdate in their diets. Proc Nutr Soc 38:58. PUBMED Abstract
Humphries WR, Morrice PC, Bremner I. 1988. A convenient method for the treatment of chronic copper poisoning in sheep using subcutaneous ammonium tetrathiomolybdate. Vet Rec 123:51. PUBMED Abstract
Kumaratilake JS, Howell JM. 1987. Effects of intravenously administered tetrathiomolybdate on the distribution of copper in the liver and kidney of copper loaded sheep: a histochemical study. Res Vet Sci 42:154. PUBMED Abstract
Symonds HW, Ke Y. 1989. Enhancement of tetrathiomolybdate-induced copper excretion in bile of sheep by the β2 agonistic action of xylazine. Res Vet Sci 46:349. PUBMED Abstract
El-Gallad TT, Bremner I, Mills CF. 1977. The effect of thiomolybdate on copper metabolism in the sheep: a cautionary note. Proc Nutr Soc 36:104. PUBMED Abstract
Gooneratne SR, Howell JM, Gawthorne JM. 1981. Intravenous administration of thiomolybdate for the prevention of chronic copper poisoning in sheep. Br J Nutr 46:457. PUBMED Abstract
Gooneratne SR, Chaplin RK, Trent AM, et al. 1989. Effect of tetrathiomolybdate administration on the excretion of copper, zinc, iron and molybdenum in sheep bile. Br Vet J 145:62. PUBMED Abstract
Andrewartha KA, Caple IW. 1980. Effects of changes in nutritional copper on erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity in sheep. Res Vet Sci 28:101. PUBMED Abstract

Hemolytic Syndrome in Horses with Liver Failure and Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria

Tennant BC, Evans CD, Kaneko JJ, et al. 1972. Intravascular hemolysis associated with hepatic failure in the horse. Calif Vet 26:15.
Carlson GP. 1992. The liver. In Anderson NV (ed), Veterinary gastroenterology, ed 2. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
Schalm OW, Carlson GP. 1982. The blood and blood-forming organs. In Mansmann RA, McAllister ES (eds), Equine medicine and surgery, ed 3. American Veterinary Publications, Santa Barbara, CA.
Rhode EA, Cornelius CE. 1958. Congenital porphyria (pink tooth) in Holstein-Fresian calves in California. J Am Vet Med Assoc 132:112. PUBMED Abstract
Kaneko JJ. 1997. Porphyrins, heme erythrocyte metabolism: the porphyrias. In Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML (eds), Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals, ed 5. Academic Press, New York, NY.
Agerholm JS, Thulstrup PW, Bjerrum MJ, et al. 2012. A molecular study of congenital erythropoietic porphyria in cattle. Anim Genet 43:210. PUBMED Abstract

Depression Anemia

Grace N, Pearce SG, Firth EC, et al. 1999. Concentrations of macro- and microelements in the milk of pasture-fed thoroughbred mares. Aust Vet J 77:177.
Tennant B, Harrold D, Reina-Guerra M, et al. 1975. Hematology of the neonatal calf III. Frequency of congenital iron deficiency anemia. Cornell Vet 65:543. PUBMED Abstract
Gygax M, Hirni H, Zwahlen R, et al. 1993. Immune functions of veal calves fed low amounts of iron. Zentralbl Veterinarmed 40:345. PUBMED Abstract
Gleed PT, Sanson BF. 1982. Ingestion of iron in sow's feces by piglets reared in farrowing crates with slotted floors. Br J Nutri 47:113. PUBMED Abstract
Smith JE, Cipriano JE, DeBowes R, et al. 1986. Iron deficiency and pseudo-iron deficiency in hospitalized horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:285. PUBMED Abstract
Kohn C, Jacobs RM, Knight D, et al. 1990. Microcytosis, hypoferremia, hypoferritemia, and hypertransferrinemia in Standardbred foals from birth to 4 months of age. Am J Vet Res 51:1198. PUBMED Abstract
Bromeer H, van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM. 2001. Iron deficiency in stabled Dutch warmblood foals. J Vet Intern Med 15:482. PUBMED Abstract
Fleming KA, Barton MH, Latimer KS. 2006. Iron deficiency anemia in a neonatal foal. J Vet Intern Med 20:1495. PUBMED Abstract
Hartikka P, Dahlbom M, Westermark H. 1983. Effect of iron-saccharate injections of Finnish horses. Nord Vet Med 35:251. PUBMED Abstract
Ruhr LP, Nicholson SS, Confer AW, et al. 1983. Acute intoxication from a hematinic in calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:616. PUBMED Abstract
Pearson EG, Hedstrom OR, Poppenga RH, et al. 1994. Hepatic cirrhosis and hemochromatosis in three horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1053.
Smith B. 1975. The effects of copper supplementation on stock health and production. N Z Vet J 23:73. PUBMED Abstract
Lee GR. 1983. The anemia of chronic disease. Semin Hematol 20:61. PUBMED Abstract
Feldman BF, Kaneko JJ. 1981. The anemia of inflammatory disease in the dog. 1. The nature of the problem. Vet Res Commun 4:237. PUBMED Abstract
Lavoie J-P, Morris DD, Zinkl JG, et al. 1987. Pancytopenia caused by bone marrow aplasia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1462. PUBMED Abstract
Weiss DJ, Miller DC. 1985. Bone marrow necrosis associated with pancytopenia in a cow. Vet Pathol 22:90. PUBMED Abstract
Kohn CW, Swardson C, Provost P, et al. 1995. Myeloid and megakaryocytic hypoplasia in related Standardbreds. J Vet Intern Med 9:315. PUBMED Abstract
Erslev AJ. 1983. Hemopoietic stem cell disorders: aplastic, pp 151-170. In Williams WJ (ed), Hematology, ed 3. McGraw Hill, New York, NY.
Keitt AS. 2006. Anemia due to failure of progenitor cells, pp 831-837. In Goldman L, Krevans J (eds), Cecil textbook of medicine, ed 22. Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA.
Archer RK, Miller WC. 1965. A case of idiopathic hypoplastic anaemia in a two-year-old thoroughbred filly. Vet Rec 77:538. PUBMED Abstract
Berggren PC. 1981. Aplastic anemia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 179:1400. PUBMED Abstract
Ward MV, Moutan PC, Dodds WJ. 1980. Severe idiopathic refractory anemia and leukopenia in a horse. Calif Vet 34:19.
Dunavant ML, Murry ES. 1975. Clinical evidence of phenylbutazone-induced hypoplastic anemia. Int Symp Equine Hematol Proc 1:383.
Aiello SE. 1998. The Merck veterinary manual, ed 8. Merck & Co Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, pp 2026-2028.
Piercy RJ, Swardson CJ, Hinchcliff KW. 1997. Paradoxical erythroid hypoplasia and anemia in Standardbred racehorses following recombinant human erythropoietin administration. AAEP Proc 43:283.

