Physitis (Epiphysitis)

1. McIlwraith CW. 1993. What is developmental orthopaedic disease, osteochondrosis, osteochondritis, metabolic bone disease? Am Assoc Equine Pract 39:35.
2. Ineson AC, Rogers CW, Firth EC, et al. 2004. A comparison of subjective and quantitative methods for detection of physitis in Thoroughbred foals. N Z Vet J 52:65. PUBMED Abstract
3. Jeffcott LB. 1993. Problems and pointers in equine osteochondrosis. Equine Vet J Suppl 16:1.
4. Chesen B. 2009. Physitis, pp 1189-1190. In Smith BP (ed), Large animal internal medicine, ed 4. Elsevier Mosby, St Louis, MO.
5. Orsini JA, Kreuder C. 1994. Musculoskeletal disorders of the neonate. Vet Clin North Am 10:137. PUBMED Abstract
6. Carlson ER, Bramlage LR, et al. 2012. Complications after two transphyseal bridging techniques for treatment of angular limb deformities of the distal radius in 568 thoroughbred yearlings. Equine Vet J 44:416. PUBMED Abstract
7. Ellis DR. 2011. Physitis, pp 638-640. In Ross MW, Dyson SJ (eds), Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, ed 2. Elsevier Saunders, St Louis, MO.
8. Pearce SG. 1997. Copper nutrition in pasture-fed New Zealand Thoroughbreds, and its role in developmental orthopedic disease. PhD thesis. Massey University, Palmerston North, NZ.
9. Pearce SG, Firth EC, Grace ND, et al. 1998. Effect of copper supplementation on the evidence of developmental orthopaedic disease in pasture-fed New Zealand Thoroughbreds. Equine Vet J 30:211. PUBMED Abstract

Osteochondrosis

1. McIlwraith CW. 1993. What is developmental orthopaedic disease, osteochondrosis, osteochondritis, metabolic bone disease? Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, December 5-8, San Antonio, TX.
2. Poulos P. 1986. Radiologic manifestations of developmental problems. Proceedings of the American Quarter Horse Association Panel on Developmental Orthopedic Disease, April 21-22, Amarillo, TX.
3. Kadarmideen HN, Schwörer D, Ilahi H, et al. 2004. Genetics of osteochondral disease and its relationship with meat quality and quantity, growth, and feed conversion traits in pigs. J Anim Sci 82:3118. PUBMED Abstract
4. Olsson SE, Reiland S. 1978. The nature of osteochondrosis in animals: summary and conclusions with comparative aspects on osteochondritis dissecans in man. Acta Radiol Suppl 358:299. PUBMED Abstract
5. Reiland S. 1978. Pathology of so-called leg weakness in the pig. Acta Radiol Suppl 358:23. PUBMED Abstract
6. Hill MA. 1990. Causes of degenerative joint disease (osteoarthrosis) and dyschondroplasia (osteochondrosis) in pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:107. PUBMED Abstract
7. Watkins JP. 1999. Osteochondrosis, pp 765-778. In Auer JA, Stick JA (eds), Equine surgery, ed 2. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
8. Tryon KA, Farrow CS. 1999. Osteochondrosis in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 15:265. PUBMED Abstract
9. McIlwraith CW. 1993. Inferences from referred clinical cases of osteochondritis dissecans. Equine Vet J 16(Suppl):27.
10. Dabareiner RM, Sullins KE, White NA. 1993. Progression of femoropatellar osteochondrosis in nine young horses. Vet Surg 22:515. PUBMED Abstract
11. Dik KJ, Enzerink E, van Weeren PR. 1999. Radiographic development of osteochondral abnormalities in the hock and stifle of Dutch Warmblood foals, from age 1 to 11 months. Equine Vet J 31(Suppl):9. PUBMED Abstract
12. Bertone AL, Bramlage LR, McIlwraith CW, et al. 2005. Comparison of proteoglycan and collagen in articular cartilage of horses with naturally developing osteochondrosis and healing osteochondral fragments of experimentally induced fractures. Am J Vet Res 66:1881. PUBMED Abstract
13. Barneveld A, van Weeren PR. 1999. Conclusions regarding the influence of exercise on the development of the equine musculoskeletal system with special reference to osteochondrosis. Equine Vet J 31(Suppl):112. PUBMED Abstract
14. Ytrehus B, Ekman S, Carlson CS, et al. 2004. Focal changes in blood supply during normal epiphyseal growth are central in the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis in pigs. Bone 35:1294. PUBMED Abstract
15. Olstad K, Ytrehus B, Ekman S, et al. 2008. Epiphyseal cartilage canal blood supply to the tarsus of foals and relationship to osteochondrosis. Equine Vet J 40:30. PUBMED Abstract
16. Olstad K, Ytrehus B, Ekman S, et al. 2008. Epiphyseal cartilage canal blood supply to the distal femur of foals. Equine Vet J 40:433. PUBMED Abstract
17. Olstad K, Ytrehus B, Ekman S, et al. 2009. Epiphyseal cartilage canal blood supply to the metatarsophalangeal joint of foals. Equine Vet J 41:865. PUBMED Abstract
18. Olstad K, Ytrehus B, Ekman S, et al. 2007. Early lesions of osteochondrosis in the distal tibia of foals. J Orthop Res 25:1094. PUBMED Abstract
19. Trostle SS, Nicoll RG, Forrest LJ, et al. 1997. Clinical and radiographic findings, treatment, and outcome in cattle with osteochondrosis: 29 cases (1986-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1566. PUBMED Abstract
20. Savage CJ, McCarthy RN, Jeffcott LB. 1993. Effects of dietary energy and protein on induction of dyschondroplasia in foals. Equine Vet J 16(Supp):74.
21. Busch ME, Wachmann H. 2011. Osteochondrosis of the elbow joint in finishing pigs from three herds: associations among different types of joint changes and between osteochondrosis and growth rate. Vet J 188:197. PUBMED Abstract
22. Van Weeren PR, Knaap J, Firth EC. 2003. Influence of liver copper status of mare and newborn foal on the development of osteochondrotic lesions. Equine Vet J 35:67. PUBMED Abstract
23. Philipsson J, Andreasson E, Sandgren B, et al. 1993. Osteochondrosis in the tarsocrural joint and osteochondral fragments in the fetlock joints in Standardbred trotters. II. Heritability. Equine Vet J 16(Suppl):38.
24. Grondahl AM, Dolvik NI. 1993. Heritability estimations of osteochondrosis in the tibiotarsal joint and bony fragments in the palmar/plantar portion of the metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints of horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:101. PUBMED Abstract
25. Fortier LA, Nixon AJ. 2005. New surgical treatments for osteochondritis dissecans and subchondral bone cysts. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 21:673. PUBMED Abstract
26. Wallis T, Goodrich L, McIlwraith C, et al. 2008. Arthroscopic injection of corticosteroids into the fibrous tissue of subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle in horses: a retrospective study of 52 cases (2001-2006). Equine Vet J 40:461. PUBMED Abstract
27. Ortved K, Nixon A, Mohammed H, et al. 2012. Treatment of subchondral cystic lesions of the medial femoral condyle of mature horses with growth factor enhanced chondrocyte grafts: a retrospective study of 49 cases. Equine Vet J 44:606. PUBMED Abstract

Angular Limb Deformities

1. Auer JA, Martens RJ, Morris EL. 1982. Angular limb deformities in foals. Part I. Congenital factors. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 4:S330.
2. Auer JA, Martens RJ, Morris EL. 1983. Angular limb deformities in foals. Part II. Developmental factors. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5:S27.
3. Leitch M. 1979. Angular limb deformities arising at the carpal region in foals. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 1:S39.
4. Turner AS. 1987. Diseases of bones and related structures, pp 293. In Stashaked TS (ed), Adams' lameness in horses, ed 4. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
5. Hidiroglou M, Dukes TW, Ho SK, et al. 1978. Bent-limb syndrome in lambs raised in total confinement. J Am Vet Med Assoc 173:1572. PUBMED Abstract
6. Anderson KL, Adams WM. 1983. Epiphysitis and recumbency in a yearling prepartum goat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:226. PUBMED Abstract
7. Bertone AL, Turner AS, Park RD. 1985. Periosteal transection and stripping for treatment of angular limb deformities in foals: clinical observations. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:145. PUBMED Abstract
8. Bertone AL, Park RD, Turner AS. 1985. Periosteal transection and stripping for treatment of angular limb deformities in foals: radiographic observations. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:153. PUBMED Abstract
9. Fretz PB, Cymbaluk NK, Pharr JW. 1984. Quantitative analysis of long-bone growth in the horse. Am J Vet Res 45:1602. PUBMED Abstract
10. Auer JA, Martens RJ, Williams EH. 1982. Periosteal transection for correction of angular limb deformities in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:459. PUBMED Abstract

Ovine Hereditary Chondrodysplasia (Spider Lamb Syndrome)

1. Rook JS, Trapp A, Krehbiel J, et al. 1988. Diagnosis of hereditary chondrodysplasia (spider lamb syndrome) in sheep. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:713. PUBMED Abstract
2. Thompson KG. 2008. Skeletal diseases of sheep. Small Ruminant Res 76:112.
3. Vanek JA, Alstad AD, Berg IE, et al. 1986. Spider syndrome in lambs: a clinical and postmortem analysis. Vet Med 81:663.
4. Rook JS, Kopcha M, Spaulding K, et al. 1986. The spider syndrome: a report on the one purebred flock. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 8:S402.
5. Kennedy GF. 1984. Straight talk. Suffolk Banner 7:108.
6. Ritter J. 1986. Sheep spider syndrome spins web of controversy. Dakota Farmer 104:24.
7. Cockett NE, Shay TL, Beever JE, et al. 1999. Localization of the locus causing spider lamb syndrome to the distal end of ovine chromosome 6. Mamm Genome 10:35. PUBMED Abstract
8. Phillips PH, Bunn CM, Anderson CE. 1992. Ovine hereditary chondrosyplasia (spider syndrome) in Suffolk lambs. Aust Vet J 70:73. PUBMED Abstract
9. West DM, Burbidge HM, Vermunt JJ, et al. 1995. Hereditary chondrodysplasia (“spider syndrome”) in a New Zealand Suffolk lamb of American origin. N Z Vet J 43:118. PUBMED Abstract
10. Passos DT, Rodrigues EE, Rodrigues NC, et al. 2009. Allele frequency of the spider lamb syndrome in Brazilian Hampshire Down and Suffolk flocks. Small Ruminant Res 83:79.
11. Drögemüller C, Wöhlke A, Distl O. 2005. Spider lamb syndrome (SLS) mutation frequency in German Suffolk sheep. Anim Genet 36:539. PUBMED Abstract
12. Henneman. 1985. Letter to the editor. Suffolk Banner 30:33.
13. Thomas DL, Cobb AR. 1986. Inheritance of spider syndrome in Suffolk sheep. J Anim Sci 63(Suppl 1):195.
14. Berg, PT, Alstad AD, Moore BL, et al. 1987. The mode of inheritance of the “spider” lamb syndrome in Suffolk sheep. SID Res Digest 4:1.
15. Thomas DL, Cobb AR, Waldron DF. 1988. Spider syndrome: a genetic defect found in American Suffolk sheep, pp 649-651. In Proceeding of the 3rd World Congress on Sheep and Cattle Breeding.
16. Oberbauer AM, East NE, Pool R, et al. 1995. Developmental progression of the spider lamb syndrome. Small Ruminant Res 18:179.
17. Beever JE, Smit MA, Meyers SN, et al. 2006. A single-base change in the tyrosine kinase II domain of ovine FGFR3 causes hereditary chondrodysplasia in sheep. Animal Genet 37:66. PUBMED Abstract
18. Smith LB, Dally MR, Sainz RD, et al., 2006. Enhanced skeletal growth of sheep heterozygous for an inactivated fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. J Anim Sci 84:2942. PUBMED Abstract
19. Vanek JA, Walter PA, Alstad AD. 1987. Comparing spider syndrome in Hampshire and Suffolk sheep. Vet Med 430:438.
20. Osborne JM, Thomas DL, White ME. 1992. Insulin-like growth factor-I levels and gene expression in ovine hereditary chondrodysplasia (spider lamb syndrome). Domes Anim Endocrinol 9:25. PUBMED Abstract
21. Vanek JA, Bleier WJ, Whited DA, Alstad AD. 1988. Comparison of G-banded chromosomes from clinically normal lambs and lambs affected with ovine hereditary chondrodysplasia (spider syndrome). Am J Vet Res 49:1164. PUBMED Abstract
22. Troyer DL, Thomas DL, Stein LE. 1988. A morphologic and biochemical evaluation of the spider syndrome in Suffolk sheep. Anat Histol Embryol 17:289. PUBMED Abstract
23. Vanek JA, Walter PA, Alstad AD. 1989. Radiographic diagnosis of hereditary chondrodysplasia in newborn lambs. J Amer Vet Med Assoc 194:244. PUBMED Abstract
24. Andrew MD. 1997. The spider gene test and the spider lamb syndrome in sheep. The Banner Sheep Magazine, 100-101.
25. Jolly RD, Blair HT, Johnstone AC. 2004. Genetic disorders of sheep in New Zealand: a review and perspective. N Z Vet J 52:52. PUBMED Abstract
26. East N. 2008. Spider lamb syndrome (ovine hereditary chondrodysplasia), pp 1197-1199. In Smith B (ed), Large animal internal medicine, ed 4. Elsevier Mosby, St Louis, MO.
27. Menzies PI. 2007. Abortion in sheep: diagnosis and control, pp 667-690. In Youngquist RS, Threlfall WR (eds), Current therapy in large animal theriogenology, ed 2. Saunders Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
28. Navarro M, Cristofol C, Carretero A, et al. 1988. Anthelmintic induced congenital malformations in sheep embryos using netobimin. Vet Rec 142:86. PUBMED Abstract
29. Panter KE, James LF, Stegelmeier BL, et al. 1999. Locoweeds: effect on reproduction in livestock. J Nat Toxins 8:53. PUBMED Abstract
30. Dittmer KE, Thompson KG. 2011. Vitamin D metabolism and rickets in domestic animals: a review. Vet Pathol 48:389. PUBMED Abstract

