Chapter 53 Immunologic Disorders

Equine Immunologic Disorders

  1. Lunn P, Horohov D. 2010. The equine immune system, pp 2-56. In Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellon DC (eds), Equine internal medicine, ed 3. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  2. Hormanski CE, Truax R, Porciau SS, et al. 1992. Induction of lymphokine-activated killer cells of equine origin: specificity for equine target cells. Vet Immunol Immunopath 32:25. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Lewis DH, Chan DL, Pinheiro D, et al. 2012. The immunopathology of sepsis: pathogen recognition, systemic inflammation, the compensatory anti-inflammatory response, and regulatory T cells. J Vet Intern Med 26:457. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Linde A, Ross CR, Davis EG, et al. 2008. Innate immunity and host defense peptides in veterinary medicine. J Vet Intern Med 22:247. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Perryman LE. 1979. Primary and secondary immune deficiencies of domestic animals. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 23:23. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Perryman LE. 1981. Immunological management of young foals. Compend Cont Educ (Pract Vet) 3:S223.
  7. Lo JW, McClure JJ. 1984. Surface markers of lymphocytes, pp 65-85. In Barta O (ed), Laboratory techniques of veterinary clinical immunology. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, IL.
  8. Lunn DP, Holmes MA, Antczak DF, et al. 1998. Report of the Second Equine Leukocyte Antigen Workshop. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 42:3.
  9. Bettelli E, Korn T, Kuchroo VK. 2007. Th17: the third member of the effector T cell trilogy. Curr Opin Immunol 19:652. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Korn T, Bettelli E, Oukka M, et al. 2009. IL-17 and Th17 cells. Annu Rev Immunol 27:485. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Wagner B. 2006. Immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin genes of the horse. Dev Comp Immunol 30:155. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Lewis MJ, Wagner B, Woof JM. 2008. The different effector function capabilities of the seven equine IgG subclasses have implications for vaccine strategies. Mol Immunol 45:818. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Perkins GA, Nydam DV, Flaminio MJBF, et al. 2003. Serum IgM concentrations in normal, fit horses and horses with lymphoma or other medical conditions. J Vet Intern Med 17:337. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Sheoran AS, Timoney JF, Holmes MA, et al. 2000. Immunoglobulin isotypes in sera and nasal mucosal secretions and their neonatal transfer and distribution in horses. Am J Vet Res 62:1099. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Wagner B, Flaminio JBF, Hillegas J, et al. 2006. Occurrence of IgE in foals: evidence of transfer of maternal IgE by the colostrum and late onset of endogenous IgE production in the horse. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 110:269. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Lund FE. 2008. Cytokine-producing B lymphocytes—key regulators of immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 20:332. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Bouaziz JD, Yanaba K, Tedder TF. 2008. Regulatory B cells as inhibitors of immune responses and inflammation. Immunol Rev 224:201. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Kono Y, Hirasawa K, Fukunaga Y, et al. 1976. Recrudescence of equine infectious anemia by treatment with immunosuppressive drugs. Natl Inst Anim Health Q (Tokyo) 16:8. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Mair TS. 1996. Bacterial pneumonia associated with corticosteroid therapy in three horses. Vet Rec 138:205. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Beisel WR. 1996. Nutrition and immune function: overview. J Nutr 126:2611S. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Halliwell REW, Gorman NT. 1989. Diseases associated with immunodeficiency. In Halliwell REW, Gorman NT (eds), Veterinary clinical immunology. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  22. Prescott JF. 1993. Immunodeficiency and serious pneumonia in foals: the plot thickens. Equine Vet J 25:88. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Wagner B, Flaminio JB, Hillegas J, et al. 2006. Occurrence of IgE in foals: evidence for transfer of maternal IgE by the colostrum and late onset of endogenous IgE production in the horse. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 110:269. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Breathnach CC, Sturgill-Wright T, Stiltner JL, et al. 2006. Foals are interferon gamma-deficient at birth. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 112:199. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Flaminio MJBF, Rush BR, Shuman W. 1999. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations and immunoglobulin concentrations in healthy foals and foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. J Vet Intern Med 13:206. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Demmers S, Johannisson A, Grondahl G, et al. 2001. Neutrophil functions and serum IgG in growing foals. Equine Vet J 33:676. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Flaminio MJBF, Rush BR, Davis EG, et al. 2000. Characterization of peripheral and pulmonary leukocytes function in healthy foals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 73:267. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Ainsworth DM, Weldon AD, Becky KA, et al. 1993. Recognition of Pneumocystis carinii in foals with respiratory distress. Equine Vet J 25:103. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Smith III R, Chaffin MK, Cohen ND, et al. 2002. Age-related changes in lymphocyte subsets of Quarter Horse foals. Am J Vet Res 63:531. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Giguere S, Polkes AC. 2005. Immunologic disorders in neonatal foals. Vet Clin North Am, Equine Pract 21:241. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Sun L, Gong Z, Oberst EJ, et al. 2013. The promoter region of interferon-gamma is hypermethylated in neonatal foals and its demethylation is associated with increased gene expression. Dev Comp Immunol 39:273. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Giguere S, Ryan C, Hagen J, et al. 2010. Effect of age and mitogen on the frequency of interleukin-4 and interferon gamma secreting cells in foals and adult horses as assessed by an equine-specific ELISPOT assay. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 133:66. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Wagner B, Burton A, Ainsworth DM. 2010. Interferon-gamma, interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 production by T-helper cells reveals intact Th1 and regulatory Tr1 cell activation and delay of the Th2 cell response in equine neonates and foals. Vet Res 41:47. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Liu M, Bordin A, Liu T, et al. 2011. Gene expression of innate Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-type cytokines during early life of neonatal foals in response to Rhodococcus equi. Cyto 56: 356. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Ryan C, Giguere S. 2010. Equine neonates have attenuated humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to a killed adjuvanted vaccine compared to adult horses. Clin Vaccine Immumol 17:1896. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Horohov DW, Dimock A, Guirnalda P, et al. 1999. Effect of exercise on the immune response of young and old horses. Am J Vet Res 60:643. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Horohov DW, Kydd JH, Hannant D. 2002. The effect of aging on T cell responses in the horse. Dev Comp Immunol 26:121. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Wong CW, Smith SE, Thong YH, et al. 1992. Effects of exercise stress on various immune functions in horses. Am J Vet Res 53:1414. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Hines MT, Schott HC, Bayly WM, et al. 1996. Exercise and immunity: a review with emphasis on the horse. J Vet Intern Med 10:280. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Hines MT, Leroux A, Schott HC, et al. 1994. Changes in lymphocyte subpopulations following prolonged exercise in horses. J Vet Intern Med 8:185.
  41. Robson PJ, Alston TD, Myburgh KH. 2003. Prolonged suppression of the innate immune system in the horse following an 80 km endurance race. Equine Vet J 35:133. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Escribano BM, Aguera EI, Vivo R, et al. 2002. Benefits of moderate training to the nonspecific immune response of colts. Equine Vet J Suppl 34:182. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Raidal SL, Rose RJ, Love DN. 2001. Effects of training on resting peripheral blood and BAL-derived leucocyte function in horses. Equine Vet J 33:238. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Raidal SL, Love DN, Bailey GD, et al. 2000. Effect of single bouts of moderate and high intensity exercise and training on equine peripheral blood neutrophils function. Res Vet Sci 68:141. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Folsom RW, Littlefield-Chabaud MA, French DD, et al. 2001. Exercise alters the immune response to equine influenza virus and increases susceptibility to infection. Equine Vet J 33:664. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Lunn DP, Hussey S, Sebing R, et al. 2001. Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of a modified-live equine influenza virus vaccine in ponies after induction of exercise-induced immunosuppression. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:900. PUBMED Abstract
  47. Gross DK, Hinchcliff KW, French PS, et al. 1998. Effect of moderate exercise on the severity of clinical signs associated with influenza virus infection in horses. Equine Vet J 30:489. PUBMED Abstract
  48. Perryman LE. 2000. Primary immunodeficiencies of horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:105. PUBMED Abstract