Erythrocytosis (Polycythemia)

Tennant B, Asbury AC, Laben RC, et al. 1967. Familial polycythemia in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 150:1493. PUBMED Abstract
McMullin MF, Bareford D, Campbell P, et al. 2005. Guidelines for the diagnosis, investigation and management of polycythaemia/erythrocytosis. Br J Haematol 130:174. PUBMED Abstract
Beech J, Bloom JC, Hodge TG. 1984. Erythrocytosis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:986. PUBMED Abstract
Bayly WM, Reed SM, Leathers CW, et al. 1982. Multiple congenital heart anomalies in five Arabian foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 81:684. PUBMED Abstract
Prchal JT. 2003. Classification and molecular biology of polycythemias (erythrocytoses) and thrombocytosis. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 17:1151. PUBMED Abstract
Roby KA, Beech J, Bloom JC, et al. 1990. Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with erythrocytosis and hypoglycemia in a yearling filly. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1106. PUBMED Abstract
Lennox TJ, Wilson JH, Hayden DW, et al. 2000. Hepatoblastoma with erythrocytosis in a young female horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:718. PUBMED Abstract
Axon JE, Russell CM, Begg AP, Adkins AR. 2008. Erythrocytosis and pleural effusion associated with a hepatoblastoma in a Thoroughbred yearling. Aust Vet J 86:329. PUBMED Abstract
Koch TG, Wen X, Bienzle D. 2006. Lymphoma, erythrocytosis, and tumor erythropoietin gene expression in a horse. J Vet Intern Med 20:1251. PUBMED Abstract
Campbell KL. 1990. Diagnosis and management of polycythemia in dog. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:543.