Septic (Infectious) Arthritis and Osteomyelitis

1. Cohen ND. 1994. Causes of and farm management factors associated with disease and death in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:1644. PUBMED Abstract
2. Meijer MC, van Weeren PR, Rijkenhuizen AB. 2000. Clinical experiences of treating septic arthritis in the equine by repeated joint lavage: a series of 39 cases. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 47:351. PUBMED Abstract
3. Schneider R, Bramlage L, Moore R, et al. 1992. A retrospective study of 192 horses affected with septic arthritis/tenosynovitis. Equine Vet J 24:436. PUBMED Abstract
4. Stewart AA, Goodrich LR, Byron CR, et al. 2010. Antimicrobial delivery by intrasynovial catheterisation with systemic administration for equine synovial trauma and sepsis. Aust Vet J 88:115. PUBMED Abstract
5. Madison JB, Reid BV, Raskin RE. 1995. Amphotericin B treatment of Candida arthritis in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:338. PUBMED Abstract
6. Robinson JA, Allen GK, Green EM, et al. 1993. A prospective study of septicaemia in colostrum-deprived foals. Equine Vet J 25:214. PUBMED Abstract
7. Gustafson S, McIlwraith C. 1988. Intra-articular infection following intra-articular injection of medication: diagnosis, possible etiologic factors and prevention. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 1988:283-288.
8. Gustafson SB, McIlwraith CW, Jones RL. 1989. Comparison of the effect of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan, corticosteroids, and sodium hyaluronate in the potentiation of a subinfective dose of Staphylococcus aureus in the midcarpal joint of horses. Am J Vet Res 50:2014. PUBMED Abstract
9. Alexander PG, Slee KJ, McOrist S, et al. 1985. Mastitis in cows and polyarthritis and pneumonia in calves caused by Mycoplasma species bovine group 7. Aust Vet J 62:135. PUBMED Abstract
10. Pfutzner H, Sachse K. 1996. Mycoplasma bovis as an agent of mastitis, pneumonia, arthritis and genital disorders in cattle. Rev Sci Tech 15:1477. PUBMED Abstract
11. Firth E. 1983. Current concepts of infectious polyarthritis in foals. Equine Vet J 15:5. PUBMED Abstract
12. Hunt R. 2003. Lameness in foals, pp 1084-1093. In Ross MW, Dyson S (eds), Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse. Saunders, St Louis, MO.
13. Gibson KT, McIlwraith CW, Turner AS, et al. 1989. Open joint injuries in horses: 58 cases (1980-1986). J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:398. PUBMED Abstract
14. Kidd JA, Barr AR, Tarlton JF. 2007. Use of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 and white blood cell counts in monitoring the treatment and predicting the survival of horses with septic arthritis. Vet Rec 161:329. PUBMED Abstract
15. Wright IM, Smith MR, Humphrey DJ, et al. 2003. Endoscopic surgery in the treatment of contaminated and infected synovial cavities. Equine Vet J 35:613. PUBMED Abstract
16. Janicek JC, Dabareiner RM, Honnas CM, et al. 2005. Heel bulb lacerations in horses: 101 cases (1988-1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 226:418. PUBMED Abstract
17. Cuny C, Kuemmerle J, Stanek C, et al. 2006. Emergence of MRSA infections in horses in a veterinary hospital: strain characterisation and comparison with MRSA from humans. Euro Surveill 11:44. PUBMED Abstract
18. Weese JS, Caldwell F, Willey BM, et al. 2006. An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections resulting from horse to human transmission in a veterinary hospital. Vet Microbiol 114:160.
19. Olds AM, Stewart AA, Freeman DE, et al. 2006. Evaluation of the rate of development of septic arthritis after elective arthroscopy in horses: 7 cases (1994-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:1949. PUBMED Abstract
20. van Amstel S, Shearer J. 2006. Manual for the treatment and control of lameness in cattle. Blackwell, Ames, IA.
21. Bulgin M. 1986. Diagnosis of lameness in sheep. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 8:F122.
22. Perez-Martinez J, Storz J. 1985. Chlamydial infection in cattle. Mod Vet Pract 66:517.
23. Newquist JM, Baxter GM. 2009. Evaluation of plasma fibrinogen concentration as an indicator of physeal or epiphyseal osteomyelitis in foals: 17 cases (2002-2007). J Am Vet Med Assoc 235:415. PUBMED Abstract
24. Tulamo RM, Bramlage LR, Gabel AA. 1989. Sequential clinical and synovial fluid changes associated with acute infectious arthritis in the horse. Equine Vet J 21:325. PUBMED Abstract
25. Madison JB, Sommer M, Spencer PA. 1991. Relations among synovial membrane histopathologic findings, synovial fluid cytologic findings, and bacterial culture results in horses with suspected infectious arthritis: 64 cases (1979-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:1655. PUBMED Abstract
26. Firth EC. 1990. Diagnosis of metaphysitis in foals. N Z Vet J 38:66. PUBMED Abstract
27. Ribera T, Monreal L, Armengou L, et al. 2011. Synovial fluid D-dimer concentration in foals with septic joint disease. J Vet Intern Med 25:1113. PUBMED Abstract
28. Fietz S, Bondzio A, Moschos A, et al. 2008. Measurement of equine myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in synovial fluid by a modified MPO assay and evaluation of joint diseases– an initial case study. Res Vet Sci 84:347. PUBMED Abstract
29. Jacobsen S, Thomsen MH, Nanni S. 2006. Concentrations of serum amyloid A in serum and synovial fluid from healthy horses and horses with joint disease. Am J Vet Res 67:1738. PUBMED Abstract
30. Sanchez Teran AF, Rubio-Martinez LM, Villarino NF, et al. 2012. Effects of repeated intra-articular administration of amikacin on serum amyloid A, total protein and nucleated cell count in synovial fluid from healthy horses. Equine Vet J 44 Suppl 43:12.
31. Dykgraaf S, Dechant JE, Johns JL, et al. 2007. Effect of intrathecal amikacin administration and repeated centesis on digital flexor tendon sheath synovial fluid in horses. Vet Surg 36:57. PUBMED Abstract
32. Lugo J, Gaughan EM. 2006. Septic arthritis, tenosynovitis, and infections of hoof structures. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 22:363. PUBMED Abstract
33. Yapar Z, Kibar M, Yapar AF, et al. 2001. The efficacy of technetium-99m ciprofloxacin (Infecton) imaging in suspected orthopaedic infection: a comparison with sequential bone/gallium imaging. Eur J Nucl Med 28:822. PUBMED Abstract
34. Tyson R, Graham JP, Roberts GD, et al. 2004. What is your diagnosis? Osteomyelitis of a vertebral body. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:515. PUBMED Abstract
35. Easley JT, Brokken MT, Zubrod CJ, et al. 2011. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in horses with septic arthritis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 52:402. PUBMED Abstract
36. Gaschen L, LeRoux A, Trichel J, et al. 2011. Magnetic resonance imaging in foals with infectious arthritis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 52:627. PUBMED Abstract
37. Crabill MR, Cohen ND, Martin LJ, et al. 1996. Detection of bacteria in equine synovial fluid by use of the polymerase chain reaction. Vet Surg 25:195. PUBMED Abstract
38. Marsh PS, Palmer JE. 2001. Bacterial isolates from blood and their susceptibility patterns in critically ill foals: 543 cases (1991-1998). J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1608. PUBMED Abstract
39. Stewart AJ, Hinchcliff KW, Saville WJ, et al. 2002. Actinobacillus sp. bacteremia in foals: clinical signs and prognosis. J Vet Intern Med 16:464. PUBMED Abstract
40. Cohen ND. 2006. Treating foals with Rhodococcus equi infection: what do you recommend? Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 28:14.
41. Peters J, Block W, Oswald S, et al. 2011. Oral absorption of clarithromycin is nearly abolished by chronic comedication of rifampicin in foals. Drug Metab Dispos 39:1643. PUBMED Abstract
42. Egerbacher M, Edinger J, Tschulenk W. 2001. Effects of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin hydrochloride on canine and equine chondrocytes in culture. Am J Vet Res 62:704. PUBMED Abstract
43. Egerbacher M, Wolfesberger B, Gabler C. 2001. In vitro evidence for effects of magnesium supplementation on quinolone-treated horse and dog chondrocytes. Vet Pathol 38:143. PUBMED Abstract
44. Haerdi-Landerer MC, Habermacher J, Wenger B, et al. 2010. Slow release antibiotics for treatment of septic arthritis in large animals. Vet J 184:14. PUBMED Abstract
45. Lloyd K, Stover S, Pascoe J, et al. 1988. Plasma and synovial fluid concentrations of gentamicin in horses after intra-articular administration of buffered and unbuffered gentamicin. Am J Vet Res 49:644. PUBMED Abstract
46. Mills ML, Rush BR, St Jean G, et al. 2000. Determination of synovial fluid and serum concentrations, and morphologic effects of intraarticular ceftiofur sodium in horses. Vet Surg 29:398. PUBMED Abstract
47. Lescun TB, Adams SB, Wu CC, et al. 2000. Continuous infusion of gentamicin into the tarsocrural joint of horses. Am J Vet Res 61:407. PUBMED Abstract
48. Meagher DT, Latimer FG, Sutter WW, et al. 2006. Evaluation of a balloon constant rate infusion system for treatment of septic arthritis, septic tenosynovitis, and contaminated synovial wounds: 23 cases (2002-2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1930. PUBMED Abstract
49. Werner LA, Hardy J, Bertone AL. 2003. Bone gentamicin concentration after intra-articular injection or regional intravenous perfusion in the horse. Vet Surg 32:559. PUBMED Abstract
50. Whitehair K, Blevins W, Fessler J, et al. 1992. Regional perfusion of the equine carpus for antibiotic delivery. Vet Surg 21:279. PUBMED Abstract
51. Errico JA, Trumble TN, Bueno AC, et al. 2008. Comparison of two indirect techniques for local delivery of a high dose of an antimicrobial in the distal portion of forelimbs of horses. Am J Vet Res 69:334. PUBMED Abstract
52. Levine DG, Epstein KL, Ahern BJ, et al. 2010. Efficacy of three tourniquet types for intravenous antimicrobial regional limb perfusion in standing horses. Vet Surg 39:1021. PUBMED Abstract
53. Alkabes SB, Adams SB, Moore GE, et al. 2011. Comparison of two tourniquets and determination of amikacin sulfate concentrations after metacarpophalangeal joint lavage performed simultaneously with intravenous regional limb perfusion in horses. Am J Vet Res 72:613. PUBMED Abstract
54. Grice SC, Morell RC, Balestrieri FJ, et al. 1986. Intravenous regional anesthesia: evaluation and prevention of leakage under the tourniquet. Anesthesiology 65:316. PUBMED Abstract
55. Kelmer G, Catasus CT, Saxton AM, et al. 2009. Evaluation of indwelling intravenous catheters for the regional perfusion of the limbs of horses. Vet Rec 165:496. PUBMED Abstract
56. Kelmer G, Tatz A, Bdolah-Abram T. 2012. Indwelling cephalic or saphenous vein catheter use for regional limb perfusion in 44 horses with synovial injury involving the distal aspect of the limb. Vet Surg 41:938. PUBMED Abstract
57. Rubio-Martinez LM, Elmas CR, Black B, et al. 2012. Clinical use of antimicrobial regional limb perfusion in horses: 174 cases (1999-2009). J Am Vet Med Assoc 241:1650. PUBMED Abstract
58. Kelmer G, Bell GC, Martin-Jimenez T, et al. 2012. Evaluation of regional limb perfusion with amikacin using the saphenous, cephalic, and palmar digital veins in standing horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 65:291. PUBMED Abstract
59. Kelmer G, Hayes ME. 2009. Regional limb perfusion with erythromycin for treatment of septic physitis and arthritis caused by Rhodococcus equi. Vet Rec 165:291. PUBMED Abstract
60. Pille F, De Baere S, Ceelen L, et al. 2005. Synovial fluid and plasma concentrations of ceftiofur after regional intravenous perfusion in the horse. Vet Surg 34:610. PUBMED Abstract
61. Rubio-Martinez LM, Lopez-Sanroman J, Cruz AM, et al. 2005. Evaluation of safety and pharmacokinetics of vancomycin after intravenous regional limb perfusion in horses. Am J Vet Res 66:2107-2113. PUBMED Abstract
62. Rubio-Martinez LM, Lopez-Sanroman J, Cruz AM, et al. 2006. Evaluation of safety and pharmacokinetics of vancomycin after intraosseous regional limb perfusion and comparison of results with those obtained after intravenous regional limb perfusion in horses. Am J Vet Res 67:1701. PUBMED Abstract
63. Parra-Sanchez A, Lugo J, Boothe DM, et al. 2006. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of enrofloxacin and a low dose of amikacin administered via regional intravenous limb perfusion in standing horses. Am J Vet Res 67:1687. PUBMED Abstract
64. Booth TM, Butson RJ, Clegg PD, et al. 2001. Treatment of sepsis in the small tarsal joints of 11 horses with gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads. Vet Rec 148:376. PUBMED Abstract
65. Farnsworth KD, White NA, 2nd, Robertson J. 2001. The effect of implanting gentamicin-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads in the tarsocrural joint of the horse. Vet Surg 30:126. PUBMED Abstract
66. Holcombe S, Schneider R, Bramlage L, et al. 1997. Use of antibiotic-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate in horses with open or infected fractures or joints: 19 cases (1987-1995). J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:889. PUBMED Abstract
67. Ethell MT, Bennett RA, Brown MP, et al. 2000. In vitro elution of gentamicin, amikacin, and ceftiofur from polymethylmethacrylate and hydroxyapatite cement. Vet Surg 29:375. PUBMED Abstract
68. Gallo J, Kolar M, Florschutz AV, et al. 2005. In vitro testing of gentamicin-vancomycin loaded bone cement to prevent prosthetic joint infection. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 149:153. PUBMED Abstract
69. Lee CG, Fu YC, Wang CH. 2005. Simulation of gentamicin delivery for the local treatment of osteomyelitis. Biotechnol Bioeng 91:622. PUBMED Abstract
70. Lewis G, Janna S. 2004. The in vitro elution of gentamicin sulfate from a commercially available gentamicin-loaded acrylic bone cement, VersaBond AB. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 71:77. PUBMED Abstract
71. Merkhan IK, Hasenwinkel JM, Gilbert JL. 2004. Gentamicin release from two-solution and powder-liquid poly(methyl methacrylate)-based bone cements by using novel pH method. J Biomed Mater Res A 69:577. PUBMED Abstract
72. Neut D, de Groot EP, Kowalski RS, et al. 2005. Gentamicin-loaded bone cement with clindamycin or fusidic acid added: biofilm formation and antibiotic release. J Biomed Mater Res A 73:165. PUBMED Abstract
73. Phillips H, Boothe DM, Shofer F, et al. 2007. In vitro elution studies of amikacin and cefazolin from polymethylmethacrylate. Vet Surg 36:272. PUBMED Abstract
74. Ramos JR, Howard RD, Pleasant RS, et al. 2003. Elution of metronidazole and gentamicin from polymethylmethacrylate beads. Vet Surg 32:251. PUBMED Abstract
75. Cook V, Bertone A, Kowalski J, et al. 1999. Biodegradable drug delivery systems for gentamicin release and treatment of synovial membrane infection. Vet Surg 28:233. PUBMED Abstract
76. Cook V, Bertone A, Kowalski J, et al. 1997. Gentamicin-impregnated biodegradable polymer for the treatment of equine joint infection in vivo: preliminary study. Proceedings of the 7th Annual American College of Veterinary Surgeons Symposium.
77. Hirsbrunner G, Steiner A. 1998. Treatment of infectious arthritis of the radiocarpal joint of cattle with gentamicin-impregnated collagen sponges. Vet Rec 142:399. PUBMED Abstract
78. Summerhays GE. 2000. Treatment of traumatically induced synovial sepsis in horses with gentamicin-impregnated collagen sponges. Vet Rec 147:184. PUBMED Abstract
79. Zulauf M, Jordan P, Steiner A. 2001. Fenestration of the abaxial hoof wall and implantation of gentamicin-impregnated collagen sponges for the treatment of septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint in cattle. Vet Rec 149:516. PUBMED Abstract
80. Ivester KM, Adams SB, Moore GE, et al. 2006. Gentamicin concentrations in synovial fluid obtained from the tarsocrural joints of horses after implantation of gentamicin-impregnated collagen sponges. Am J Vet Res 67:1519. PUBMED Abstract
81. Gilleland LB, Gilleland HE, Gibson JA, et al. 1989. Adaptive resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Med Microbiol 29:41. PUBMED Abstract
82. Giamarellou H. 1986. Aminoglycosides plus beta-lactams against gram-negative organisms. Evaluation of in vitro synergy and chemical interactions. Am J Med 80:126. PUBMED Abstract
83. Riff LJ, Thomason JL. 1982. Comparative aminoglycoside inactivation by beta-lactam antibiotics. Effects of a cephalosporin and six penicillins on five aminoglycosides. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 35:850. PUBMED Abstract
84. Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Kentepozidis N, Antonopoulou A, et al. 2005. Postantibiotic effect of antimicrobial combinations on multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 51:113. PUBMED Abstract
85. Desjardins MR, Vachon AM. 1990. Surgical management of Rhodococcus equi metaphysitis in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:608. PUBMED Abstract
86. Markel MD, Meagher DM, Ford TS. 1985. Use of cancellous bone graft in treatment of navicular bone osteomyelitis in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 187:278. PUBMED Abstract
87. McLaren AC. 2004. Alternative materials to acrylic bone cement for delivery of depot antibiotics in orthopaedic infections. Clin Orthop Relat Res 101:106. PUBMED Abstract
88. Honnas C, Crabill M, Mackie J, et al. 1995. Use of autogenous cancellous bone grafting in the treatment of septic navicular bursitis and distal sesamoid osteomyelitis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:1191. PUBMED Abstract
89. Brusie RW, Sullins KE, White NA, 2nd, et al. 1992. Evaluation of sodium hyaluronate therapy in induced septic arthritis in the horse. Equine Vet J Suppl 18:18. PUBMED Abstract
90. Smith CL, MacDonald MH, Tesch AM, et al. 2000. In vitro evaluation of the effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on equine articular cartilage matrix metabolism. Vet Surg 29:347. PUBMED Abstract
91. Peloso JG, Cohen ND, Walker MA, et al. 1996. Case-control study of risk factors for the development of laminitis in the contralateral limb in Equidae with unilateral lameness. J Am Vet Med Assoc 209:1746. PUBMED Abstract
92. Desrochers A. 2005. Septic arthritis, pp 330-336. In Fubini S, Ducharme NG (eds), Farm animal surgery. Saunders, St Louis, MO.
93. St Jean G, Desrochers A. 2004. Treatment of pathological diseases. Foot and digits, pp 323-330. In Fubini S, Ducharme NG (eds), Farm animal surgery. Saunders, St Louis, MO.
94. Steel CM, Hunt AR, Adams PL, et al. 1999. Factors associated with prognosis for survival and athletic use in foals with septic arthritis: 93 cases (1987-1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:973. PUBMED Abstract
95. Herdan CL, Acke E, Dicken M, et al. 2012. Multi-drug-resistant Enterococcus spp. as a cause of non-responsive septic synovitis in three horses. N Z Vet J 60:297. PUBMED Abstract
96. Smith LJ, Marr CM, Payne RJ, et al. 2004. What is the likelihood that Thoroughbred foals treated for septic arthritis will race? Equine Vet J 36:452. PUBMED Abstract
97. Neil KM, Axon JE, Begg AP, et al. 2010. Retrospective study of 108 foals with septic osteomyelitis. Aust Vet J 88:4. PUBMED Abstract
98. Sanchez LC, Giguere S, Lester GD. 2008. Factors associated with survival of neonatal foals with bacteremia and racing performance of surviving Thoroughbreds: 423 cases (1982-2007). J Am Vet Med Assoc 233:1446. PUBMED Abstract
99. Wereszka M, White NI, Furr M. 2007. Factors associated with outcome following treatment of horses with septic tenosynovitis: 51 cases (1986-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1195. PUBMED Abstract
100. Verschooten F, De Moor A, Steenhaut M. 1974. Surgical and conservative treatment of infectious arthritis in cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 165:271. PUBMED Abstract
101. Verschooten F, Vermeiren D, Devriese L. 2000. Bone infection in the bovine appendicular skeleton: a clinical, radiographic, and experimental study. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 41:250. PUBMED Abstract
102. Steiner A. 1999. Arthroscopic lavage and implantation of gentamicin-impregnated collagen sponges for treatment of chronic septic arthritis in cattle. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12:64.