  49. Sellon DC. 2000. Secondary immunodeficiencies of horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:117. PUBMED Abstract
  50. Gill AF, Gaunt S, Sirninger J. 2006. Congenital Pelger-Huet anomaly in a horse. Vet Clin Pathol 35:460. PUBMED Abstract
  51. Grondin TM, DeWitt SF, Keeton KS. 2007. Pelger-Huët anomaly in an Arabian horse. Vet Clin Pathol 36:306. PUBMED Abstract
  52. Gardner RB, Nydam DV, Luna JA, et al. 2007. Serum opsonization capacity, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst activity in neonatal foals in the intensive care unit. J Vet Intern Med 21:797. PUBMED Abstract
  53. Swiderski C. 1997. Hypersensitivity reactions, pp 19-47. In Reed S, Baily W (eds), Equine internal medicine, ed 1. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  54. Swiderski C. 2000. Hypersensitivity disorders in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:131. PUBMED Abstract
  55. Tizard IR. 2013. Veterinary immunology, ed 9. Elsevier, St Louis, MO. PUBMED Abstract
  56. Scott DW, Miller Jr WH. 2010. Equine dermatology, ed 2. Elsevier Saunders, St Louis, MO. PUBMED Abstract
  57. Boy MG, Zhang C, Antczack DF, et al. 1992. Unusual selective immunoglobulin deficiency in an Arabian foal. J Vet Intern Med 6:201. PUBMED Abstract
  58. Buntain B. 1981. IgG immunodeficiency in a half-Arabian foal with salmonellosis. Vet Med Equine Pract 76:231. PUBMED Abstract
  59. McClure JJ, Addison JD, Miller RI. 1985. Immunodeficiency manifested by oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:195. PUBMED Abstract
  60. Flaminio MJBF, Rush BR, Cox JH, et al. 1998. CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytopenia in a filly with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Aust Vet J 76:399. PUBMED Abstract

Evaluation of Immunologic Response in Horses

  1. Lunn P, Horohov D. 2010. The equine immune system, pp 2-56. In Reed SM, Bayly WM, Sellon DC (eds), Equine internal medicine, ed 3. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  2. Swiderski CE, McClure JJ. 1995. Immunodiagnostic assay. Vet Clin North Am Equine Practice 11:455. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Young KM, Lunn DP. 2000. Immunodiagnostic testing in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Practice 16:79. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Zimmerman KL, Crisman MV. 2008. Diagnostic equine serology. Vet Clin North Am Equine Practice 24:311. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Carrick JB, Begg AP. 2008. Peripheral blood leukocytes. Vet Clin North Am Equine Practice 24: 239. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Lo JW, McClure JJ. 1984. Surface markers of lymphocytes, pp 65-85. In Barta O (ed), Laboratory techniques of veterinary clinical immunology, Springfield, IL.
  7. Lunn DP, Holmes MA, Antczak DF, et al. 1998. Report of the Second Equine Leukocyte Antigen Workshop. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 42:3.
  8. Hines MT, Palmer GH, Byrne KM, et al. 1996. Quantitative characterization of lymphocyte populations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood of normal adult Arabian horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 51:29. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Smith III R, Chaffin MK, Cohen ND, et al. 2002. Age-related changes in lymphocyte subsets of Quarter Horse foals. Am J Vet Res 63:531. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Flaminio MJBF, LaCombe V, Kohn CW, et al. 2002. Common variable immunodeficiency in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 221:1296. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Pellegrini-Masini A, Bentz AI, Johns IC, et al. 2005. Common variable immunodeficiency in three horses with presumptive bacterial meningitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:114. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Flaminio MJBF, Rush BR, Shuman W. 1999. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations and immunoglobulin concentrations in healthy foals and foals with Rhodococcus equi pneumonia. J Vet Intern Med 110:269. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Flaminio MJBF, Rush BR, Davis EG, et al. 2000. Characterization of peripheral and pulmonary leukocytes function in healthy foals. Vet Immunol Immunopath 73:267. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Flaminio MJBF, Tallmadge RL, Salles-Gomes COM, et al. 2009. Common variable immunodeficiency in horses is characterized by B cell depletion in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues. J Clin Immunol 29:107. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Rumbaugh GE, Ardans AA, Ginno D, et al. 1978. Measurement of neonatal equine immunoglobulins for assessment of colostral immunoglobulin transfer: comparison of single radial immunodiffusion with zinc sulfate turbidity test, serum electrophoresis, refractometry for total serum protein, and the sodium sulfite precipitation test. J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:321.