Proliferative Disorders of Lymphoid and Myeloid Systems

Asahina M, Kimura K, Murakami K, et al. 1995. Phenotypic analysis of neoplastic cells from calf, thymic, and intermediate forms of bovine leukosis. Vet Pathol 32:683. PUBMED Abstract
Vernau W, Jacobs RM, Valli VE, et al. 1997. The immunophenotypic characterization of bovine lymphomas. Vet Pathol 34:222. PUBMED Abstract
Theilen GH, Madewell BR. 1987. Hematopoietic neoplasms, sarcomas and related conditions, pp 408-430. In Theilen GH, Madewell BR (eds), Veterinary cancer medicine, ed 2. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
Matthews HK, Hunt E, Duncan DE. 1992. Thymic and mammary lymphosarcoma in a three-year-old heifer. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:699. PUBMED Abstract
Alexander AN, Constable PD, Meier WA, et al. 1996. Clinical and immunohistochemical characterization of thymic lymphosarcoma in a heifer. J Vet Intern Med 10:275. PUBMED Abstract
Duncan RB Jr, Scarratt WK, Buehring GC. 2005. Detection of bovine leukemia virus by in situ polymerase chain reaction in tissues from a heifer diagnosed with sporadic thymic lymphosarcoma. J Vet Diagn Invest 17:190. PUBMED Abstract
Dubreuil P, Lanevschi A, Perrone MA, et al. 1998. Atypical sporadic lymphosarcoma in a 7-month-old Holstein heifer. Can Vet J 39:431. PUBMED Abstract
Dalgleish R, Callanan JJ, McNeil PE. 1991. An atypical case of lymphosarcoma (sporadic bovine leukosis) in a heifer. Vet Rec 129:308. PUBMED Abstract
Step DL, Cummings CA, Streeter RN, et al. 2001. An atypical lymphoma of T-cell lineage in the thorax of an aged cow. J Vet Diagn Invest 13:154. PUBMED Abstract
Jacobs RM, Song Z, Poon H, et al. 1992. Proviral detection and serology in bovine leukemia virus-exposed normal cattle and cattle with lymphoma. Can J Vet Res 56:339. PUBMED Abstract
Klinkon M, Cerne M. 2006. Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in a heifer with increased serum lactate dehydrogenase activity. Vet Clin Pathol 35:231. PUBMED Abstract
Van der Maaten MJ, Boothe AD, Seger CL. 1972. Isolation of a virus from cattle with persistent lymphocytosis. J Natl Cancer Inst 49:1649. PUBMED Abstract
Meas S, Usui T, Ohashi K, et al. 2002. Vertical transmission of bovine leukemia virus and bovine immunodeficiency virus in dairy cattle herds. Vet Microbiol 84:275. PUBMED Abstract
Sorensen DK, Beal VC. 1979. Prevalence and economics of bovine leukosis in the United States. Bovine Leukosis Symposium 33.
Thurmond MC, Lapuz GR, Farver TB, et al. 1985. Retrospective study of four years of carcass condemnation rates for malignant lymphoma in California cows. Am J Vet Res 46:1387. PUBMED Abstract
Thurmond MC, Holmberg CH, Picanso JP. 1985. Antibodies to bovine leukemia virus and presence of malignant lymphoma in slaughtered California dairy cattle. J Natl Cancer Inst 74:711. PUBMED Abstract
Cypess RH, Waller JH, Redmond CK, et al. 1974. Epidemiologic and pedigree study of the occurrence of lymphosarcoma from 1953 to 1971 in a closed herd of Jersey cows. Am J Epidemiol 99:37. PUBMED Abstract
Lewin HA, Bernoco D. 1986. Evidence for BoLA-linked resistance and susceptibility to subclinical progression of bovine leukaemia virus infection. Anim Genet 17:197. PUBMED Abstract
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Ott SL, Johnson R, Wells SJ. 2003. Association between bovine leukosis virus seroprevalence and herd-level productivity on US dairy farms. Prev Vet Med 61:249. PUBMED Abstract
Thurmond MC. 1987. Economics of enzootic bovine leukosis, pp 71-84. In Burny A, Mammerickx M (eds), Enzootic bovine leukosis and bovine leukemia virus. M. Nijhoff, Boston, MA.
Thurmond MC, Maden CB, Carter RL. 1985. Cull rates of dairy cattle with antibodies to bovine leukemia virus. Cancer Res 45:1987. PUBMED Abstract
Kono Y, Sentsui H, Arai K, et al. 1983. Studies of foetuses from cows clinically affected with bovine leucosis. Vet Microbiol 8:505. PUBMED Abstract
Lassauzet ML, Thurmond MC, Johnson WO, et al. 1991. Factors associated with in utero or periparturient transmission of bovine leukemia virus in calves on a California dairy. Can J Vet Res 55:264. PUBMED Abstract
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Burton AJ, Nydam DV, Long ED, et al. 2010. Signalment and clinical complaints initiating hospital admission, methods of diagnosis, and pathological findings associated with bovine lymphosarcoma (112 cases). J Vet Intern Med 24:960. PUBMED Abstract
Peek SF, McGuirk SM, Gaska J, et al. 2012. Idiopathic hemorrhagic pericardial effusion as a precursor to epicardial lymphosarcoma in three cows. J Vet Intern Med 26:1069. PUBMED Abstract
Braun U, Schnetzler C, Dettwiler M, et al. 2011. Ultrasonographic findings in a cow with abomasal lymphosarcoma: case report. BMC Vet Res 7:20. PUBMED Abstract
Muscoplat CC, Johnson DW, Pomeroy KA, et al. 1974. Lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin: frequency in normal and lymphocytotic cattle. Am J Vet Res 35:593.
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Juliarena MA, Gutierrez SE, Ceriani C. 2007. Determination of proviral load in bovine leukemia virus-infected cattle with and without lymphocytosis. Am J Vet Res 68:1220. PUBMED Abstract
Nagy DW, Tyler JW, Kleiboeker SB. 2007. Timing of seroconversion and acquisition of positive polymerase chain reaction assay results in calves experimentally infected with bovine leukemia virus. Am J Vet Res 68:72. PUBMED Abstract
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Simard C, Richardson S, Dixon P, et al. 2000. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of bovine leukosis: comparison with the agar gel immunodiffusion test approved by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Can J Vet Res 64:101. PUBMED Abstract
Gutierrez G, Alvarez I, Fondevila N, et al. 2009. Detection of bovine leukemia virus specific antibodies using recombinant p24-ELISA. Vet Microbiol 137:224. PUBMED Abstract
Agresti A, Ponti W, Rocchi M, et al. 1993. Use of polymerase chain reaction to diagnose bovine leukemia virus infection in calves at birth. Am J Vet Res 54:373. PUBMED Abstract
Klintevall K, Ballagi-Pordany A, Naslund K, et al. 1994. Bovine leukaemia virus: rapid detection of proviral DNA by nested PCR in blood and organs of experimentally infected calves. Vet Microbiol 42:191. PUBMED Abstract
Fechner H, Kurg A, Geue L, et al. 1996. Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) application in diagnosis of bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) infection in naturally infected cattle. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 43:621. PUBMED Abstract
Rola M, Kuzmak J. 2002. The detection of bovine leukemia virus proviral DNA by PCR-ELISA. J Virol Methods 99:33. PUBMED Abstract
Reichel MP, Tham KM, Barnes S, et al. 1998. Evaluation of alternative methods for the detection of bovine leukaemia virus in cattle. N Z Vet J 46:140. PUBMED Abstract
Nagy DW, Tyler JW, Kleiboeker SB, et al. 2003. Use of a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect bovine leukosis virus in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 222:983. PUBMED Abstract
Kuckleburg CJ, Chase CC, Nelson EA, et al. 2003. Detection of bovine leukemia virus in blood and milk by nested and real-time polymerase chain reactions. J Vet Diagn Invest 15:72. PUBMED Abstract
Komiyama C, Suzuki K, Miura Y, et al. 2009. Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for diagnosis of bovine leukemia virus infection. J Virol Methods 157:175. PUBMED Abstract
Burridge MJ, Thurmond MC, Miller JM, et al. 1982. Fall in antibody titer to bovine leukemia virus in the periparturient period. Can J Comp Med 46:270. PUBMED Abstract