Mycoplasmal Polyarthritis in Goats

1. DaMassa AJ, Wakenell PS, Brooks DL. 1992. Review article: mycoplasmas of goats and sheep. J Vet Diagn Invest 4:101. PUBMED Abstract
2. Tardy F, Maigre L, Tricot A, et al. 2011. Comparison of isolates of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri from asymptomatic and septicaemic goats. J Comp Pathol 144:70. PUBMED Abstract
3. Butler AB, Anderson KL, Lyman RL. 1998. Mycoplasmal polyarthritis and septicemia in a goat herd. Large Anim Pract 19:23.
4. Pugh DG, Beard AN. 2012. Sheep and goat medicine. Saunders, Maryland Heights, MO.
5. DaMassa AJ, Brooks DL, Holmberg CA, et al. 1987. Caprine mycoplasmosis: an outbreak of mastitis and arthritis requiring the destruction of 700 goats. Vet Rec 120:409. PUBMED Abstract
6. Mondal D, Pramanik AK. 2002. Clinical manifestations and necropsy findings of caprine mycoplasmal pneumonia. Ind Vet J 79:1132.
7. Rodriguez JL, Gutierrez C, Brooks DL, et al. 1998. A pathologic and immunohistochemical study of goat kids undergoing septicaemic disease caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri, and Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (large colony type). J Vet Med 45:141.
8. Rodriguez JL, Poveda JB, Oros J, et al. 1995. High mortality in goats associated with the isolation of a strain of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides (large colony type). J Vet Med 42:587. PUBMED Abstract
9. Nayak NC, Bhowmik MK. 1989. Synovial fluid changes in mycoplasma induced septicaemic polyarthritis in goat kids. Ind J Exper Bio 27:1071. PUBMED Abstract
10. Gomez-Martin A, Corrales JC, Amores J, et al. 2012. Controlling contagious agalactia in artificial insemination centers for goats and detection of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies capri in semen. Theriogenology 77:1252. PUBMED Abstract
11. Nayak NC, Bhowmik MK. 1990. Mycoplasmal septicaemic polyarthritis in goat kids: epizootiological studies. Ind Vet Med J 14:43.
12. DaMassa AJ, Nascimento ER, Khan MI, et al. Characteristics of an unusual mycoplasma isolated from a case of caprine mastitis and arthritis with possible systemic manifestations. 1991. J Vet Diag Invest 3:55. PUBMED Abstract
13. Al-Momani W, Nicholas RA, Janakat S. 2006. The in vitro effect of six antimicrobials against Mycoplasma putrefaciens, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides LC and Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capricolum isolated from sheep and goats in Jordan. Trop Anim Health Prod 38:1.
14. Shaheen M, Haque S. 1999. Therapeutic efficacy of tiamulin hydrogen fumerate, enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline and lincomycin in caprine mycoplasmal pneumonia. Ind J Vet Med 19:74.
15. Gomez-Martin A, De la Fe C, Amores J, et al. 2012. Anatomic location of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri and Mycoplasma agalactiae in naturally infected goat male auricular carriers. Vet Microbiol 157:355. PUBMED Abstract

Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus

1. Crawford TB, Adams DS. 1981. Caprine arthritis-encephalitis: clinical features and presence of antibody in selected goat populations. J Am Vet Med Assoc 178:713. PUBMED Abstract
2. Rimstad E, East N, DeRock E, et al. 1994. Detection of antibodies to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus using recombinant gag proteins. Arch Virol 134:345. PUBMED Abstract
3. Rimstad E, East NE, Torten M, et al. 1993. Delayed seroconversion following naturally acquired caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in goats. Am J Vet Res 54:1858. PUBMED Abstract
4. Adams DS, Kevljer-Anderson P, Carlson JL, et al. 1983. Transmission and control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus. Am J Vet Res 44:1670. PUBMED Abstract
5. East NE, Rowe JD, Dahlberg JE, et al. 1993. Modes of transmission of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection. Small Ruminant Res 10:251.
6. East NE, Rowe JD, Madewell BR, et al. 1997. Serologic prevalence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in California goat dairies. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:182. PUBMED Abstract
7. Rowe JD, East NE, Frant CE, et al. 1992. Risk factors associated with the incidence of seroconversion to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goats on California dairies. Am J Vet Res 53:2396. PUBMED Abstract
8. Fieni F, Rowe J, Van Hoosear K, et al. 2003. Presence of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) proviral DNA in genital tract tissues of superovulated dairy goat does. Theriogenology 59:1515. PUBMED Abstract
9. Ali Al Ahmad MZ, Fieni F, Guiguen F, et al. 2006. Cultured early goat embryos and cells are susceptible to infection with caprine encephalitis virus. Virology 353:307. PUBMED Abstract
10. Le Jan C, Bellaton C, Greenland T, et al. 2005. Mammary transmission of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus: a 3D model for in vitro study. Reprod Nutr Dev 45:513. PUBMED Abstract
11. Shah C, Huder JB, Boni J, et al. 2004. Direct evidence for natural transmission of small-ruminant lentiviruses of subtype A4 from goats to sheep and vice versa. J Virol 78:7518. PUBMED Abstract
12. Cutlip RC, Lehmkuhl HD, Sacks JM, et al. 1992. Prevalence of antibody to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goats in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:802. PUBMED Abstract
13. Cork LC, Hadlow WJ, Gorham RC, et al. 1974. Pathology of viral leukoencephalomyelitis goats. Acta Neuropathol 29:281. PUBMED Abstract
14. Dolf G, Ruff G. 1994. A DNA fingerprinting band associated with the susceptibility to CAE virus-induced arthritis in goats. Br Vet J 150:349. PUBMED Abstract
15. Rowe JD, East NE. 1997. Risk factors for transmission and methods for control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection. Vet Clin North Am 13:35. PUBMED Abstract

Osteoarthritis

1. McIlwraith CW, Vachon A. 1988. Review of pathogenesis and treatment of degenerative joint disease. Equine Vet J Suppl 6:3. PUBMED Abstract
2. McIlwraith CW. 1996. General pathobiology of the joint and response to injury, p 40. In McIlwraith CW, Trottereds GW (eds), Joint disease in the horse. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
3. Pool RR. 1996. Pathologic manifestations of joint disease in the athletic horse, p 87. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW (eds), Joint disease in the horse. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
4. Bulgin MS. 1990. Ovine progressive pneumonia, caprine arthritis-encephalitis, and related lentiviral diseases of sheep and goats. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 6:691. PUBMED Abstract
5. Phelps SL, Smith MC. 1993. Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:1663. PUBMED Abstract
6. Hill MA. 1990. Causes of degenerative joint disease (osteoarthrosis) and dyschondroplasia (osteochondrosis) in pigs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197:107. PUBMED Abstract
7. Vailey JV. 1985. Bovine arthritides: classification, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1:39. PUBMED Abstract
8. Gaughan E. 1996. Arthroscopy in food animal practice. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1:233. PUBMED Abstract
9. McIlwraith CW. 1996. Intra-articular and systemic medications for the treatment of equine joint disease. Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Dec 8-11, Denver, CO.
10. Trotter GW. 1996. Intra-articular corticosteroids, p 237. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW (eds), Joint disease in the horse. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
11. Howard RD, McIlwraith CW. 1996. Hyaluronan and its use in the treatment of equine joint disease, p 257. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW (eds), Joint disease in the horse. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
12. Trotter GW. 1996. Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (Adequan), p 270. In McIlwraith CW, Trotter GW (eds), Joint disease in the horse. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
13. Jones WE. 2000. A nutritional approach to osteoarthritis. J Equine Vet Sci 20:160.
14. Nixon AJ. 1999. Advances in promoting cartilage healing. Proc Am Coll Vet Surg 9:221.