  16. Tennant B, Baldwin BH, Braun RK, et al. 1979. Use of the glutaraldehyde coagulation test for detection of hypogammaglobulinemia in neonatal calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 174:848. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Buening GM, Perryman LE, McGuire TC. 1977. Practical methods of determining serum immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G concentrations in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 171:455. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Hinchcliff KW. 2008. Failure of transfer of passive immunity, pp. 308-309. In Lavoie JP, Hinchcliff KW (eds), Blackwell's five minute consult: equine, ed 2. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, IA.
  19. Davis DG, Schaefer DMW, Hinchcliff KW, et al. 2005. Measurement of serum IgG in foals by radial immunodiffusion and automated turbidimetric immunoassay. J Vet Intern Med 19:93. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Enright FM, Jeffers GW. 1984. Function tests for mononuclear phagocytes, pp 58-64. In Barta O (ed), Laboratory techniques of veterinary clinical immunology, Springfield, IL.
  21. Raidal SL, Bailey GD, Love DN. 1998. The flow cytometric evaluation of phagocytosis by equine peripheral blood neutrophils and pulmonary alveolar macrophages. Vet J 156:107. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Raidal SL, Bailey GD, Love DN. 1998. Flow cytometric determination of oxidative burst activity of equine peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage-derived leukocytes. Vet J 156:117. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Demmers S, Johannisson A, Grondahl G, et al. 2001. Neutrophil functions and serum IgG in growing foals. Equine Vet J 33:676. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Gardner RB, Nydam DV, Luna JA, et al. 2007. Serum opsonization capacity, phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity in neonatal foals in the intensive care unit. J Vet Intern Med 21:797. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Flaminio MJBF, Rush BR, Davis EG, et al. 2002. Simultaneous flow cytometric analysis of phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity in equine leukocytes. Vet Res Commun 26:85. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Davis EG, Wilkerson MJ, Rush BR. 2002. Flow cytometry: clinical applications in equine medicine. J Vet Intern Med 16:404. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Hodgin EC, McGuire TC, Perryman LE, et al. 1978. Evaluation of delayed hypersensitivity responses in normal horses and immunodeficient foals. Am J Vet Res 39:1161. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Wagner B, Freer H. 2009. Development of a bead-based multiplex assay for simultaneous quantification of cytokines in horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 127:242. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Shin EK, Perryman LE, Meek K. 1997. A kinase-negative mutation of DNA-PKcs in equine SCID results in defective coding and signal joint formation. J Immunol 158:3565. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Fox-Clipsham LY, Carter SD, Goodhead I, et al. 2011. Identification of a mutation associated with fatal foal immunodeficiency syndrome in the Fell and Dale Pony. PLoS Genet 7:e1002133. PUBMED Abstract

Failure of Passive Transfer of Maternal Immunity

  1. Baldwin JL, Cooper WL, Vanderwall DK, et al. 1991. Prevalence (treatment days) and severity of illness in hypogammaglobulinemic and normogammaglobulinemic foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:423. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Clabough DL. 1990. Factors associated with failure of passive transfer in Standardbred foals. Proceed Am Coll Vet Intern Med 8:555.