Hugoson G. 1967. Juvenile bovine leukosis. An epizootiological, clinical, patho-anatomical and experimental study. Acta Vet Scand (Suppl. 22):5.
Fukuyama S, Kodama K, Hirahara T, et al. 1993. Protection against bovine leukemia virus infection by use of inactivated vaccines in cattle. J Vet Med Sci 55:99. PUBMED Abstract
Ohishi K, Suzuki H, Yamamoto T, et al. 1991. Protective immunity against bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) induced in carrier sheep by inoculation with a vaccinia virus-BLV env recombinant: association with cell-mediated immunity. J Gen Virol 72(Pt 8):1887. PUBMED Abstract
Ohishi K, Suzuki H, Yasutomi Y, et al. 1992. Augmentation of bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-specific lymphocyte proliferation responses in ruminants by inoculation with BLV env-recombinant vaccinia virus: their role in the suppression of BLV replication. Microbiol Immunol 36:1317. PUBMED Abstract
Cherney TM, Schultz RD. 1996. Viral status and antibody response in cattle inoculated with recombinant bovine leukemia virus-vaccinia virus vaccines after challenge exposure with bovine leukemia virus-infected lymphocytes. Am J Vet Res 57:812. PUBMED Abstract
DiGiacomo RF, Darlington RL, Evermann JF. 1985. Natural transmission of bovine leukemia virus in dairy calves by dehorning. Can J Comp Med 49:340. PUBMED Abstract
Johnson R, Gibson CD, Kaneene JB. 1983. Bovine leukemia virus: a herd-based model for control and eradication [Abstract], p 46. Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Disease.
Thurmond MC, Portier KM, Puhr DM, et al. 1983. A prospective investigation of bovine leukemia virus infection in young dairy cattle, using survival methods. Am J Epidemiol 117:621. PUBMED Abstract
Lucas MH, Roberts DH, Banks J. 1993. Shedding of bovine leukosis virus in nasal secretions of infected animals. Vet Rec 132:276. PUBMED Abstract
Roberts DH, Lucas MH, Wibberley G. 1986. To compare the incubation period following intratracheal and subcutaneous inoculation of bovine leukosis virus infected lymphocytes and to study their clearance from the circulation. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 11:351. PUBMED Abstract
Roberts DH, Lucas MH, Wibberley G, et al. 1982. Detection of bovine leukosis virus in bronchoalveolar lung washings and nasal secretions. Vet Rec 111:501. PUBMED Abstract
Roberts DH, Lucas MH, Wibberley G, et al. 1982. An investigation into the susceptibility of cattle to bovine leukosis virus following inoculation by various routes. Vet Rec 110:222. PUBMED Abstract
Henry ET, Levine JF, Coggins L. 1987. Rectal transmission of bovine leukemia virus in cattle and sheep. Am J Vet Res 48:634. PUBMED Abstract
Hopkins SG, DiGiacomo RF, Evermann JF, et al. 1991. Rectal palpation and transmission of bovine leukemia virus in dairy cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:1035. PUBMED Abstract
Hopkins SG, DiGiacomo RF, Evermann JF, et al. 1988. Trauma and rectal transmission of bovine leukemia virus in cattle. J Infect Dis 158:1133. PUBMED Abstract
Hopkins SG, Evermann JF, DiGiacomo RF, et al. 1988. Experimental transmission of bovine leukosis virus by simulated rectal palpation. Vet Rec 122:389. PUBMED Abstract
Wentink GH, van Oirschot JT, Pelgrim W, et al. 1993. Experimental transmission of bovine leukosis virus by rectal palpation. Vet Rec 132:135. PUBMED Abstract
Perino LJ, Wright RE, Hoppe KL, et al. 1990. Bovine leukosis virus transmission with mouthparts from Tabanus abactor after interrupted feeding. Am J Vet Res 51:1167. PUBMED Abstract
Hasselschwert DL, French DD, Hribar LJ, et al. 1993. Relative susceptibility of beef and dairy calves to infection by bovine leukemia virus via tabanid (Diptera tabanidae) feeding. J Med Entomol 30:472. PUBMED Abstract
Thurmond MC, Carter RL, Burridge MJ. 1983. An investigation for seasonal trends in bovine leukemia virus infection. Prev Vet Med 1:115.
Wilesmith JW, Straub OC, Lorenz RJ. 1980. Some observations on the epidemiology of bovine leucosis virus infection in a large dairy herd. Res Vet Sci 28:10. PUBMED Abstract
Lassauzet ML, Thurmond MC, Johnson WO, et al. 1990. Effect of brucellosis vaccination and dehorning on transmission of bovine leukemia virus in heifers on a California dairy. Can J Vet Res 54:184. PUBMED Abstract
Thurmond MC. 1982. Epidemiology of the natural transmission of bovine leukemia virus. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Weber AF, Meiske JC, Haggard DL, et al. 1988. Failure to demonstrate transmission of enzootic bovine leukemia virus infection from cows to sheep by use of common injection needles. Am J Vet Res 49:1814. PUBMED Abstract
Roberts DH, Lucas MH, Wibberley G, et al. 1981. Investigation of the possible role of the tuberculin intradermal test in the spread of enzootic bovine leukosis. Vet Res Commun 4:301. PUBMED Abstract
DiGiacomo RF, Studer E, Evermann JF, et al. 1986. Embryo transfer and transmission of bovine leukosis virus in a dairy herd. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:827. PUBMED Abstract
Eaglesome MD, Hare WCD, Singh EL. 1980. Embryo transfer: a discussion on its potential for infectious disease control based on a review of studies on infection of gametes and early embryos by various agents. Can Vet J 21:106. PUBMED Abstract
Eaglesome MD, Mitchell D, Betteridge KJ, et al. 1982. Transfer of embryos from bovine leukaemia virus-infected cattle to uninfected recipients: preliminary results. Vet Rec 111:122. PUBMED Abstract
Hare WCD. 1983. Embryo transfer and disease transmission in farm animals [A review], pp 303-314. Proceedings of the United States Animal Health Association.
Olson C, Rowe RF, Kaja R. 1982. Embryo transplantation and bovine leukosis virus preliminary report, pp 1361-1369. Fourth International Symposium on Bovine Leukosis.
Lucas MH, Dawson M, Chasey D, et al. 1980. Enzootic bovine leucosis virus in semen. Vet Rec 106:128. PUBMED Abstract
Lorton SP, Maki-Laurila M, Rowe R, et al. 1987. Leukosis-negative status of calves produced by embryo splitting. Theriogenology 27:250.
Choi KY, Monke D, Stott JL. 2002. Absence of bovine leukosis virus in semen of seropositive bulls. J Vet Diagn Invest 14:403. PUBMED Abstract
Fukai K, Sato M, Kawara M, et al. 1999. A case of an embryo transfer calf infected with bovine leukemia virus from the recipient cow. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 46:511. PUBMED Abstract
Jacobsen KL, Bull RW, Miller JM, et al. 1983. Transmission of bovine leukemia virus: prevalence of antibodies in precolostral calves. Prev Vet Med 1:265.
Thurmond MC, Carter RL, Puhr DM, et al. 1983. An epidemiological study of natural in utero infection with bovine leukemia virus. Can J Comp Med 47:316. PUBMED Abstract
Bielanski A, Maxwell P, Simard C. 2000. Effect of bovine leukaemia virus on embryonic development and association with in vitro fertilised embryos. Vet Rec 146:255. PUBMED Abstract
Rhodes JK, Pelzer KD, Johnson YJ. 2003. Economic implications of bovine leukemia virus infection in mid-Atlantic dairy herds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:346. PUBMED Abstract
Molloy JB, Dimmock CK, Eaves FW, et al. 1994. Control of bovine leukaemia virus transmission by selective culling of infected cattle on the basis of viral antigen expression in lymphocyte cultures. Vet Microbiol 39:323. PUBMED Abstract
Nagy DW, Tyler JW, Kleiboeker SB. 2007. Decreased periparturient transmission of bovine leukosis virus in colostrum-fed calves. J Vet Intern Med 21:1104. PUBMED Abstract
Kobayashi S, Tsutsui T, Yamamoto T, et al. 2010. Risk factors associated with within-herd transmission of bovine leukemia virus on dairy farms in Japan. BMC Vet Res 6:1. PUBMED Abstract