Sprains, Subluxations, and Luxations

1. McIlwraith WC. 1987. Diseases of joints, tendons, ligaments, and related structures, p 587. In Stashak TS (ed), Adams' lameness in horses, ed 4. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
2. Goodship AE, Birch HL, Wilson AM. 1994. The pathobiology and repair of tendon and ligament injury. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 10:322. PUBMED Abstract
3. Starke A, Herzog K, Sohrt J, et al. 2007. Diagnostic procedures and surgical treatment of craniodorsal coxofemoral luxation in calves. Vet Surg 36:99. PUBMED Abstract
4. Tulleners EP, Nunamaker DM, Richardson DW. 1987. Coxofemoral luxations in cattle: 22 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 191:569. PUBMED Abstract
5. Teney WA, Whitcomb MB. 2008. Rupture of collateral ligaments in metacarpophalangeal and metatarsalphalangeal joints in horses: 17 cases (1999-2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 233:456. PUBMED Abstract
6. Semevolos SA, Nixon AJ, Goodrich LR, Ducharme NG. 1998. Shoulder joint luxation in large animals: 14 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:1608. PUBMED Abstract
7. Dyson SJ, Murray R, Schramme M, et al. 2004. Collateral desmitis of the distal interphalangeal joint in 18 horses. Equine Vet J 36:160. PUBMED Abstract
8. Dyson SJ, Murray R, Shramme MC. 2005. Lameness associated with foot pain: results of magnetic resonance imaging in 199 horses (January 2001-December 2003) and response to treatment. Equine Vet J 37:113. PUBMED Abstract
9. Zubrod CJ, Farnsworth KD, Tucker RL, et al. 2005. Injury of the collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint diagnosed by magnetic resonance. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 46:11. PUBMED Abstract

Arthrogryposis

1. Anderson D, Desrochers A, St. Jean G. 2008. Management of tendon disorders in cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 24:551. PUBMED Abstract
2. Lloyd K, Smith B. 2009. Arthrogryposis, pp 1211-1212. In Smith B (ed), Large animal internal medicine, ed 4. Mosby Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
3. Leipold H, Cates W, Radostits O, et al. 1969. Spinal dysraphism, arthrogryposis and cleft palate in newborn Charolais calves. Can Vet J 10:268. PUBMED Abstract
4. Agerholm J, Bendixen C, Andersen O, et al. 2001. Complex vertebral malformation in Holstein calves. J Vet Diagn Invest 13:283. PUBMED Abstract
5. Jones C. 1999. Perosomus elumbis (vertebral agenesis and arthrogryposis) in a stillborn Holstein calf. Vet Pathol 36:64. PUBMED Abstract
6. Whitlock B. 2010. Heritable birth defects in cattle. Applied Reproductive Strategies Conference Proceedings, Aug 5-6, Nashville, TN.
7. Nes N, Lomo O, Bjerkds I. 1982. Hereditary lethal arthrogryposis (“muscle contracture”) in horses. Nord Vet Med 34:425. PUBMED Abstract
8. Mayhew I. 1984. Neuromuscular arthrogryposis multiplex congenita in a Thoroughbred foal. Vet Pathol 21:187. PUBMED Abstract
9. Doherty M, Kelly E, Healy A, et al. 2000. Congenital arthrogryposis: an inherited limb deformity in pedigree Suffolk lambs. Vet Rec 146:748. PUBMED Abstract
10. Whittington R, Glastonbury J, Plant J, et al. 1988. Congenital hydraencephaly and arthrogryposis of Corriedale sheep. Aust Vet J 65:124. PUBMED Abstract
11. Zeller H, Bouloy M. 2000. Infections by viruses of the families Bunyaviridae and Filoviridae. Rev Sci Tech OIE 19:79. PUBMED Abstract
12. de la Concha-Bermejillo A. 2003. Cache Valley virus is a cause of fetal malformation and pregnancy loss in sheep. Small Ruminant Res 49:1.
13. Tsuda T, Yoshida K, Ohashi S, et al. 2004. Arthrogyrposis, hydraencephaly and cerebellar hypoplasia syndrome in neonatal calves resulting from intrauterine infection with Aino virus. Vet Res 35:531. PUBMED Abstract
14. Konna S, Moriwaki M, Nakagawa M. 1982. Akabane disease in cattle: congenital abnormalities caused by viral infection. Spontaneous disease. Vet Pathol 19:246.
15. Garigliany M-M, Bayrou C, Kleijnen D, et al. 2012. Schmallenberg virus: a new Shamonda/Sathuperi-like virus on the rise in Europe. Antivir Res 95:82. PUBMED Abstract
16. Herder V, Wohlsein P, Peters M, et al. 2012. Salient lesions in domestic ruminants infected with the so-called Schmallenberg virus in Germany. Vet Pathol 49:588. PUBMED Abstract
17. Bilk S, Schulze C, Fische M, et al. 2012. Organ distribution of Schmallenburg virus RNA in malformed newborns. Vet Microbiol 159:236. PUBMED Abstract
18. Washburn K, Streeter R. 2004. Congenital defects of the ruminant nervous system. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 20:413. PUBMED Abstract
19. Garcia-Perez A, Minguinjon E, Estevez L, et al. 2009. Clinical and laboratory findings in pregnant ewes and their progeny infected with border disease virus (BDV-4 genotype). Res Vet Sci 86:345. PUBMED Abstract
20. Panter K, Keeler R, Bunch T, et al. 1990. Congenital skeletal malformations and cleft palate induced in goats by ingestion of Lupinus, Conium and Nicotiana species. Toxicon 28:1377. PUBMED Abstract
21. Bradley G, Melcalf H, Reggiardo C, et al. 1995. Neuroaxonal degeneration in sheep grazing sorghum pastures. J Vet Diagn Invest 7:229. PUBMED Abstract
22. Keeler R, Stuart L. 1987. The nature of congenital limb defects induced in lambs by maternal ingestion of Veratrum californicum. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 25:273. PUBMED Abstract
23. Halland T. 1993. Muscle and tendon, pp 188-201. In Juloh K, Kennedy P, Palmar N (eds), Pathology of domestic animals, ed 4. Academic Press, Princeton, NJ.
24. Swinyard C, Bleck E. 1985. The etiology of arthrogryposis (multiple congenital contracture). Clin Orthop Relat Res 194:15. PUBMED Abstract
25. Kilic N, Koklu S. 2012. Surgical treatment of congenital arthrogryposis in 38 calves. Cattle Pract 20:88.

Ankylosis

1. Carmalt JL, Bell CD, Panizzi L, et al. 2012. Alcohol-facilitated ankylosis of the distal intertarsal and tarsometatarsal joints in horses with osteoarthritis. J Am Vet Assoc 240:199. PUBMED Abstract
2. Swor T. 2009. Ankylosis, pp 1212-1213. In Smith BP (ed), Large animal internal medicine, ed 4. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
3. Koch C, Livesey MA. 2010. What is your diagnosis? J Am Vet Assoc 236:37. PUBMED Abstract
4. Frisbie DD. 2012. Surgical treatment of joint disease, pp 1128-1129. In Auer JA, Stick JA (eds), Equine surgery, ed 4. WB Saunders, St Louis, MO.
5. Lischer CJ, Auer JA. 2012. Arthrodesis techniques, pp 1130-1147. In Auer JA, Stick JA (eds), Equine surgery, ed 4. WB Saunders, St Louis, MO.
6. Shoemaker RW, Allen AL, Richardson CE, et al. 2006. Use of intra-articular administration of ethyl alcohol for arthrodesis of the tarsometatarsal joint in healthy horses. Am J Vet Res 67:850. PUBMED Abstract
7. Lamas LP, Edmonds J, Hodge W, et al. 2012. Use of ethanol in the treatment of distal tarsal joint osteoarthritis: 24 cases. Equine Vet J 44:399. PUBMED Abstract
8. Wolker RRE, Wilson DG, Allen AL, et al. 2011. Evaluation of ethyl alcohol for use in a minimally invasive technique for equine proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis. Vet Surg 40:291. PUBMED Abstract
9. Caston S, McClure S, Beug J, et al. 2013. Retrospective evaluation of facilitated pastern ankylosis using intra-articular ethanol injections: 34 cases (2006-2012). Equine Vet J 45:442. PUBMED Abstract

Osteomyelitis

1. Lew DP, Waldvogel FA. 2004. Osteomyelitis. Lancet 364:369. PUBMED Abstract
2. Goodrich LR. 2006. Osteomyelitis in horses. Vet Clin Equine 22:389. PUBMED Abstract
3. Santschi EM. 2004. Orthopedic infections in neonatal foals, pp 1437-1439. In Reed SM, Warwick BM, Sellon DC (eds), Equine internal medicine, ed 2. Saunders, St Louis, MO.
4. Firth EC. 1983. Current concepts of infectious polyarthritis in foals. Equine Vet J 15:5. PUBMED Abstract
5. Richardson DW, Ahern BJ. 2012. Synovial and osseous infections, pp 1189-1200. In Auer JA, Stick JA (eds), Equine surgery, ed 4. Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
6. Kawcak C, Baxter GM. 2011. Osteomyelitis, pp 912-916. In Baxter GM (ed), Adams & Stashak's lameness in horses, ed 6. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA.
7. Steel CM, Hunt AR, Adams PLE, et al. 1999. Factors associated with prognosis for survival and athletic use in foals with septic arthritis: 93 cases (1987-1994). J Am Vet Med Assoc 215:973. PUBMED Abstract
8. Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al. 2008. Osteitis and osteomyelitis, pp 21-22. In Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, Kold SE, Poulus PW (eds), Clinical radiography of the horse, 3 ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA.
9. Gaughan EM. 2003. Osseous sequestra, pp 537-540. In Robinson NE (ed), Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 5. Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA.
10. Ahern BJ, Richardson DW, Boston RC, et al. 2010. Orthopedic infections in equine long bone fractures and arthrodeses treated by internal fixation: 192 cases. Vet Surg 39:588. PUBMED Abstract
11. McNally M, Nagarajah K. 2010. Osteomyelitis. Orthop Trauma 24:416.
12. Morrissy RT, Haynes DW. 1989. Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis: a model with trauma as an etiology. J Pediatr Orthop 9:447. PUBMED Abstract
13. Moor RM, Schneider RK, Kowalski J, et al. 1992. Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolates from 233 horses with musculoskeletal infection during 1979-1989. Equine Vet J 24:450. PUBMED Abstract
14. Ahern BJ, Richardson DW, Boston RC, et al. 2010. Orthopedic infections in equine long bone fractures and arthrodeses treated by internal fixation: 192 cases. Vet Surg 39:588. PUBMED Abstract
15. Goodrich LR, Nixon AJ. 2004. Treatment options for osteomyelitis. Equine Vet J 16:267.
16. Klemm KW. 1993. Antibiotic bead chains. Clin Orthop Relat Res 295:63. PUBMED Abstract
17. Levine DG, Epstein KL, Ahern BJ, et al. 2010. Efficacy of three tourniquet types for intravenous antimicrobial regional limb perfusion in standing horses. Vet Surg 39:1. PUBMED Abstract

Navicular Disease (Palmar Foot Pain)

1. Rijkenhuizen ABM. 2006. Navicular disease: a review of what's new. Equine Vet J 38:82. PUBMED Abstract
2. Turner TA. 1986. Navicular disease management: shoeing principles. Am Assoc Equine Pract 24:625.
3. Dabareiner RM, Carter GK, Honnas CM. 2003. Injection of corticosteroids, hyaluronate, and amikacin into the navicular bursa in horses with signs of navicular area pain unresponsive to other treatments: 25 cases (1999-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1469. PUBMED Abstract
4. Schumacher J, Steiger R, Schumacher J, et al. 2000. Effects of analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint or palmar digital nerves on lameness caused by solar pain in horses. Vet Surg 29:54. PUBMED Abstract
5. Turner TA. 1995. Use of navicular bursography in 97 horses. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 41:234.
6. Dyson SJ, Murray R, Schramme MS. 2005. Lameness associated with foot pain: results of magnetic resonance imaging in 199 horses (January 2001-December 2003) and response to treatment. Equine Vet J 37:113. PUBMED Abstract
7. Marsh CA, Schneider RK, Sampson SN, et al. 2012. Response to injection of the navicular bursa with corticosteroid and hyaluronan following high-field magnetic resonance imaging in horses with signs of navicular syndrome: 101 cases (2000-2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc 241:1353. PUBMED Abstract
8. Smith MR, Wright IM. Endoscopic evaluation of the navicular bursa: observations, treatment and outcome in 92 cases with identified pathology. 2012. Equine Vet J. 44:339. PUBMED Abstract
9. Crisman MV, Furr MO, Ley WB, et al. 1993. Evaluation of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan for the treatment of navicular disease: a double blind study. Proc Am Assoc Pract 39:219.
10. Eddington N, Du J, White N. 2001. Evidence of the oral absorption of chondroitin sulfate as determined by total disaccharide content after oral and intravenous administration to horses. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 47:326.
11. Denoix JM, Thibaud D, Riccio B. 2003. Tiludronate as a new therapeutic agent in the treatment of navicular disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Equine Vet J 35:407. PUBMED Abstract
12. Brown KE, Nickels FA, Caron JP, et al. 2005. Investigation of the immediate analgesic effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for treatment of navicular disease in horses. Vet Surg 34:554. PUBMED Abstract