  3. Kohn CW, Knight D, Hueston W, et al. 1989. Colostral and serum IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations in Standardbred mares and their foals at parturition. J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:64. PUBMED Abstract
  4. McGuire TC, Crawford TB, Hallowell AL, et al. 1977. Failure of colostral immunoglobulin transfer as an explanation for most infections and deaths of neonatal foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:1302. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Morris DD, Meirs DA, Merryman GS. 1985. Passive transfer failure in horses: incidence and causative factors on a breeding farm. Am J Vet Res 46:2294. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Perryman LE, McGuire TC. 1980. Evaluation for immune system failures in horses and ponies. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:1374. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Raidal SL. 1996. The incidence and consequences of failure of passive transfer of immunity on a Thoroughbred breeding farm. Aust Vet J 73:201. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Stoneham SJ, Wingfield Digby NJ, Ricketts SW. 1991. Failure of passive transfer of colostral immunity in the foal: incidence, and the effect of stud management and plasma transfusions. Vet Rec 128:416. PUBMED Abstract
  9. LeBlanc MM, Tran T, Baldwin JL, et al. 1992. Factors that influence passive transfer of immunoglobulins in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:179. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Pearson RC, Hallowell AL, Bayly WM, et al. 1984. Times of appearance and disappearance of colostral IgG in the mare. Am J Vet Res 45:186. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Jeffcott LB. 1975. The transfer of passive immunity to the foal and its relation to immune status after birth. J Reprod Fertil Suppl Oct:727. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Jeffcott LB. 1974. Studies on passive immunity in the foal. II. The absorption of 125I-labelled PVP (polyvinyl pyrrolidone) by the neonatal intestine. J Comp Pathol 84:279. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Jeffcott LB, Jeffcott TJ. 1974. Studies on passive immunity in the foal. III. The characterization and significance of neonatal proteinuria. J Comp Pathol 84:455. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Jeffcott LB. 1971. Duration of permeability of the intestine to macromolecules in the newly-born foal. Vet Rec 88:340. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Raidal SL, McTaggart C, Penhale J. 2005. Effect of withholding macromolecules on the duration of intestinal permeability to colostral IgG in foals. Aust Vet J 83:78. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Higgins WP, Gillespie JH, Robson DS. 1987. Studies of maternally-acquired antibodies in the foal to equine influenza A1 and A2, and equine rhinopneumonitis. Equine Vet Sci 7:207.
  17. Jeffcott LB. 1974. Studies on passive immunity in the foal. Gamma-globulin and antibody variations associated with the maternal transfer of immunity and the onset of active immunity. J Comp Pathol 84:93. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Reilly WJ, MacDougall DF. 1973. The metabolism of IgG in the newborn foal. Res Vet Sci 14:136. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Perryman LE. 1981. Immunological management of young foals. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 3:223.
  20. Rouse BT. 1971. The immunoglobulins of adult equine and foal sera: a quantitative study. Br Vet J 127:45. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Jan CL. 1996. Cellular components of mammary secretions and neonatal immunity: a review. Vet Res 27:403. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Grosvenor CE, Picciano MF, Baumrucker CR. 1993. Hormones and growth factors in milk. Endocr Rev 14:710. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Zou S, Brady HA, Hurley WL. 1998. Protective factors in mammary gland secretions during the periparturient period in the mare. J Equine Vet Sci 18:184.
  24. Sellon DC. 2000. Secondary immunodeficiencies of horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:117. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Blodgett DJ. 2001. Fescue toxicosis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 17:567. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Putnam MR, Bransby DI, Schumacher J, et al. 1991. Effects of the fungal endophyte Acremonium coenophialum in fescue on pregnant mares and foal viability. Am J Vet Res 52:2071. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Sandgild PT. 2003. Uptake of colostral immunoglobulins by the compromised newborn farm animal. Acta Vet Scand Suppl 98:105. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Gillette DD, Filkins M. 1966. Factors affecting antibody transfer in the newborn puppy. Am J Physiol 210:419. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Halliday R. 1965. Failure of some Hill lambs to absorb maternal gammaglobulin. Nature 205:614.
  30. Carrick JB, Pollitt CC, Thompson HL, et al. 1987. Failure of the administration of ACTH to affect the absorption of colostral immunoglobulin in neonatal foals. Equine Vet J 19:545. PUBMED Abstract
  31. LeBlanc MM. 1990. Immunologic considerations, pp 275-294. In Koterba AM, Drummond WH, Kosch PC (eds), Equine clinical neonatology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
  32. LeBlanc MM. 2001. Update on passive transfer of immunoglobulins in the foal. Pferdeheilkunde 17:662.
  33. Cowles RR, Copeland DD, Conboy HS, et al. 1983. A new test for the detection of immunoglobulin levels in the neonatal foal, vol 29, pp 419. Proceedings of the 29th American Association of Equine Practitioners, Dec 4-5, Las Vegas. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Davis DG, Schaefer DM, Hinchcliff KW, et al. 2005. Measurement of serum IgG in foals by radial immunodiffusion and automated turbidimetric immunoassay. J Vet Intern Med 19:93. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Davis R, Giguere S. 2005. Evaluation of five commercially available assays and measurement of serum total protein concentration via refractometry for the diagnosis of failure of passive transfer of immunity in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1640. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Erhard MH, Luft C, Remler HP, et al. 2001. Assessment of colostral transfer and systemic availability of immunoglobulin G in new-born foals using a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 85:164. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Metzger N, Hinchcliff KW, Hardy J, et al. 2006. Usefulness of a commercial equine IgG test and serum protein concentration as indicators of failure of transfer of passive immunity in hospitalized foals. J Vet Intern Med 20:382. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Rumbaugh GE, Ardans AA, Ginno D, et al. 1978. Measurement of neonatal equine immunoglobulins for assessment of colostral immunoglobulin transfer: comparison of single radial immunodiffusion with the zinc sulfate turbidity test, serum electrophoresis, refractometry for total serum protein, and the sodium sulfite precipitation test. J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:321.