Lymphoma in Horses

Baker J, Ellis C. 1985. A survey of postmortem findings in 480 horses. Equine Vet J 13:43. PUBMED Abstract
Kerr KM, Alden CL. 1974. Equine neoplasia: a ten-year survey. Am Assoc Vet Lab Diagn Proc 183.
Tomlinson MJ, Doster AR, Wright ER. 1979. Lymphosarcoma with virus-like particles in a neonatal foal. Vet Pathol 16:629. PUBMED Abstract
Haley PJ, Spraker T, Erfle J, et al. 1983. Lymphosarcoma in an aborted equine fetus. Vet Pathol 20:647. PUBMED Abstract
Seahorn TL, Carter GK. 1988. Lymphosarcoma in a foal: a case report. J Equine Vet Sci 8:317.
Taylor SD, Pusterla N, Vaughan B, et al. 2006. Intestinal neoplasia in horses. J Vet Intern Med 20:1429. PUBMED Abstract
Neufeld JL. 1973. Lymphosarcoma in a mare and review of cases at the Ontario Veterinary College. Can Vet J 14:149. PUBMED Abstract
Rebhun WC, Del Piero F. 1998. Ocular lesions in horses with lymphosarcoma: 21 cases (1977-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:852. PUBMED Abstract
Finley MR, Rebhun WC, et al. 1998. Paraneoplastic pruritus and alopecia in a horse with diffuse lymphoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:102. PUBMED Abstract
Kannegieter NJ, Alley MR. 1987. Ataxia due to lymphosarcoma in a young horse. Aust Vet J 64:377. PUBMED Abstract
Rousseaux CG, Doige CE, Tuddenham TJ. 1989. Epidural lymphosarcoma with myelomalacia in a seven-year-old Arabian gelding. Can Vet J 30:751. PUBMED Abstract
Zeman DH, Snider TG, McClure JJ. 1989. Vertebral lymphosarcoma as the cause of hind limb paresis in a horse. J Vet Diag Invest 1:187. PUBMED Abstract
Williams MA, Welles EG, Gailor RJ, et al. 1992. Lymphosarcoma associated with neurological signs and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid in two horses. Prog Vet Neurol 3:51.
Lester GD, MacKay RJ, Smith-Meyer B, et al. 1992. Primary meningeal lymphoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1219. PUBMED Abstract
Moore BR, Weisbrode SE, Biller BS, et al. 1995. Metacarpal fracture associated with lymphosarcoma-induced osteolysis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:208. PUBMED Abstract
McClure JT, Young KM, Fiste M, et al. 2001. Immunophenotypic classification of leukemia in 3 horses. J Vet Intern Med 15:144. PUBMED Abstract
Schalm OW. 1981. Lymphosarcoma in the horse. Equine Pract 3:23.
Madewell BR, Carlson GP, MacLachlan NJ, et al. 1982. Lymphosarcoma with leukemia in a horse. Am J Vet Res 43:807. PUBMED Abstract
Allen BV, Wannop CC, Wright IM. 1984. Multicentric lymphosarcoma with lymphoblastic leukemia in a young horse. Vet Rec 115:130. PUBMED Abstract
Perryman LE, Wyatt CR, Magnuson NS. 1984. Biochemical and functional characterization of lymphocytes from a horse with lymphosarcoma and IgM deficiency. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 7:43. PUBMED Abstract
Zicker SC, Wilson WD, Medearis I. 1990. Differentiation between intra-abdominal neoplasms and abscesses in horses, using clinical and laboratory data: 40 cases (1973-1988). J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1130. PUBMED Abstract
Furr MO, Crisman MV, Robertson J, et al. 1992. Immunodeficiency associated with lymphosarcoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:307. PUBMED Abstract
Dopson LC, Reed SM, Roth JA, et al. 1983. Immunosuppression associated with lymphosarcoma in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1239. PUBMED Abstract
Marr CM, Love S, Pirie HM. 1989. Clinical, ultrasonographic and pathological findings in a horse with splenic lymphosarcoma and pseudohyperparathyroidism. Equine Vet J 21:221. PUBMED Abstract
Asahina M, Murakami K, Ajito T, et al. 1994. An immunohistochemical study of an equine B-cell lymphoma. J Comp Pathol 111:445. PUBMED Abstract
Kelley LC, Mahaffey EA. 1998. Equine malignant lymphomas: morphologic and immunohistochemical classification. Vet Pathol 35:241. PUBMED Abstract
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Schnabel LV, Njaa BL, Gold JR, et al. 2006. Primary alimentary lymphoma with metastasis to the liver causing encephalopathy in a horse. J Vet Intern Med 20:204. PUBMED Abstract
Theon AP. 2006. Personal communication. University of California, Davis, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, Davis, CA.
Mackey VS, Wheat JD. 1985. Reflections on the diagnostic approach to multicentric lymphosarcoma in an aged Arabian mare. Equine Vet J 17:467. PUBMED Abstract
Platt H. 1987. Alimentary lymphomas in the horse. J Comp Pathol 97:1. PUBMED Abstract
Roberts MC, Pinsent PJ. 1975. Malabsorption in the horse associated with alimentary lymphosarcoma. Equine Vet J 7:166. PUBMED Abstract
Van den Hoven R, Franken P. 1983. Clinical aspects of lymphosarcoma in the horse: a clinical report of 16 cases. Equine Vet J 15:49. PUBMED Abstract
Wilson RG, Sutton RH, Groenendyk S, et al. 1985. Alimentary lymphosarcoma in a horse with cutaneous manifestations. Equine Vet J 17:148. PUBMED Abstract
Sweeney CR, Gillette DM. 1989. Thoracic neoplasia in equids: 35 cases (1967-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:374. PUBMED Abstract
Mair TS, Brown PJ. 1993. Clinical and pathological features of thoracic neoplasia in the horse. Equine Vet J 25:220. PUBMED Abstract
Mair TS, Hillyer MH. 1991. Clinical features of lymphosarcoma in the horse: 77 cases. Equine Vet Educ 4:108.
Saulez MN, Schlipf JW, Cebra CK, et al. 2004. Use of chemotherapy for treatment of a mixed-cell thoracic lymphoma in a horse. J Vet Med Assoc 224:733. PUBMED Abstract
Adams R, Calderwood Mays MB, et al. 1988. Malignant lymphoma in three horses with ulcerative pharyngitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:674. PUBMED Abstract
Johnson PJ. 1998. Dermatologic tumors (excluding sarcoids). Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 14:625. PUBMED Abstract
Gerard MP, Healy LN, Bowman KF, et al. 1998. Cutaneous lymphoma with extensive periarticular involvement in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:391. PUBMED Abstract
Henson KL, Alleman AR, Cutler TJ, et al. 1998. Regression of subcutaneous lymphoma following removal of an ovarian granulose-theca cell tumor in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1419. PUBMED Abstract
Potter K, Anez D. 1998. Mycosis fungoides in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:550. PUBMED Abstract