Spondylitis/Diskospondylitis

1. Markel MD, Madigan JE, Lichtensteiger CA, et al. 1986. Vertebral body osteomyelitis in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:632. PUBMED Abstract
2. Braun U, Fluckiger M, Gerspach C. 2003. Clinical and radiographic findings in six cattle with cervical diskospondylitis. Vet Rec 152:630. PUBMED Abstract
3. Levine GJ, Bissett WT, Cole RC, et al. 2006. Imaging diagnosis–bacterial diskospondylitis in a goat. Vet Rad Ultrasound 47:585. PUBMED Abstract
4. Adams SB, Steckel R, Blevins W. 1985. Diskospondylitis in five horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:270. PUBMED Abstract
5. Furr MO, Anver M, Wise M. 1991. Intervertebral disk prolapse and diskospondylitis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:2095. PUBMED Abstract
6. Colbourne CM, Raidal SL, Yovich JV, et al. 1997. Cervical diskospondylitis in two horses. Aust Vet J 75:477. PUBMED Abstract
7. Hillyer MH, Innes JF, Patteson MW, et al. 1996. Discospondylitis in an adult horse. Vet Rec 139:519. PUBMED Abstract
8. Alward AL, Pease AP, Jones SL. 2007. Thoracic discospondylitis with associated epaxial muscle atrophy in a Quarter Horse gelding. Equine Vet J 19:67.
9. Sweers L, Carstens A. 2006. Imaging features of discospondylitis in two horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 47:159. PUBMED Abstract
10. Chaffin MK, Honnas CM, Crabill MR, et al. 1995. Cauda equina syndrome, diskospondylitis, and a paravertebral abscess caused by Rhodococcus equi in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:215. PUBMED Abstract
11. Giguere S, Lavoie JP. 1994. Rhodococcus equi vertebral osteomyelitis in 3 Quarter Horse colts. Equine Vet J 26:74. PUBMED Abstract
12. Hammond G, VanWinden W, Philbey A. 2006. Diskospondylitis and umbilical abscessation in a calf. Vet Rec 158:600. PUBMED Abstract
13. Haussler K. 2002. Spondylitis, pp 1114-1115. In Smith BP (ed), Large animal internal medicine, ed 3. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
14. Figueiredo MD, Perkins GA, Opsina PA, et al. 2003. Case report–diskospondylitis in two first-calf heifers. Bovine Practitioner 38:31.
15. Collins JD, Kelly WR, Tomey T, et al. 1971. Brucella-associated vertebral osteomyelitis in a Thoroughbred mare. Vet Rec 88:321. PUBMED Abstract
16. Kelly WR, Collins JD, Farrelly BT, et al. 1972. Vertebral osteomyelitis in a horse associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis var bovis (M. bovis) infection. Am Vet Radiol Soc 13:59.
17. Olchowy TWJ. 1994. Vertebral body osteomyelitis due to Rhodococcus equi in two Arabian foals. Equine Vet J 26:79. PUBMED Abstract
18. Richardson, DW. 1986. Eikenella corrodens osteomyelitis of the axis in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:298. PUBMED Abstract
19. Finley GG. 1975. A survey of vertebral abscesses in domestic animals in Ontario. Can Vet J 16:114. PUBMED Abstract
20. Coleman MC, Chaffin MK, Griffin J, et al. 2012. Vertebral osteomyelitis and diskospondylitis in adult horses, poster. Proceedings of the 2012 ACVIM Forum, May 30-June 2, New Orleans, LA.
21. Coleman MC, Chaffin MK, Griffin J, et al. 2012. Vertebral osteomyelitis and diskospondylitis in foals, poster. Proceedings of the 2012 ACVIM Forum, May 30-June 2, New Orleans, LA.

Spondylosis

1. Haussler K. 2002. Spondylosis, pp 1114-1115. In Smith BP (ed), Large animal internal medicine, ed 3. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
2. Jeffcott LB. 1980. Disorders of the thoracolumbar spine of the horse – a survey of 443 cases. Equine Vet J 12:197. PUBMED Abstract
3. Denoix JM. 2007. Discovertebral pathology in horses. Equine Vet J 19:72.
4. Thomson RG. 1969. Vertebral body osteophytes in culls. Pathol Vet 6(Suppl):S1. PUBMED Abstract
5. Weisbrode SE, Monke DR, Dodaro ST, et al. 1982. Osteochondrosis, degenerative joint disease, and vertebral osteophytes in middle-aged bulls. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:700. PUBMED Abstract
6. Rooney JR. 1982. The horse's back: biomechanics of lameness. Equine Pract 4:17.
7. Meehan L, Dyson S, Murray R. 2009. Radiographic and scintigraphic evaluation of spondylosis in the equine thoracolumbar spine: a retrospective study. Equine Vet J 41:800. PUBMED Abstract
8. McEntee K, Hall CE, Dunn HO. 1980. The relationship of calcium intake to the development of vertebral osteophytosis and ultimobranchial tumors in bulls. Proceedings of the 8th Technical Conference on AI and Reproduction, Columbia, MO.
9. Almquist JO, Thomson RG. 1973. Relation of sexual behavior and ejaculation frequency to severity of vertebral body osteophytes in dairy and beef bulls. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:163. PUBMED Abstract

Laminitis

1. Minnick PD, Brown CM, Braselton WE, et al. 1987. The induction of equine laminitis with an aqueous extract of the heartwood of black walnut (Juglans nigra). Vet Hum Toxicol 29:230. PUBMED Abstract
2. Eyre P, Elmes PJ, Strickland S. 1979. Corticosteroid-potentiated vascular responses of the equine digit: a possible pharmacologic basis for laminitis. Am J Vet Res 40:135. PUBMED Abstract
3. Allen D, Clark ES, Moore JN, et al. 1990. Evaluation of equine digital Starling forces and hemodynamics during early laminitis. Am J Vet Res 51:1930. PUBMED Abstract
4. Pollitt CC, Daradka M. 1998. Equine laminitis basement membrane pathology: loss of type IV collagen, type VII collagen and laminin immunostaining. Equine Vet J 27(Suppl):139-144. PUBMED Abstract
5. Kyaw-Tanner M, Pollitt CC. 2004. Equine laminitis: increased transcription of matrix metalloproteinase-2 occurs during the developmental phase. Equine Vet J 36:221. PUBMED Abstract
6. Loftus JP, Belknap JK, Stankiewicz KM, et al. 2007. Laminar xanthine oxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the prodromal stage of black-walnut induced equine laminitis. Equine Vet J 39:48. PUBMED Abstract
7. Blikslager AT, Yin CL, Cochran AM, et al. 2006. Cyclooxygenase expression in the early stages of equine laminitis: a cytologic study. J Vet Intern Med 20:1191. PUBMED Abstract
8. Bailey SR, Adair HS, Reinemeyer CR, et al. 2009. Plasma concentrations of endotoxin and platelet activation in the developmental stage of oligofructose-induced laminitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 129:1267.
9. Onishi JC, Park J, Prado J, et al. 2012. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth includes potential pathogens in the carbohydrate overload models of acute laminitis. Vet Microbiol 159:354. PUBMED Abstract
10. Trieber KH, Kronfeld DS, Hess TM, et al. 2006. Evaluation of genetic and metabolic predispositions and nutritional risk factors for pasture-associated laminitis in ponies. J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:1538. PUBMED Abstract
11. de Laat MA, McGowan CM, Sillence MN, et al. 2010. Equine laminitis: induced by 48 hour hyperinsulinemia in Standardbred horses. Equine Vet J 42:129. PUBMED Abstract
12. de Laat MA, Sillence MN, McGowan CM, et al. 2012. Continuous intravenous infusion of glucose induces endogenous hyperinsulinemia and lamellar histopathology in Standardbred horses. Equine Vet J 191:317. PUBMED Abstract
13. Obel N. 1948. Studies on the histopathology of acute laminitis. PhD Thesis. Uppsala, Sweden, Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri.
14. Linford RL. 2010. Laminitis, pp 1224-1231. In Smith PB (ed), Large animal internal medicine, ed 4. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
15. Coffman JR, Hammond LS, Garner HE, et al. 1980. Haematology as an aid to prognosis of chronic laminitis, Equine Vet J 12:30. PUBMED Abstract
16. Eastman S, Redden RF, Williams CA. 2012. Venograms for use in laminitis treatment. J Equine Vet Sci 32:757.
17. Wylie CE, Collins SN, Verheyen KLP, et al. 2012. Risk factors for equine laminitis: a systematic review with quality appraisal of published evidence. Vet J 193:58.
18. Parsons CS, Orsini JA, Krafty R, et al. 2007. Risk factors for development of acute laminitis in horses during hospitalization: 73 cases (1997-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:885. PUBMED Abstract
19. Hood DM. 2004. Endotoxemia as a direct cause of laminitis, pp 245-247. In Proc of the Am Assoc of Eq Pract.
20. Baskett A, Barton MH, Norton N, et al. 1997. Effect of pentoxyifylline, flunixin meglumine, and their combination on a model of endotoxemia in horses. Am J Vet Res 58:1291. PUBMED Abstract
21. Eades SC. 2009. Laminitis research: Louisiana State University, pp 34-35. Proceedings of the Fifth International Equine Conference of Laminitis and Disease of the Foot.
22. Guedes AGP, Matthews NS, Hood DM. 2012. Effect of ketamine hydrochloride on the analgesic effects of tramadol hydrochloride in horses with signs of chronic laminitis-associated pain. Am J Vet Res 73:610. PUBMED Abstract
23. Leise BB, Fugler LA, Stokes AM, et al. 2007. Effects of intramuscular administration of acepromazine on palmar digital blood flow, palmar digital arterial pressure, transverse facial arterial pressure, and packed cell volume in clinically healthy, conscious horses. Vet Surg 36:717.
24. van Epps AW, Pollitt CC. 2004. Equine laminitis: cryotherapy reduces severity of acute lesion. Equine Vet J 36:255. PUBMED Abstract
25. van Epps AW, Pollitt CC. 2009. Equine laminitis model: cryotherapy reduces the severity of lesions evaluated seven days after induction with oligofructose. Equine Vet J 41:741. PUBMED Abstract
26. Reesink HL, Divers TJ, Bookbinder LC, et al. 2012. Measurement of digital laminar and venous temperatures as a means of comparing three methods of topically applied cold treatment for digits of horses. Am J Vet Res 73:860. PUBMED Abstract
27. Rebiere G, Franck T, Deby-Dupont G. 2008. Effects of unfractionated and fractionated heparins on myeloperoxidase activity and interactions with endothelial cells: possible effects on the pathophysiology of equine laminitis. Vet J 178:62. PUBMED Abstract
28. Cohen ND, Parson EM, Seahorn TL, et al. 1994. Prevalence and factors associated with development of laminitis in horses with duodenitis/proximal jejunitis: 33 cases (1985-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:250. PUBMED Abstract
29. De la Rebiere de Pouyade G, Grulke S, Detilleux J, et al. 2009. Evaluation of low-molecular-weight heparin for the prevention of equine laminitis after colic surgery. J Vet Emerg Crit Care 19:113. PUBMED Abstract
30. Cripps PJ, Eustance RA. 1999. Factors involved in the prognosis of equine laminitis in the UK. Equine Vet J 31:433. PUBMED Abstract
31. Slater MR, Hood DM, Carter GK. 1995. Descriptive epidemiological study of equine laminitis. Equine Vet J 27:364. PUBMED Abstract

Fluorosis

1. Patra RC, Dwivedi SK, Bhardwaj B, et al. 2000. Industrial fluorosis in cattle and buffalo around Udaipur, India. Sci Total Environ 253:145. PUBMED Abstract
2. Schultheiss WA, Godley GA. 1995. Chronic fluorosis in cattle due to ingestion of a commercial lick. J S Afr Vet Assoc 66:83. PUBMED Abstract
3. Jubb TF, Annand TE, Main DC, et al. 1993. Phosphorus supplements and fluorosis in cattle—a northern Australian experience. Aust Vet J 70:379. PUBMED Abstract
4. Botha CJ, Naude TW, Minnar PP, et al. 1993. Two outbreaks of fluorosis in cattle and sheep. J S Afr Vet Assoc 64:165. PUBMED Abstract
5. Shupe JL, Miner ML, Greenwood DA, et al. 1993. The effect of fluorine on dairy cattle. II. Clinical and pathologic effects. Am J Vet Res 24:964. PUBMED Abstract
6. Osheim DL, Rasmussen MC. 1998. Determination of fluoride in bovine urine. JAOAC Int 81:839. PUBMED Abstract
7. Shupe JL, Harris LE, Greenwood DA, et al. 1963. The effect of fluorine on dairy cattle. V. Fluorine in the urine as an estimator fluorine intake. Am J Vet Res 24:300. PUBMED Abstract
8. Suttie JW, Kolstad DL. 1974. Sampling of bones for fluoride analysis. Am J Vet Res 35:1375. PUBMED Abstract
9. Suttie JW. 1967. Vertebral biopsies in the diagnosis of bovine fluoride toxicosis. Am J Vet Res 28:709. PUBMED Abstract
10. National Research Council. 1974. Nutrients and toxic substances in water for livestock and poultry, p 63. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
11. National Research Council. 1980. Mineral tolerance of domestic animals, p 184. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
12. Shupe JL, Olson AE, Sharma RP. 1972. Fluoride toxicity in domestic and wild animals. Clin Toxicol 5:195. PUBMED Abstract