Demirer T, Dail DH, Aboulafia DM. 1994. Four varied cases of intravascular lymphomatosis and a literature review. Cancer 73:1738. PUBMED Abstract
Cullen CL, Caswell J, Grahn BH. 2000. Intravascular lymphoma presenting as bilateral panophthalmitis and retinal detachment in a dog. J Am Animal Hosp Assoc 36:337. PUBMED Abstract
Lapointe JM, Higgins RJ, Kortz GD, et al. 1997. Intravascular malignant T-cell lymphoma (malignant angioendotheliomatosis) in a cat. Vet Pathol 34:247. PUBMED Abstract
Raidal SL, Clark P, Raidal SR. 2006. Angiotrophic T-cell lymphoma as a cause of regenerative anemia in a horse. J Vet Intern Med 20:1009. PUBMED Abstract
Byrne BA, Yvorchuk-St Jean K, Couto CG, et al. 1991. Successful management of lymphoproliferative disease in two pregnant mares. Vet Cancer Soc Proc 8:9.
Couto CG. 1990. Management of complication of cancer chemotherapy. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 20:1037. PUBMED Abstract
Gollagher RD, Ziola B, Chelack BJ, et al. 1993. Immunotherapy of equine cutaneous lymphosarcoma using low dose cyclophosphamide and autologous tumour cells infected with vaccina virus. Can Vet J 34:371. PUBMED Abstract
Henson FMD, Dixon K, Dobson JM. 2004. Treatment of 4 cases of equine lymphoma with megavoltage radiation. Equine Vet Educ 40:401.
Roberts MC. 1977. A case of primary lymphoid leukemia in a horse. Equine Vet J 9:216. PUBMED Abstract
Newlands CM, Cole D. 1978. Monocytic leukemia in a horse. Can Vet J 36:765.
Boudreaux MK, Blue JT, Durham SK, et al. 1984. Intravascular leukostasis in a horse with myelomonocytic leukemia. Vet Pathol 21:544. PUBMED Abstract
Spier SJ, Madewell BR, Zinkl JG, et al. 1986. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:861. PUBMED Abstract
Blue J, Perdrizet J, Brown E. 1987. Pulmonary aspergillosis in a horse with myelomonocytic leukemia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:1562. PUBMED Abstract
Bernard WV, Sweeny CR, Morris F. 1988. Primary lymphocytic leukemia in a horse. Equine Pract 10:24.
Mori T, Ishida T, Washizu T, et al. 1991. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia in a horse. Vet Pathol 28:34. PUBMED Abstract
Dascanio JJ, Zhang CH, Antczak DF, et al. 1992. Differentiation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in the horse. A report of two cases. J Vet Intern Med 6:225. PUBMED Abstract
Bienzle D, Hughson SL, Vernau W. 1993. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia in a horse. Can Vet J 34:36. PUBMED Abstract
Kramer J, Tornquist S, Erfle J, et al. 1993. Large granular lymphocyte leukemia in a horse. Vet Clin Pathol 22:126. PUBMED Abstract
Lester GD, Alleman AR, Raskin RE, et al. 1993. Pancytopenia secondary to lymphoid leukemia in three horses. J Vet Intern Med 7:360. PUBMED Abstract
Buechner-Maxwell V, Zhang C, Robertson J, et al. 1994. Intravascular leukostasis and systemic aspergillosis in a horse with subleukemic acute myelomonocytic leukemia. J Vet Intern Med 8:258. PUBMED Abstract
Monteith CN, Cole D. 1995. Monocytic leukemia in a horse. Can Vet J 36:765. PUBMED Abstract
Ringger NC, Edens L, Bain P, et al. 1997. Acute myelogenous leukemia in a mare. Aust Vet J 75:329.
Clark P, Cornelisse CJ, Schott HC, et al. 1999. Myeloblastic leukaemia in a Morgan horse mare. Equine Vet J 31:446. PUBMED Abstract
International Myeloma Working Group. 2003. Criteria for the classification of monoclonal gammopathies, multiple myeloma and related disorders: a report of the International Myeloma Working Group. Br J Haematol 121:749. PUBMED Abstract
Edwards DF, Parker JW, Wilkinson JE, et al. 1993. Plasma cell myeloma in the horse. A case report and literature review. J Vet Intern Med 7:169. PUBMED Abstract
McConkey S, Lopez A, Pringle J. 2000. Extramedullary plasmacytoma in a horse with ptyalism and dysphagia. J Vet Diagn Invest 12:282. PUBMED Abstract
Pusterla N, Stacy BA, Vernau W, et al. 2004. Immunoglobulin A monoclonal gammopathy in two horses with multiple myeloma. Vet Rec 155:19. PUBMED Abstract
Barton MH, Sharma P, LeRoy BE, et al. 2004. Hypercalcemia and high serum parathyroid hormone-related protein concentration in a horse with multiple myeloma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:409. PUBMED Abstract
Kyle RA, Rajkumar SV. 2004. Multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 351:1860. PUBMED Abstract
Salyi J. 1951. Plasma cell myeloma in a horse. Acta Vet Hung 1:383.
Cornelius CE, Goodbary RF, Kennedy PC. 1959. Plasma cell myelomatosis in a horse. Cornell Vet 49:478. PUBMED Abstract
Schalm OW, Knight HD, Osburn BI. 1974. Idiopathic gammopathy and plasmacytosis in a horse. Calif Vet 28:13.
Drew RA, Greatorex JC. 1974. Vertebral plasma cell myeloma causing posterior paralysis in a horse. Equine Vet J 6:131. PUBMED Abstract
Jacobs RM, Kociba GJ, Ruoff WW. 1983. Monoclonal gammopathy in a horse with defective hemostasis. Vet Pathol 20:643. PUBMED Abstract
Markel MD, Dorr TE. 1986. Multiple myeloma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:621. PUBMED Abstract
McAllister C, Qualls C, Tyler R, et al. 1987. Multiple myeloma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:337. PUBMED Abstract
Henry M, Prasse K, White S. 1989. Hemorrhagic diathesis caused by multiple myeloma in a three-month-old foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:392. PUBMED Abstract
Kent JE, Roberts CA. 1990. Serum protein changes in four horses with monoclonal gammopathy. Equine Vet J 22:373. PUBMED Abstract
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Kim DY, Taylor HW, Eades SC, et al. 2005. Systemic AL amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma in a horse. Vet Pathol 42:81. PUBMED Abstract
Carothers MA, Johnson GC, DiBartola SP, et al. 1989. Extramedullary plasmacytoma and immunoglobin-associated amyloidosis in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:1593. PUBMED Abstract
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Markus H. 1903. Multiples lymphangiom des brustfells beim pferde. Mh Prakt Tierheilkd 15:185.
Turk JR, Gallina AM, Liu IM, et al. 1979. Cystic lymphangioma in a colt. J Am Vet Med Assoc 174:1228. PUBMED Abstract
Gehlen H, Wohlsein P. 2000. Cutaneous lymphangioma in a young Standardbred mare. Equine Vet J 32:86. PUBMED Abstract

Other Diseases of the Hemolymphatic System

Greene CM, Reefhuis J, Tan C, et al. 2002. Epidemiologic investigations of bioterrorism-related anthrax, New Jersey, 2001. Emerg Infect Dis 8:1048. PUBMED Abstract
Saile E, Koehler TM. 2006. Bacillus anthracis multiplication, persistence, and genetic exchange in the rhizosphere of grass plants. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:3168. PUBMED Abstract
Mock M, Fouet A. 2001. Anthrax. Ann Rev Microbiol 55:647. PUBMED Abstract
Turnbull PC. 2002. Anthrax history, disease and ecology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 271:1. PUBMED Abstract
Mogridge J. 2007. Defensive strategies of Bacillus anthracis that promote a fatal disease. Drug Discov Today 4:253. PUBMED Abstract
Lacy BC, Collier RJ. 2002. Structure and function of anthrax toxin. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 271:61. PUBMED Abstract
Baldari CT, Tonello F, Rossi Paccani S, et al. 2006. Anthrax toxins: a paradigm of bacterial immune suppression. Trends Immunol 27:434. PUBMED Abstract
Cieslak TJ, Eitzen EM Jr. 1999. Clinical and epidemiologic principles of anthrax. Emerg Infect Dis 5:552. PUBMED Abstract
Dragon DC, Rennie RP. 1995. The ecology of anthrax spores: tough but not invincible. Can Vet J 36:295. PUBMED Abstract
Turell MJ, Knudson GB. 1987. Mechanical transmission of Bacillus anthracis by stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) and mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Aedes taeniorhynchus). Infect Immun 55:1859. PUBMED Abstract
Koehler TM. 2009. Bacillus anthracis physiology and genetics. Mol Aspects Med 30:386. PUBMED Abstract
Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N. 1993. Pathology of domestic animals, ed 4. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Turnbull PCB. 1999. Definitive identification of Bacillus anthracis—a review. J Appl Microbiol 87:237. PUBMED Abstract
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Lyme Disease

Berger BW, Johnson RC, Kodner C, et al. 1995. Cultivation of Borrelia burgdorferi from human tick bite sites: a guide for the risk of infection. J Am Acad Dermatol 32:184. PUBMED Abstract
Browning A, Carter SD, Barnes A, et al. 1993. Lameness associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection in the horse. Vet Rec 132:610. PUBMED Abstract
Kornblatt AN, Urband PH, Steere AC. 1985. Arthritis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:960. PUBMED Abstract
Magnarelli LA, Anderson JF, Levine HR, et al. 1990. Tick parasitism and antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:63. PUBMED Abstract
Burgdorfer W, Barbour AG, Hayes SF, et al. 1982. Lyme disease: a tickborne spirochetosis? Science 216:1317. PUBMED Abstract
Steere AC. 1979. Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three Connecticut communities. Arthritis Rheum 20:7. PUBMED Abstract
Magnarelli LA, Ijdo JW, Van Andel AE, et al. 2000. Serologic confirmation of Ehrlichia equi and Borrelia burgdorferi infections in horses from the northeastern United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:1045. PUBMED Abstract
Schmid GP. 1985. The global distribution of Lyme disease. Rev Infect Dis 7:41. PUBMED Abstract
Anderson JF. 1991. Epizootiology of Lyme borreliosis. Scand J Infect Dis 77:S23. PUBMED Abstract
Anderson JF. 1989. Epizootiology of Borrelia in Ixodes tick vectors and reservoir hosts. Rev Infect Dis 11:S1451. PUBMED Abstract
Lane RS, Burgdorfer W. 1988. Spirochetes in mammals and ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from a focus of Lyme borreliosis in California. J Wildlife Dis 24:1. PUBMED Abstract
Donahue JG, Piesman J, Spielman A. 1987. Reservoir competence of white-footed mice for Lyme disease spirochetes. Am J Trop Med Hyg 36:92. PUBMED Abstract
Lane RS, Brown RN. 1991. Wood rats and kangaroo rats: potential reservoirs of the Lyme disease spirochete in California. J Med Entomol 28:299. PUBMED Abstract
Chang YF, McDonough SP, Chang CF, et al. 2000. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent infection in a pony vaccinated with a Borrelia burgdorferi recombinant OspA vaccine and challenged by exposure to naturally infected ticks. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 7:68.
Chang YF, Novosol V, McDonough SP, et al. 2000. Experimental infection of ponies with Borrelia burgdorferi by exposure to Ixodid ticks. Vet Pathol 37:68. PUBMED Abstract
Burgess EC, Amundson TE, Davis JP, et al. 1986. Experimental inoculation of Peromyscus spp. with Borrelia burgdorferi: evidence of contact transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 35:355. PUBMED Abstract
Eng TR, Wilson ML, Spielman A, et al. 1988. Greater risk of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in dogs than in people. J Infect Dis 158:1410. PUBMED Abstract
Barbour AG, Tessier SL, Hayes SF. 1984. Variation in a major surface protein of Lyme disease spirochetes. Infect Immunol 45:94. PUBMED Abstract
Barbour AG, Hayes SF, Heiland RA, et al. 1986. A Borrelia-specific monoclonal antibody binds to a flagellar epitope. Infect Immunol 52:549. PUBMED Abstract
Hyde FW, Johnson RC. 1988. Characterization of a circular plasmid from Borrelia burgdorferi, etiologic agent of Lyme disease. J Clin Microbiol 25: 2203. PUBMED Abstract
Barbour AG. 1991. Molecular biology of antigenic variation in Lyme borreliosis and relapsing fever: a comparative analysis. Scand J Infect Dis 77:S88. PUBMED Abstract
Manion TB, Bushmick SL, Mittel L. 1998. Lyme disease in horses: serological and antigen testing differences. AAEP Proc 44:144.
Magnarelli LA, Anderson JF, Shaw E, et al. 1988. Borreliosis in equids in northeastern United States. Am J Vet Res 49:359. PUBMED Abstract
Marcus LC, Patterson MM, Gilfillan RE, et al. 1985. Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in New England horses: serologic survey. Am J Vet Res 46:2570. PUBMED Abstract
Bernard WV, Cohen D, Bosler E, et al. 1990. Serologic survey for Borrelia burgdorferi antibody in horses referred to a mid-Atlantic veterinary teaching hospital. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1255. PUBMED Abstract
Magnarelli LA, Anderson JF. 1989. Class-specific and polyvalent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi equids. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:1365. PUBMED Abstract
Madigan JE. 1991. Veterinary Lyme borreliosis. Am Assoc Advance Science Proc 59.
Burgess EC, Gillette D, Picket JP. 1986. Arthritis and panuveitis as manifestations of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a Wisconsin pony. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:1340. PUBMED Abstract
Burgess EC, Mattison M. 1987. Encephalitis associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1457. PUBMED Abstract
Patterson WH. 1990. Lyme spirochetosis in equine: bacteriologic, epidemiologic, and clinical aspects of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in equine. ACVIM Proc 8:677.
Carter SD, May C, Barnes A, et al. 1994. Borrelia burgdorferi infection in UK horses. Equine Vet J 26:187. PUBMED Abstract
Burgess EC, Gendron-Fitzpatrick A, Wright WO. 1987. Arthritis and systemic disease caused by Borrelia burgdorferi infection in a cow. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:1468. PUBMED Abstract
Ryder JK. 1990. Lyme disease in dairy cattle: serologic and clinical presentations. ACVIM Proc 8:673.
Ji B, Collins MT. 1994. Seroepidemiologic survey of Borrelia burgdorferi exposure in dairy cattle in Wisconsin. Am J Vet Res 55:1228. PUBMED Abstract
Ji B, Thomas CB, Collins MT. 1994. Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that uses the 41-kD flagellin as the antigen for detection of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in cattle. Am J Vet Res 55:1213. PUBMED Abstract
Divers TJ. 2003. Equine Lyme disease: a review of experimental disease production, treatment efficacy, and vaccine protection. AAEP Proc 49:391.
Magnarelli L, Fikrig E. 2005. Detection of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in naturally infected horses in the USA by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using whole-cell and recombinant antigens. Res Vet Sci 79:99. PUBMED Abstract
Philipson A. 1991. Antibiotic treatment in Lyme borreliosis. Scand J Infect Dis 77:S145. PUBMED Abstract
Steere AC. 1989. Medical progress: Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 31:586.
Chang YF, Ku YW, Chang CF, et al. 2005. Antibiotic treatment of experimentally Borrelia burgdorferi-infected ponies. Vet Microbiol 107:285. PUBMED Abstract
Divers TJ. 2006. Equine Lyme disease: pathophysiology, serology, response and treatment. ACVIM Proc 24:139.
Chang YF, Novosol V, McDonough SP, et al. 1999. Vaccination against Lyme disease with recombinant Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface protein A (rOspA) in horses. Vaccine 18:540. PUBMED Abstract