Hypertrophic Osteopathy

1. Chaffin MK, Ruoff WW, Schmitz DG, et al. 1990. Regression of hypertrophic osteopathy in a filly following successful management of an intrathoracic abscess. Equine Vet J 22:62. PUBMED Abstract
2. Mair TS, Dyson SJ, Fraser JA, et al. 1996. Hypertrophic osteopathy (Marie's disease) in Equidae: a review of twenty-four cases. Equine Vet J 28:256. PUBMED Abstract
3. Mair TS, Tucker RL. 2004. Hypertrophic osteopathy (Marie's disease) in horses. Equine Vet J 1:308.
4. Schleining JA, Voss ED. 2004. Hypertrophic osteopathy secondary to gastric squamous cell carcinoma in a horse. Equine Vet J 16:304.
5. Sweeney CR, Stebbins KE, Schelling CG, et al. 1989. Hypertrophic osteopathy in a pony with a pituitary adenoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:103. PUBMED Abstract
6. Cotchin E. 1944. Marie's disease associated with tuberculosis in a horse. Br Vet J 100:261.
7. Lavoie JP, Carlson GP, George L. 1992. Hypertrophic osteopathy in three horses and a pony. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1900. PUBMED Abstract
8. Wright JJ, Reinertson E, Tennant B. 1979. Hypertrophic osteodystrophy in the horse: a report of two cases. J Equine Med Surg 3:230.
9. Godber LM, Brown CM, Mullaney TP. 1993. Polycystic hepatic disease, thoracic granular cell tumor and secondary hypertrophic osteopathy in a horse. Cornell Vet J 83:227. PUBMED Abstract
10. Leach MW, Pool RR. 1992. Hypertrophic osteopathy in a Shetland pony attributable to pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma metastases. Equine Vet J 24:247. PUBMED Abstract
11. Heinola T, Heikkila M, Ruohoniemi M, et al. 2001. Hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy associated with granular cell tumor in a mare. Vet Rec 149:307. PUBMED Abstract
12. Alexander JE, Keown GH, Palotay JL. 1965. Granular cell myoblastoma with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy in a mare. J Am Vet Med Assoc 146:703. PUBMED Abstract
13. Messer NT, Powers BE, Snyder SP. 1983. Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with pulmonary infarction in a horse. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 5:S636.
14. Holmes JR. 1961. A case of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in a mare. Vet Rec 73:333.
15. Long MT, Foreman JH, Wallig MA. 1993. Hypertrophic osteopathy characterized by nuclear scintigraphy in a horse. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 34:289.
16. Tomlinson JE, Divers TJ, McDonough SP, et al. 2011. Hypertrophic osteopathy secondary to nodular pulmonary fibrosis in a horse. J Vet Intern Med 25:153. PUBMED Abstract
17. Van der Kolk JH, Geelen NJ, Jonker FH, et al. 1998. Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with ovarian carcinoma in a mare. Vet Rec 143:172. PUBMED Abstract
18. Meuten DJ, Rendano V. 1978. Hypertrophic osteopathy in a mare with dysgerminoma. J Equine Med Surg 2:445.
19. McLennan M, Leslie A. 1977. Hypertrophic osteopathy and dysgerminoma in a mare. Aust Vet J 53:144. PUBMED Abstract

Fescue Foot

1. Bacon CW, Lyons PC, Porter JK, et al. 1986. Ergot toxicity from endophyte-infected grasses: a review. Agronomy 78:106.
2. Putnam MR, Bransby DI, Schumacher J, et al. 1992. Effects of fungal endophyte Acremonium coenophialum in fescue pasture on pregnant mares and foal viability. Am J Vet Res 52:2071. PUBMED Abstract
3. Lyons PC, Plattner RD, Bacon CW. 1986. Occurrence of peptide and clavine ergot alkaloids in tall fescue grass. Science 232:487. PUBMED Abstract
4. Garner GB, Cornell CN, Yates SG, et al. 1982. Fescue foot: assay of extracts and compounds identified in extracts of toxic tall fescue herbage. J Anim Sci 55:185.
5. Yates SG. 1983. Tall fescue toxins, pp 249. In Rechcigl M Jr (ed), Handbook of naturally occurring food toxicants. CRC Press, Chicago, IL.
6. Davis CB, Camp BJ. 1983. The vasoactive potential of halostacine on alkaloid of tall fescue in cattle. Vet Hum Toxicol 25:408. PUBMED Abstract
7. Strickland JR, Oliver JW, Cross DL. 1993. Fescue toxicosis and its impact on animal agriculture. Vet Hum Toxicol 35:454. PUBMED Abstract
8. Cornell CN, Garner GB, Yates SG, et al. 1982. Comparative fescue foot potential of fescue varieties. J Anim Sci 55:180.
9. Shelby RA, Dalrymple LW. 1987. Incidence and distribution of the tall fescue endophyte in the United States. Plant Dis 71:783.

Interdigital Necrobacillosis (Foot Rot) in Cattle

1. Walter MR, Morck D. 2002. Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and oxidative metabolism in bovine macrophages exposed to a novel interdigital phlegmon (footrot) lesion isolate, Porphyromonas levii. Am J Vet Res 63:757.
2. Clark BL, Stewart DJ, Emery DL. 1985. The role of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus in the aetiology of interdigital necrobacillosis in cattle. Aust Vet J 62:47. PUBMED Abstract
3. Rebhun WC, Pearson EG. 1982. Clinical management of bovine foot problems. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:574. PUBMED Abstract
4. Step DL, Smith RA. 2006. Nonrespiratory diseases of stocker cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 22:43. PUBMED Abstract
5. Bailey J, Bargai U, Bergsten C, et al. 1997. Lameness in cattle. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
6. Radostits OM. 2007. Bovine interdigital necrobacillosis (foul in the foot, foot rot, interdigital phlegmon). In Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, et al. (eds), Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, and goats, ed 10. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
7. Cook NB, Cutler KL. 1995. Treatment and outcome of a severe form of foul-in-the-foot. Vet Rec 136:19. PUBMED Abstract
8. Van Amstel S, Shearer J. 2006. Manual for treatment and control of lameness in cattle. Blackwell, Ames, IA.
9. Daniel R, Davies H, Davies A, et al. 1995. Severe foul-in-the-foot and BDV [bovine diarrhoea virus] infection. Vet Rec 137:647. PUBMED Abstract
10. Smith BI, Kauffold J, Sherman L. 2010. Serum haptoglobin concentrations in dairy cattle with lameness due to claw disorders. Vet J 186:162. PUBMED Abstract
11. Guo DH, Sun DB, Wu R, et al. 2010. An indirect ELISA for serodiagnosis of cattle foot rot caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum. Anaerobe 16:317. PUBMED Abstract
12. Baird AN. 1999. Interdigital phlegmon (interdigital necrobacillosis). In Howard JL, Smith RA (eds), Current veterinary therapy: food animal practice, ed 4. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
13. Nagaraja TG, Narayanan SK, Stewart GC, et al. 2005. Fusobacterium necrophorum infections in animals: pathogenesis and pathogenic mechanisms. Anaerobe 11:239. PUBMED Abstract
14. Zhang F, Nagaraja TG, George D, et al. 2007. The two major subspecies of Fusobacterium necrophorum have distinct leukotoxin operon promoter regions. Vet Microbiol 112:73. PUBMED Abstract
15. Emery DL, Vaughan JA, Clark BL, et al. 1985. Cultural characteristics and virulence of strains of Fusobacterium necrophorum isolated from the feet of cattle and sheep. Aust Vet J 62:43. PUBMED Abstract
16. Narongwanichgarn W, Misawa N, Jin JH, et al. 2003. Specific detection and differentiation of two subspecies of Fusobacterium necrophorum by PCR. Vet Microbiol 91:183. PUBMED Abstract
17. Zhou H, Bennett G, Hickford JG. 2009. Variation in Fusobacterium necrophorum strains present on the hooves of footrot infected sheep, goats and cattle. Vet Microbiol 135:363. PUBMED Abstract
18. Smith GR, Thornton EA. 1993. The prevalence of Fusobacterium necrophorum biovar A in animal faeces. Epidemiol Infect 110:327. PUBMED Abstract
19. Smith GR, Thornton EA. 1993. Effect of disturbance of the gastrointestinal microflora on the faecal excretion of Fusobacterium necrophorum biovar A. Epidemiol Infect 110:33.
20. Tan ZL, Nagaraja TG, Chengappa MM. 1996. Fusobacterium necrophorum infections: virulence factors, pathogenic mechanism and control measures. Vet Res Commun 20:11. PUBMED Abstract
21. Brown RJ, Lough HG, Poxton IR. 1997. Phenotypic characteristics and lipopolysaccharides of human and animal isolates of Fusobacterium necrophorum. J Microbiol 46:837. PUBMED Abstract
22. Berry SL. 2001. Diseases of the digital soft tissues. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 17:129. PUBMED Abstract
23. Alban L. 1995. Foul-in-the-foot (interdigital necrobacillosis) in Danish dairy cows: frequency and possible risk factor. Prev Vet Med 24:73.
24. Van Donkergoed J, Dussault M, Knight P, et al. 2008. Clinical efficacy of a single injection of ceftiofur crystalline free acid sterile injectable suspension versus three daily injections of ceftiofur sodium sterile powder for the treatment of foot rot in feedlot cattle. Vet Ther 9:157. PUBMED Abstract
25. Merrill JK, Morck DW, Olson ME, et al. 1999. Evaluation of the dosage of tilmicosin for the treatment of acute bovine footrot (interdigital phlegmon). Bovine Pract 33:60.
26. Desrochers A, Anderson DE, St-Jean G. 2001. Surgical treatment of lameness. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 17:143. PUBMED Abstract
27. Fajt V, Apley MD. 2001. Antimicrobial issues in bovine lameness. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 17:159. PUBMED Abstract
28. Mass J, Davis LE, Hempstead C, et al. 1984. Efficacy of ethylenediamine dihydriodide in the prevention of naturally occurring foot rot in cattle. Am J Vet Res 45:2347. PUBMED Abstract
29. Checkley SL, Janzen ED, Campbell JR, et al. 2005. Efficacy of vaccination against Fusobacterium necrophorum infection for control of liver abscesses and foot rot in feedlot cattle in western Canada. Can Vet J 46:1002. PUBMED Abstract

Infectious Foot Rot in Sheep and Goats

1. Abbott KA, Lewis CJ. 2005. Current approaches to the management of ovine foot rot. Vet J 169:28. PUBMED Abstract
2. Wassink GJ, Moore LJ, Grogono T, et al. 2005. Foot rot and interdigital dermatitis in sheep: farmer's practices, opinions and attitudes. Vet Rec 157:761. PUBMED Abstract
3. Cagatay IT, Hickford JG. 2005. Update on ovine foot rot in New Zealand: isolation, identification, and characterization of Dichelobacter nodosus strains. Vet Microbiol 111:171. PUBMED Abstract
4. Reilly LK, Baird AN, Pugh DG. 2012. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system. In Pugh DG, Baird AN (eds), Sheep and goat medicine, ed 2. Elsevier-Saunders, Maryland Heights, MO.
5. Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW. 2007. Infectious foot rot in sheep. In Radostits OM, Gay CC, Hinchcliff KW, Constable PD (eds), Veterinary medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs, and goats, ed 10. Elsevier-Saunders, St Louis, MO.
6. Cheetham BF, Tanjung LR, Sutherland M, et al. 2006. Improved diagnosis of virulent ovine footrot using the intA gene. Vet Microbiol 116:166. PUBMED Abstract
7. Cagatay IT, Hickford JG. 2006. Characterization of foot rot bacteria Dichelobacter nodosus using PCR amplification and DNA sequence analysis. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 30:53.
8. Wani SA, Samanta I. 2006. Current understanding of the aetiology and laboratory diagnosis of foot rot. Vet J 171:421. PUBMED Abstract
9. Gurung RB, Dhungyel OP, Tshering P, et al. 2006. The use of an autogenous Dichelobacter nodosus vaccine to eliminate clinical signs of virulent foot rot in a sheep flock in Bhutan. Vet J 172:356. PUBMED Abstract
10. Green LE, Wassink GJ, Grogono-Thomas RI, et al. 2004. Foot rot in sheep: control versus elimination. Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium and 5th Conference on Lameness in Ruminants, February 11-15, Maribor, Slovenija.
11. Moore LJ, Woodward MJ, Grogono-Thomas R. 2005. The occurrence of treponemes in contagious ovine digital dermatitis and the characterization of associated Dichelobacter nodosus. Vet Microbiol 111:199. PUBMED Abstract
12. Bennett GN, Hickford JG. 2011. Ovine foot rot: new approaches to an old disease. Vet Microbiol 148:1. PUBMED Abstract
13. Wassink GJ, King EM, Grogono-Thomas R, et al. 2010. A within farm clinical trial to compare two treatments (parenteral antibacterials and hoof trimming) for sheep lame with foot rot. Prev Vet Med 96:93. PUBMED Abstract
14. Kaler J, Daniels SL, Wright JL, et al. 2010. Randomized clinical trial of long-acting oxytetracycline, foot trimming, and flunixine meglumine on time to recovery in sheep with foot rot. J Vet Intern Med 24:420. PUBMED Abstract
15. Hall JA, Bailey DP, Thonstad KN, et al. 2009. Effect of parenteral selenium administration to sheep on prevalence and recovery from foot rot. J Vet Intern Med 23:352. PUBMED Abstract
16. Hall JA, Sendek RL, Chinn RM, et al. 2011. Higher whole-blood selenium is associated with improved immune responses in foot rot–affected sheep. Vet Res 42:99. PUBMED Abstract
17. Duncan JS, Grove-White D, Moks E, et al. 2012. Impact of foot rot vaccination and antibiotic therapy on foot rot and contagious ovine digital dermatitis. Vet Rec 170:462. PUBMED Abstract