Tularemia

Pohanka M, Chlibek R, Bandouchova H, et al. 2011. Diagnosis of tularemia using biochemical, immunochemical, and molecular methods. Vet Med 56:453.
Bell JF, Wikel SK, Hawkins WW, et al. 1978. Enigmatic resistance of sheep (Ovis aries) to infection by virulent Francisella tularensis. Can J Comp Med 42:310. PUBMED Abstract
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2011. Tularemia. [WWW page]. http://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/, accessed Nov 2012.
O'Toole D, Williams ES, Mills K, et al. 2008. Tularemia in range sheep: an overlooked syndrome? J Vet Diag Inves 20:508. PUBMED Abstract
Jellison WL. 1974. Tularemia in North America, 1929-1974. University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
The Center for Food Security and Public Health. 2009. Tularemia. [WWW page]. http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/tularemia.pdf, accessed Nov 2012.
Klaus KD, Newhall HJ, Mee D. 1959. Isolation of Pasteurella tularensis from foals. J Bacteriol 78:294. PUBMED Abstract
Meinkoth KR, Morton RJ, Meinkoth JH. 2004. Naturally occurring tularemia in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:545. PUBMED Abstract

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Infection

Miers KC, Ley WB. 1980. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in the horse: study of 117 clinical cases and consideration of etiopathogenesis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 177:250. PUBMED Abstract
Shpigel NY, Elad D, Yeruham I, et al. 1993. An outbreak of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in an Israeli dairy herd. Vet Rec 133:89. PUBMED Abstract
Yeruham I, Elad D, Van-Ham M, et al. 1997. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in Israeli cattle: clinical and epidemiological studies. Vet Rec 140:423. PUBMED Abstract
Davis WE. 1996. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections in animals. In Smith BP (ed), Large animal internal medicine, ed 2. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
Biberstein EL, Knight HD, Jang S. 1971. Two biotypes of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Vet Rec 89:691. PUBMED Abstract
Songer JG, Prescott JF. 1993. Corynebacterium. In Gyles CL, Thoen CO (eds), Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in animals. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
Hietala SK. 1995. California Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. Davis, CA.
Afzal M, Sakir M, Hussain MM. 1996. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection and lymphadenitis (taloa or mala) in the camel. Trop Anim Health Prod 28:158. PUBMED Abstract
Anderson DE, Rings DM, Kowalski J. 2004. Infection with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in five alpacas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1743. PUBMED Abstract
Coyle MB, Lipsky BA. 1990. Coryneform bacteria in infectious diseases: clinical and laboratory aspects. Clin Microbiol Rev 3:227. PUBMED Abstract
Songer JG, Beckenbach K, Marshall MM, et al. 1988. Biochemical and genetic characterization of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Am J Vet Res 49:223. PUBMED Abstract
Hard GC. 1975. Comparative toxic effect of the surface lipid of Corynebacterium ovis on peritoneal macrophages. Infect Immun 12:1439. PUBMED Abstract
Sutherland SS, Hart RA, Buller NB. 1996. Genetic differences between nitrate-negative and nitrate-positive C. pseudotuberculosis strains using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Vet Microbiol 49:1. PUBMED Abstract
Costa LR, Spier SJ, Hirsh DC. 1998. Comparative molecular characterization of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis of different origin. Vet Microbiol 62:135. PUBMED Abstract
Barakat AA, Selim SA, Atef A. 1984. Two serotypes of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolated from different animal species. Rev Sci Tech Office Int Epizoo 3:151.
Sutherland SS, Hart RA, Buller NB. 1993. Ribotype analysis of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolates from sheep and goats. Aust Vet J 70:454. PUBMED Abstract
Menzies PI, Muckle CA, Hwang YT, et al. 1993. The evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using an Escherichia coli recombinant phospholipase D antigen for the diagnosis of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection. Small Rumin Res 13:193.
Yozwiak ML, Songer JG. 1993. Effect of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis phospholipase D on viability and chemotactic responses of ovine neutrophils. Am J Vet Res 54:392. PUBMED Abstract
Knight HD. 1978. A serologic method for the detection of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections in horses. Cornell Vet 68:220. PUBMED Abstract
Foley JE, Spier SJ, Mihalyi J, et al. 2004. Molecular epidemiologic features of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolated from horses. Am J Vet Res 65:1734. PUBMED Abstract
Ramos RT, Silva A, Carneiro AR, et al. 2012. Genome sequence of the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Cp316 strain, isolated from the abscess of a Californian horse. J Bacteriol 194:6620. PUBMED Abstract
Piontkowski MD, Shivvers DW. 1998. Evaluation of a commercially available vaccine against Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis for use in sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc 212:1765. PUBMED Abstract
Scott PR, Collie DD, Hume LH. 1997. Caseous lymphadenitis in a commercial ram stud in Scotland. Vet Rec 141:548. PUBMED Abstract
Anon A. 1980. Second Annual Report of the US Agricultural Research Program. Cairo: Animal Health Research Institute.
Fowler ME. 1989. Infectious diseases. In Fowler ME (ed), Medicine and surgery of South American camelids. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
Thedford TR, Johnson LW. 1989. Infectious diseases of New World camelids (NWC). Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 5:145. PUBMED Abstract
Braga WU, Chavera AE, Gonzalez AE. 2006. Clinical, humoral, and pathologic findings in adult alpacas with experimentally induced Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection. Am J Vet Res 67:1570. PUBMED Abstract
Aleman M, Spier SJ, Wilson WD, et al. 1996. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in horses: 538 cases (1982-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:804. PUBMED Abstract
Nogradi N, Spier SJ, Toth B, et al. 2012. Musculoskeletal Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in horses: 35 cases (1999-2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc 241:771. PUBMED Abstract
Welsh RD. 1990. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in the horse. Equine Pract 12:7.
Hall K, McCluskey BJ, Cunningham W. 2001. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections (pigeon fever) in horses in western Colorado: an epidemiological investigation. J Equine Vet Pract 21:284.
Farstvedt EG, Hendrickson DA, Dickenson CE, et al. 2004. Treatment of suppurative facial cellulitis and panniculitis caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:1139. PUBMED Abstract
Rand CL, Hall TL, Aleman M, et al. 2012. Otitis media-interna and secondary meningitis associated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in a horse. Equine Vet Educ 24:271.
Pratt SM, Spier SJ, Carroll SP, et al. 2005. Evaluation of clinical characteristics, diagnostic test results, and outcome in horses with internal infection caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: 30 cases (1995-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:441. PUBMED Abstract
Henderson A. 1979. Pseudotuberculous adenitis caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. J Med Microbiol 12:147. PUBMED Abstract
Rumbaugh GE, Smith BP, Carlson GP. 1978. Internal abdominal abscesses in the horse: a study of 25 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:304. PUBMED Abstract
Gezon HM, Bither HD, Hanson LA, et al. 1991. Epizootic of external and internal abscesses in a large goat herd over a 16-year period. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:257. PUBMED Abstract
Holstad G. 1986. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in goats. V. Relationship between the infection and lesions resulting from vaccination against paratuberculosis. Acta Vet Scand 27:617. PUBMED Abstract
ter Laak EA, Bosch J, Bijl GC, et al. 1992. Double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot analysis used for control of caseous lymphadenitis in goats and sheep. Am J Vet Res 53:1125. PUBMED Abstract
Sutherland SS, Ellis TM, Mercy AR, et al. 1987. Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in sheep. Aust Vet J 64:263. PUBMED Abstract
Brown CC, Olander HJ. 1987. Caseous lymphadenitis of goats and sheep: a review. Vet Bull 57:1.
Hodgson AL, Krywult J, Corner LA, et al. 1992. Rational attenuation of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: potential cheesy gland vaccine and live delivery vehicle. Infect Immun 60:2900. PUBMED Abstract
Jeske JM, Spier SJ, Whitcomb MB, et al. 2013. Use of antibody titers measured via serum synergistic hemolysis inhibition testing to predict internal Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 242:86. PUBMED Abstract
Cameron CM, Fuls WJ. 1973. Studies on the enhancement of immunity to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 40:105. PUBMED Abstract
Ellis JA, Hawk DA, Holler LD, et al. 1990. Differential antibody responses to Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in sheep with naturally acquired caseous lymphadenitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196:1609. PUBMED Abstract
Augustine JL, Renshaw HW. 1982. Survival of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis on common barnyard fomites. Int Conf Goat Prod Dis Proc 525.
Knight HD. 1969. Corynebacterial infections in the horse: problems of prevention. J Am Vet Med Assoc 155:446. PUBMED Abstract
Spier SJ, Leutenegger CM, Carroll SP, et al. 2004. Use of a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based fluorogenic 5´ nuclease assay to evaluate insect vectors of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections in horses. Am J Vet Res 65:829. PUBMED Abstract
Doherr MG, Carpenter TE, Hanson KM, et al. 1998. Risk factors associated with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in California horses. Prev Vet Med 35:229. PUBMED Abstract
Doherr MG, Carpenter TE, Wilson WD, et al. 1999. Evaluation of temporal and spatial clustering of horses with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection. Am J Vet Res 60:284. PUBMED Abstract
Yeruham I, Braverman SH, Spigel NY, et al. 1996. Mastitis in dairy cattle caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis and the feasibility of transmission by houseflies. Vet Quarterly 18:87. PUBMED Abstract
Nagy G. 1976. Caseous lymphadenitis in sheep—methods of infection. J S Afr Vet Assoc 47:197. PUBMED Abstract
Serikawa S, Ito S, Hatta T, et al. 1993. Seroepidemiological evidence that shearing wounds are mainly responsible for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in sheep. J Vet Med Sci 55:691. PUBMED Abstract
Ashfaq MK, Campbell SG. 1980. Experimentally induced caseous lymphadenitis in goats. Am J Vet Res 41:1789. PUBMED Abstract
Pepin M, Pardon P, Lantier F, et al. 1991. Experimental Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in lambs: kinetics of bacterial dissemination and inflammation. Vet Microbiol 26:381. PUBMED Abstract
Muckle CA, Gyles CL. 1983. Relation of lipid content and exotoxin production to virulence of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in mice. Am J Vet Res 44:1149. PUBMED Abstract
Bernheimer AW, Campbell BJ, Forrester LJ. 1985. Comparative toxinology of Loxosceles reclusa and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Science 228:590. PUBMED Abstract
Adamson PJ, Wilson WD, Hirsh DC, et al. 1985. Susceptibility of equine bacterial isolates to antimicrobial agents. Am J Vet Res 46:447. PUBMED Abstract
Judson R, Songer JG. 1991. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: in vitro susceptibility to 39 antimicrobial agents. Vet Microbiol 27:145. PUBMED Abstract
Zhao HK, Morimura H, Hiramune T, et al. 1991. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis isolated from lesions of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep in Hokkaido, Japan. J Vet Med Sci 53:355. PUBMED Abstract
Menzies PI, Muckle CA, Brogden KA, et al. 1991. A field trial to evaluate a whole cell vaccine for the prevention of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goat flocks. Can J Vet Res 55:362. PUBMED Abstract
Eggleton DG, Haynes JA, Middleton HD, et al. 1991. Immunisation against ovine caseous lymphadenitis: correlation between Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis toxoid content and protective efficacy in combined clostridial-corynebacterial vaccines. Aust Vet J 68:322. PUBMED Abstract
Eggleton DG, Doidge CV, Middleton HD, et al. 1991. Immunisation against ovine caseous lymphadenitis: efficacy of monocomponent Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis toxoid vaccine and combined clostridial-corynebacterial vaccines. Aust Vet J 68:320. PUBMED Abstract
Eggleton DG, Middleton HD, Doidge CV, et al. 1991. Immunisation against ovine caseous lymphadenitis: comparison of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis vaccines with and without bacterial cells. Aust Vet J 68:317. PUBMED Abstract
Hodgson AL, Carter K, Tachedjian M, et al. 1999. Efficacy of an ovine caseous lymphadenitis vaccine formulated using a genetically inactive form of the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis phospholipase D. Vaccine 17:802. PUBMED Abstract
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Spier SJ. 2005. Personal communication. University of California, Davis, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, Davis, CA.

Large Animal Internal Medicine

Chapter 37 Diseases of the Hematopoietic and Hemolymphatic Systems

Diseases Associated with Blood Loss or Hemostatic Dysfunction

Inherited Coagulation Disorders

Thrombasthenia in Horses

Acquired Hemostatic Disorders

Anaplasma phagocytophila Infection in Horses

Thrombocytopenia

Disorders of Coagulation Factors

Bovine Anaplasmosis

Babesiosis

Haemobartonellosis (Eperythrozoonosis) and Theileriasis

Equine Leptospirosis

Equine Infectious Anemia

Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia

Heinz Body Hemolytic Anemia

Other Causes of Hemolytic Anemia

Copper Toxicosis

Hemolytic Syndrome in Horses with Liver Failure and Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria

Depression Anemia

Erythrocytosis (Polycythemia)

Proliferative Disorders of Lymphoid and Myeloid Systems

Lymphoma in Horses

Other Diseases of the Hemolymphatic System

Lyme Disease

Tularemia

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Infection