Other Infectious Conditions of the Foot

1. Baggot DG, Russel AM. 1981. Lameness in cattle. Br Vet J 137:113. PUBMED Abstract
2. Dabareiner RM, Moyer W, Carter GK. 2003. Trauma to the sole and wall, pp 275. In MW Ross, SJ Dysoneds (eds), Diagnosis and management of lameness in horses. Saunders, St Louis, MO.
3. Richardson GL, O'Brien TR, Pascoe JR, et al. 1986. Puncture wounds of the navicular bursa in 38 horses: a retrospective study. Vet Surg 15:156.
4. Gaughan EM. 1989. Surgical treatment of septic osteitis in horses: nine cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:1131. PUBMED Abstract
5. Stachak TS. 1984. Adam's lameness in horses, ed 4. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
6. DeBowes RM, Yovich JV. 1989. Penetrating wounds, abscesses, gravel, and bruising of the equine foot. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 5:179. PUBMED Abstract
7. Honnas CM, Ragle CA, Meagher DM. 1988. Necrosis of the collateral cartilage of the distal phalanx: 16 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:1303. PUBMED Abstract

Fistulous Withers

1. Rashmir-Raven A, Gaughan EM, Modransky P. 1990. Fistulous withers. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:1633.
2. Duff HM. 1937. Brucella abortus in the horse. J Comp Pathol 50:151.
3. Gaughan EM, Fubini SL, Dietze A. 1988. Fistulous withers in horses: 14 cases (1978-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:964. PUBMED Abstract
4. Cohen ND, Carter GK, McMullan WC. 1992. Fistulous withers in horses: 24 cases (1984-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:121. PUBMED Abstract
5. Roderick LM, Kimball A, McLeod WM, et al. 1948. A study of equine fistulous withers and poll-evil. Am J Vet Res 9:5.
6. Ottley ML, Dallemagne C, Moorhouse DE. 1983. Equine onchocerciasis in Queensland and the Northern Territory of Australia. Aust Vet J 60:200. PUBMED Abstract
7. Elzein S, Hamid ME, Quintana E, et al. 2002. Streptomyces sp., a cause of fistulous withers in donkeys. Dtsch Tieratztl Wochenschr 109:442. PUBMED Abstract
8. Denny HR. 1973. A review of brucellosis in the horse. Equine Vet J 5:121. PUBMED Abstract
9. Villalva Sola MA, Mclure JJ. 1997. Management of traumatic fistulous withers and wounds of the lumbar dorsal spinous processes of horses and donkeys used for pack animals. J Equine Vet Sci 17:43.

Flexural Limb Deformities

1. Valberg SJ, Ward TL, Rush B, et al. 2001. Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency in quarter horse foals. J Vet Intern Med 15:572. PUBMED Abstract
2. McIlwraith CW, James LF. 1982. Limb deformities in foals associated with ingestion of locoweed by mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 181:255. PUBMED Abstract
3. Prichard JT, Voss JL. 1967. Fetal ankylosis in horses associated with hybrid Sudan grass pasture. J Am Vet Med Assoc 150:871. PUBMED Abstract
4. McLaughlin BG, Doige CE. 1981. Congenital musculoskeletal lesions in hyperplastic goiter in foals. Can Vet J 22:130. PUBMED Abstract
5. Fessler JF. 1977. Tendon disorders of the young horse. Arch ACVS 6:19.
6. Auer JA, Stick JA. 2012. Equine surgery, ed 4. Saunders, St Louis, MO.
7. Kidd JA, Barr ARS. 2002. Flexural deformities in foals. Equine Vet J 14:311.
8. Ross MW, Dyson SJ. 2003. Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse. Saunders, St Louis, MO.
9. Orsini JA, Kreuder C. 1994. Musculoskeletal disorders of the neonate. Vet Clin North Am 10:137. PUBMED Abstract
10. McIlwraith CW, Fessler JF. 1978. Evaluation of inferior check ligament desmotomy for treatment of acquired flexor tendon contracture in the horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:293. PUBMED Abstract
11. Shiorma JT, Engel HN, Wagner PC, et al. 1989. Dorsal subluxation of the proximal interphalangeal joint in the pelvic limb of three horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:777. PUBMED Abstract
12. Madison JB, Garber JL, Rice B, et al. 1994. Effect of oxytetracycline on metacarpophalangeal and distal interphalangeal joint angles in newborn foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:246. PUBMED Abstract
13. Arnoczky SP, Lavagnino M, Gardner KL, et al. 2004. In vitro effects of oxytetracycline on matrix metalloproteinase-1 mRNA expression and on collagen gel contraction by cultured myofibroblasts obtained from the accessory ligament of foals. Am J Vet Res 65:491. PUBMED Abstract
14. Madison JB, Garber JL, Rice B, et al. 1992. Oxytetracycline decreases fetlock joint angle in new born foals. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 38:745.
15. Fackelman GE, Auer JA, Orsini JA, et al. 1983. Surgical treatment of severe flexural deformities of the distal interphalangeal joint in young horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:949. PUBMED Abstract

Tendinitis

1. Ross MW, Genovese RL, Dyson SJ, et al. 2011. Superficial digital flexor tendonitis, pp 706-726. In Ross MW, Dyson SJ (eds), Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, ed 2. WB Saunders, St Louis, MO.
2. Dyson SJ, Murray R, Schramme MC. 2005. Lameness associated with foot pain: results of magnetic resonance imaging in 199 horses (January 2001-December 2003) and response to treatment. Equine Vet J 37:113. PUBMED Abstract
3. Swor TM, Dabareiner RM, Schmitz DG, et al. 2004. Tendonitis of the deep digital flexor tendon in 78 horses. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 50:332.
4. Barr ARS, Dyson SJ, Barr FJ, et al. 1995. Tendonitis of the deep digital flexor tendon in the distal metacarpal/metatarsal region associated with tenosynovitis of the digital sheath in the horse. Equine Vet J 27:348. PUBMED Abstract
5. Dyson SJ. 1991. Desmitis of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon: 27 cases (1986-1990). Equine Vet J 23:438. PUBMED Abstract
6. Denoix JM, Guizien I, Perrot P, et al. 1995. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of spontaneous injuries of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon (proximal check ligament) in 23 horses. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 41:142.
7. Smith RKW. 2001. Pathophysiology of tendon injury, pp 694-706. In Ross MW, Dyson SJ (eds), Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, ed 2. WB Saunders, St Louis, MO.
8. Meershoek LS, Roepstorff L, Schamhardt HC, et al. 2001. Joint movements in the distal forelimbs of jumping horses during landing. Equine Vet J 33:410. PUBMED Abstract
9. Reef VB. 1998. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography, pp 39-186. In Reef VB (ed), Equine diagnostic ultrasound. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
10. Genovese RL, Longo D, Berthod B, et al. 1997. Quantitative sonographic assessment in the clinical management of superficial digital flexor injuries in Thoroughbred racehorses. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:285.
11. Marsh CA, Schneider RK, Sampson SN, et al. 2012. Response to injection of the navicular bursa with corticosteroid and hyaluronan following high-field magnetic resonance imaging in horses with signs of navicular syndrome: 101 cases (2000-2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc 241:1353. PUBMED Abstract
12. Smith MRW, Wright IM. 2011. Endoscopic evaluation of the navicular bursa: observations, treatment, and outcome in 92 cases with identifying pathology. Equine Vet J 44:339. PUBMED Abstract
13. Grewel JS, McClure SR, Booth LC, et al. 1997. Assessment of the ultrasonographic characteristics of the podotrochlear apparatus in clinically normal horses and horses with navicular syndrome. J Am Vet Med Assoc 225:1881. PUBMED Abstract
14. Gaughan EM, Nixon AJ, Krook LP, et al. 1991. Effects of sodium hyaluronate on tendon healing and adhesion formation in horses. Am J Vet Res 52:764. PUBMED Abstract
15. Spurlock SL, Spurlock GH, Bernstad S, et al. 1991. Treatment of acute superficial flexor tendon injuries in performance horses with high molecular weight sodium hyaluronate. J Equine Vet Sci 19:338.
16. Dyson SJ. 2004. Medical management of superficial digital flexor tendinitis: a comparative study in 219 horses (1992-2000). Equine Vet J 36:415. PUBMED Abstract
17. Foland JW, Trotter GW, Powers BE, et al. 1992. Effect of sodium hyaluronate in collagenase-induced superficial digital flexor tendinitis in horses. Am J Vet Res 53:2371. PUBMED Abstract
18. Redding WR, Booth LC, Pool RR. 1999. The effect of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on the healing of collagenase induced tendinitis. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 12:48.
19. Henninger RW, Bramlage LF, Bailey M, et al. 1992. Effects of tendon splitting on experimentally induced acute equine tendinitis. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 5:1.
20. Hogan PM, Bramlage LR. 1995. Transection of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon for treatment of tendinitis: long-term results in 61 Standardbred racehorses (1985-1992). Equine Vet J 27:221. PUBMED Abstract
21. Hawkins JF, Ross MW. 1995. Transection of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor muscle for the treatment of superficial digital flexor tendinitis in Standardbreds: 40 cases (1988-1992). J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:674. PUBMED Abstract
22. Gibson KT, Burbidge HM, Pfeiffer DU. 1997. Superficial digital flexor tendonitis in thoroughbred race horses outcome following non-surgical treatment and superior check desmotomy. Austr Vet J 43:631. PUBMED Abstract
23. Ross MW. 1997. Surgical management of superficial digital flexor tendinitis. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 43:291.
24. Bell RJW, Buerchler S, Macdonald MH, et al. 2010. Intralesional injection of regenerative medicine products as a treatment of the deep digital flexor tendon in the equine distal extremity. Aust Equine Vet 29:78.
25. Genovese RL, Rantanen NW, Simpson BS, et al. 1990. Clinical experiences with quantitative analysis of superficial digital flexor tendon injuries in Thoroughbred and Standardbred racehorses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 6:129. PUBMED Abstract

Suspensory Ligament Desmitis

1. Bertone AL. 2011. Suspensory ligament desmitis, pp 644-649. In Baxter GM (ed), Adams and Stashak's lameness in horses, ed 6. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA.
2. Dyson SJ, Genovese RL. 2010. The suspensory apparatus, pp 738-760. In Ross MW, Dyson SJ (eds), Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, ed 2. Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
3. Peloso JG, Mundy GC, Cohen ND. 1994. Prevalence of, and factors associated with, musculoskeletal racing injuries of Thoroughbreds. J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:620. PUBMED Abstract
4. Mero JL, Pool RR. 2002. Twenty cases of degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis in Peruvian Paso horses, pp 329-334. Proceedings of the 48th AAEP Annual Convention, Dec 4-8, Orlando, FL.
5. Castro FA, Schumacher JS, Pauweles F, et al. 2005. A new approach for perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve in the horse. Vet Surg 34:539. PUBMED Abstract
6. Hughes TK, Eliashar E, Smith RK. 2007. In vitro evaluation of a single injection technique for diagnostic analgesia of the proximal suspensory ligament for the equine pelvic limb. Vet Surg 36:760. PUBMED Abstract
7. Pleasant RS, Baker GJ, Muhlbauer MC, et al. 1992. Stress reactions and stress fractures of the proximal palmar aspect of the third metacarpal bone in horse: 58 cases (1980-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1918. PUBMED Abstract
8. Edwards RB, Ducharme NG, Fubini SL, et al. 1995. Scintigraphy for diagnosis of avulsions of the origin of the suspensory ligament in horses: 51 cases (1980-1993). J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:608. PUBMED Abstract
9. Zubrod CJ, Schneider RK, Tucker RL. 2004. Use of magnetic resonance imaging to identify suspensory desmitis and adhesions between exostoses of the second metacarpal bone and the suspensory ligament in four horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:1815. PUBMED Abstract
10. Dyson SJ, Weekes JS, Murray RC. 2007. Scintigraphic evaluation of the proximal metacarpal and metatarsal regions of horses with proximal suspensory desmitis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 48:78. PUBMED Abstract
11. Crowe OM, Dyson SJ, Wright IM, et al. 2004. Treatment of chronic or recurrent proximal suspensory desmitis using radial pressure wave therapy in the horse. Equine Vet J 36:313. PUBMED Abstract
12. Waselau M, Sutter WW, Genovese RL, et al. 2008. Intralesional injection of platelet-rich plasma followed by controlled exercise for treatment of midbody suspensory desmitis in Standardbred racehorses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1515. PUBMED Abstract
13. Herthel DL. 2001. Enhanced suspensory ligament healing in 100 horses by stem cell and other bone marrow components, pp 319-321. Proceedings of the 47th AAEP Annual Convention, Nov 24-28, San Diego, CA.
14. Bathe AP. 2006. Plantar metatarsal neurectomy and fasciotomy for the treatment of hindlimb proximal suspensory desmitis, pp 198-199. Proceedings of the 45th Congress of the British Equine Veterinary Association, Sept 13-16, Birmingham, UK.
15. Hewes CA, White NA. 2006. Outcome of demoplasty and fasciotomy for desmitis involving the origin of the suspensory ligament in horses: 27 cases (1995-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 229:407. PUBMED Abstract

Fractures

1. Stover SM. 1998. Stress fractures. In White NA, Moore JN (eds), Current techniques in equine surgery and lameness, ed 2. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
2. McDuffee LA, Lloyd KC. 2002. Fractures, pp 1329-1335. In Smith BP (ed), Large animal internal medicine, ed 3. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
3. Bramlage LR. 1999. Emergency first aid treatment and transportation of equine fracture patients, pp 972-981. In Auer JA, Stick JA (eds), Equine surgery, ed 3. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
4. Swor TM, Watkins JP. 2007. Adult musculoskeletal emergencies, pp 279-308. In Orsini JA, Divers T (eds), Manual of equine emergencies, ed 3. Saunders-Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA.
5. Markel MD, Lopez MJ. 2006. Bone biology and fracture healing, pp 991-1000. In Auer JA, Stick JA (eds), Equine surgery, ed 3. Saunders-Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
6. Markel MD. 1996. Fracture healing and its noninvasive assessment, pp 19-29. In Nixon AJ (ed), Equine fracture repair. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
7. Carter BG, Schneider RK, Hardy J, et al. 1993. Assessment and treatment of equine humeral fractures: retrospective study of 54 cases (1972-1990). Equine Vet J 25:203. PUBMED Abstract
8. Zamos DT, Parks AH. 1992. Comparison of surgical and nonsurgical treatment of humeral fractures in horses: 22 cases (1980-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:114. PUBMED Abstract
9. Mez JC, Dabareiner RM, Cole RC, et al. 2007. Fractures of the greater tubercle of the humerus in horses: 15 cases (1986-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1350. PUBMED Abstract
10. Fiske-Jackson AR, Crawford AL, Archer RM, et al. 2010. Diagnosis, management, and outcome in 19 horses with deltoid tuberosity fractures. Vet Surg 39:1005. PUBMED Abstract
11. Adams SB, Fessler JF. 1983. Treatment of radial-ulnar and tibial fractures in cattle, using a modified Thomas splint-cast combination. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:430. PUBMED Abstract
12. Sanders-Shamis M, Bramlage LR, Gable AA. 1986. Radius fracture in the horse: a retrospective study of 47 cases. Equine Vet J 18:432. PUBMED Abstract
13. Swor TM, Watkins JP, Bahr A, et al. 2003. Results of plate fixation of type 1b olecranon fractures in 24 horses. Equine Vet J 35:670. PUBMED Abstract
14. Swor TM, Watkins JP, Bahr A, et al. 2006. Results of plate fixation of type 5 olecranon fractures in 20 horses. Equine Vet J 38:30. PUBMED Abstract
15. Jackson M, Kummer M, Auer J, et al. 2011. Treatment of type 2 and 4 olecranon fractures with locking compression plate osteosynthesis in horses: a prospective study (2002-2008). Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 24:57. PUBMED Abstract
16. Wilson DG, Riedesel E. 1985. Nonsurgical management of ulnar fractures in the horse: a retrospective study of 43 cases. Vet Surg 14:283.
17. Nichols S, Anderson DE, Miesner MD, et al. 2010. Femoral diaphysis fractures in cattle: 26 cases (1994-2005). Aust Vet J 88:39. PUBMED Abstract
18. McClure SR, Watkins JP, Ashman RB. 1998. In vivo evaluation of intramedullary interlocking nail fixation of transverse femoral osteotomies in foals. Vet Surg 27:29. PUBMED Abstract
19. Martens A, Steenhaut M, Gasthuys F, et al. 1998. Conservative and surgical treatment of tibial fractures in cattle. Vet Rec 143:12. PUBMED Abstract
20. Bischofberger AS, Furst A, Auer J, et al. 2009. Surgical management of complete diaphyseal third metacarpal and metatarsal bone fractures: clinical outcome in 10 mature horses and 11 foals. Equine Vet J 41:465. PUBMED Abstract
21. McClure SR, Watkins JP, Glickman NW, et al. 1998. Complete fracture of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bone in horses: 25 cases (1980-1996). J Am Vet Med Assoc 213:847. PUBMED Abstract
22. Kuemmerle JM, Auer JA, Rademacher N, et al. 2008. Short incomplete sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in ten horses not used for racing. Vet Surg 37:193. PUBMED Abstract
23. Holcombe SJ, Schneider RK, Bramlage LR. 1995. Lag screw fixation of non-comminuted sagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in racehorses: 59 cases (1973-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:1195. PUBMED Abstract
24. Lescun TB, McClure SR, Ward MP, et al. 2007. Evaluation of transfixation casting for treatment of third metacarpal, third metatarsal, and phalangeal fractures in horses: 37 cases (1994-2004). J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:1340. PUBMED Abstract
25. Rijkenhuizen AB, de Graaf K, Hak A, et al. 2012. Management and outcome of fractures of the distal phalanx: a retrospective study of 285 horses with a long term outcome in 223 cases. Vet J 192:176. PUBMED Abstract

Spontaneous Fractures in Ruminants

1. Poulsen KP, McSloy AC, Perrier M, et al. 2008. Primary mandibular hemangiosarcoma in a bull. Can Vet J 49:901. PUBMED Abstract
2. Raubenheimer EJ, van Heerden J, Keffen RH, et al. 1990. Liposarcoma of bone marrow in a kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros). J Wildl Dis 26:271. PUBMED Abstract
3. Steinberg H, George C. 1989. Fracture-associated osteogenic sarcoma and mandibular osteoma in two goats. J Comp Pathol 100:453. PUBMED Abstract
4. Theriault RL, Theriault RL. 2012. Biology of bone metastases. Cancer Control 19:92. PUBMED Abstract
5. Verschooten F, Vermeiren D, Devriese L. 2000. Bone infection in the bovine appendicular skeleton: a clinical, radiographic, and experimental study. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 42:250. PUBMED Abstract
6. Seifi HA, Saifzadeh S, Farshid AA, et al. 2003. Mandibular pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis in a Sannen goat. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 50:219. PUBMED Abstract
7. Braun U, Keller A, Muggli E, et al. 2009. Abscessation, osteomyelitis and fracture of the sternum in a cow. Vet Rec 164:152. PUBMED Abstract
8. Thompson PN. 1998. Osteitis of the apex of the third phalanx following foot trimming in a dairy cow. S Afr Vet Assoc. 69:23. PUBMED Abstract
9. Blikslager AT, Baines SJ, Bowman KF. 1992. Excision of the distal sesamoid bone for treatment of infection of the digit in a heifer. J Am Med Assoc 201:1905. PUBMED Abstract
10. Johnson HE, Bleich VC, Krausman PR. 2007. Mineral deficiencies in tule elk, Owens Valley, California. J Wildl Dis 43:61. PUBMED Abstract
11. Weber MA, Junge RE. 2001. Hypophosphatemia associated with hypovitaminosis-D in Speke's gazelles (Gazella spekei). J Zoo Wildl Med 32:379. PUBMED Abstract
12. Blair-West JR, Denton DA, McKinley MJ, et al. 1992. Behavioral and tissue responses to severe phosphorus depletion in cattle. Am J Physiol 263:R656. PUBMED Abstract
13. Xiaoyun S, Zhang R. 2012. Studies on “stiffness of extremities disease” in the yak (Bos mutus). J Wildl Dis 48:542. PUBMED Abstract
14. Sharifi K, Mohri M, Rakhshani A. 2007. The relationship between blood indicators of phosphorus status in cattle. Vet Clin Pathol 36:354. PUBMED Abstract
15. Whitelaw A, Armstrong RH, Evans CC, et al. 1979. A study of the effects of copper deficiency in Scottish blackface lambs on improved hill pasture. Vet Rec 104:455. PUBMED Abstract
16. Zhou L, Long R, Pu X, et al. 2009. Studies of a naturally occurring sulfur-induced copper deficiency in Przewalski's gazelles. Can Vet J 50:1269. PUBMED Abstract
17. Read RA, Kent GN, Price RI. 1989. Inhibition of osteoblastic function in the osteoporosis of copper deficiency in dogs. VCOT 1:25.
18. Laven RA, Lawrence KE, Livesey CT. 2007. The assessment of blood copper status in cattle: a comparison of measurements of caeruloplasmin and elemental copper in serum and blood. N Z Vet J 55:171. PUBMED Abstract
19. Schultz M, Keirdorf U, Sedlacek F, et al. 1998. Pathological bone changes in the mandibles of wild red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) exposed to high environmental levels of fluoride. J Anat 193:431. PUBMED Abstract
20. Jubb TF, Annand TE, Main DV, et al. 1993. Phosphorus supplements and fluorosis in cattle—a northern Australian experience. Aust Vet J 70:379. PUBMED Abstract
21. Denholm LJ, Cole WG. 1983. Heritable bone fragility, joint laxity and dysplastic dentin in Friesian calves: a bovine syndrome of osteogenesis imperfecta. Aust Vet J 60:9. PUBMED Abstract
22. Dittmer KE, Thompson KG, Blair HT. 2009. Pathology of inherited rickets in Corriedale sheep. J Comp Pathol 141:147. PUBMED Abstract

Bucked Shins and Stress Fractures of the Metacarpus in the Horse

1. Nunamaker DM. 2011. The bucked-shin complex, pp 953-958. In Ross MW, Dyson SJ (eds), Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, ed 2. Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
2. Bertone AL. 2011. Periostitis and fractures of the dorsal metacarpus (bucked shins, shin splints, and stress fractures), pp 621-625. In Baxter GM (ed), Adams & Stashak's lameness in horses, ed 6. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA.
3. Richardson DW. 2012. Third metacarpal and metatarsal bones, pp 1335-1338. In Auer JA, Stick JA (eds), Equine surgery, ed 4. Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
4. Boston RC, Nunamaker DM. 2000. Gait and speed as exercise components of risk factors associated with onset of fatigue injury of the third metacarpal bone in 2-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses. Am J Vet Res 61:602. PUBMED Abstract
5. Moyer W, Spencer PA, Kallish M. 1991. Relative incidence of dorsal metacarpal disease in young thoroughbred racehorses training on two different surfaces. Equine Vet J 23:166. PUBMED Abstract
6. Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al. 2008. Periostitis produced in response to microfractures, pp 203-210. In Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, et al. (eds), Clinical radiography of the horse, 3 ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA.
7. Ruggles AJ. 2011. Stress fractures of the third metacarpal bone: surgical management, pp 959-960. In Ross MW, Dyson SJ (eds), Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse, ed 2. Elsevier, St Louis, MO.
8. Nunamaker DM. 1999. Bucked shins complex and stress fractures, pp 1591-1594. In Colahan PT, Mayhew IG, Merritt AM, et al. (eds), Equine medicine and surgery, ed 5. Mosby, St Louis, MO.
9. Nunamaker DM. 1996. Metacarpal stress fractures, pp 195-199. In Nixon AJ (ed), Equine fracture repair. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
10. Nunamaker DM. 2002. On bucked shins. Proceedings of the 48th Annual American Association of Equine Practitioners, Dec 4-8, Orlando, FL.
11. Dallap BL, Bramlage LR, Embertson RM. 1999. Results of screw fixation combined with cortical drilling for treatment of dorsal cortical stress fractures of the third metacarpal bone in 56 Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 31:252. PUBMED Abstract
12. Cervantes C, Madison JB, Ackerman N, et al. 1992. Surgical treatment of dorsal cortical fractures of the metacarpal bone in Thoroughbred racehorses: 53 cases (1985-1989). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1997. PUBMED Abstract
13. Richardson DW. 1984. Dorsal cortical fractures of the equine metacarpus. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 6:248-255.
14. Haine EA, Sullins KE, White NA. 1992. Follow-up of 28 horses with third metacarpal unicortical stress fractures following treatment with osteostixis. Equine Vet J (Suppl)22:5. PUBMED Abstract
15. Verheyen KLP, Henley WE, Price JS, et al. 2005. Training-related factors associated with dorsometacarpal disease in young Thoroughbred racehorses in the UK. Equine Vet J 37:442. PUBMED Abstract

Equine Bone Fragility Disorder

1. Schwartz LW, Knight HD, Whittig LD, et al. 1981. Silicate pneumoconiosis and pulmonary fibrosis in horses from the Monterey-Carmel Peninsula. Chest 805:825. PUBMED Abstract
2. Durham MG, Armstrong CM. 2006. Fractures and bone deformities in 18 horses with silicosis. In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual AAEP Convention, San Antonio, TX.
3. Arens AM, Barr B, Puchalski SM, et al. 2011. Osteoporosis associated with pulmonary silicosis in an equine bone fragility syndrome. Vet Pathol 48:593. PUBMED Abstract
4. Anderson JDC, Galuppo LD, Barr BC, et al. 2008. Clinical and scintigraphic findings in horses with a bone fragility disorder: 16 cases (1980-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 232:1694. PUBMED Abstract
5. Durham MG. 2009. The silicosis and osteoporosis syndrome, pp 303-306. In Robinson NE, Sprayberry KA (eds), Current therapy in equine medicine, ed 6. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
6. Durham DL. 1987. Uranium in the Monterey formation of California, pp A3-A4. In U.S. geological survey bulletin 1581-A. Washington, DC.
7. Berry CR, O'Brien TR, Madigan JF, et al. 1991. Thoracic radiographic features of silicosis in 19 horses. J Vet Int Med 5:248. PUBMED Abstract
8. Katzman SA, Nieto JE, Arens AM, et al. 2012. Use of zoledronate for treatment of a bone fragility disorder in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 240:1323. PUBMED Abstract

Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy

1. Walker AM, Sellon DC, Cornelisse CJ, et al. 2002. Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy in 33 horses (1993-2000). J Vet Intern Med 16:697. PUBMED Abstract
2. Aleman M, Puchalski SM, Williams DC, et al. 2008. Brainstem auditory-evoked responses in horses with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy. J Vet Intern Med 22:1196. PUBMED Abstract
3. Naylor RJ, Perkins JD, Allen S, et al. 2010. Histopathology and computed tomography of age-associated degeneration of the equine temporohyoid joint. Equine Vet J 42:425. PUBMED Abstract
4. Pease AP, vanBiervliet J, Dykes NL, et al. 2004. Complication of partial stylohoidectomy for treatment of temporohyoid osteoarthropathy and an alternative surgical technique in three cases. Equine Vet J 36:546. PUBMED Abstract
5. Bras JJ, Davis E, Beard WL. 2012. Bilateral ceratohyoidectomy for the resolution of clinical signs associated with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy. Equine Vet J 10:2042.