  39. Bertone JJ, Jones RL, Curtis CR. 1988. Evaluation of a test kit for determination of serum immunoglobulin G concentration in foals. J Vet Intern Med 2:181. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Clabough DL, Conboy HS, Roberts MC. 1989. Comparison of four screening techniques for the diagnosis of equine neonatal hypogammaglobulinemia. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:1717. PUBMED Abstract
  41. Burton SC, Hintz HF, Kemen MJ, et al. 1981. Lyophilized hyperimmune equine serum as a source of antibodies for neonatal foals. Am J Vet Res 42:308. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Franz LC, Landon JC, Lopes LA, et al. 1998. Oral and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in neonatal foals. J Equine Vet Sci 18:472.
  43. Holmes MA, Lunn DP. 1991. A study of bovine and equine immunoglobulin levels in pony foals fed bovine colostrum. Equine Vet J 23:116. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Lavoie JP, Spensley MS, Smith BP, et al. 1989. Complement activity and selected hematologic variables in newborn foals fed bovine colostrum. Am J Vet Res 50:1532. PUBMED Abstract
  45. Lavoie JP, Spensley MS, Smith BP, et al. 1989. Absorption of bovine colostral immunoglobulins G and M in newborn foals. Am J Vet Res 50:1598. PUBMED Abstract
  46. Liu IK, Brown C, Myers RC, et al. 1991. Evaluation of intravenous administration of concentrated immunoglobulin G to colostrum-deprived foals. Am J Vet Res 52:709. PUBMED Abstract
  47. Vivrette S. 2001. Colostrum and oral immunoglobulin therapy in newborn foals. Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet 23:286.
  48. Vivrette SL, Young K, Manning S. 1998. Efficacy of Seramune in the treatment of failure of passive transfer in foals, vol. 44, pp 136-137. Proceedings of the 44th American Association of Equine Practitioners, Dec 6-9, Baltimore, MD.
  49. Hammer CJ, Booth JA, Etzel L, et al. 2001. Adequacy of a concentrated equine serum product in preventing failure of immune passive transfer in neonatal foals: preliminary study. Equine Vet J 33:734. PUBMED Abstract
  50. Bailey E, Conboy HS, McCarthy PF. 1987. Neonatal isoerythrolysis of foals: an update on testing, vol 33, pp 341. Proceedings of the 33rd American Association of Equine Practitioners, Nov 29-Dec 2, New Orleans.
  51. Scott AM, Jeffcott LB. 1978. Haemolytic disease of the newborn foal. Vet Rec 103:71. PUBMED Abstract
  52. Stormont C. 1975. Neonatal isoerythrolysis in domestic animals: a comparative review. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 19:23. PUBMED Abstract
  53. Perryman LE, Crawford TB. 1979. Diagnosis and management of immune system failures of foals, vol 25, pp 235. Proceedings of the 25th American Association of Equine Practitioners, Dec 2-5, 1979.
  54. Koterba AM, Brewer B, Drummond WH. 1985. Prevention and control of infection. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1:41. PUBMED Abstract
  55. White S. 1988. Exogenous IgG in the treatment of foals with failure of passive transfer and/or sepsis. Proceedings of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine 6:145.
  56. LeBlanc MM, McLaurin BI, Boswell R. 1986. Relationships among serum immunoglobulin concentration in foals, colostral specific gravity, and colostral immunoglobulin concentration. J Am Vet Med Assoc 189:57. PUBMED Abstract
  57. Cash RSG. 1999. Colostral quality determined by refractometry. Equine Vet Educ 11:36.
  58. Chavatte P, Clement F, Cash R, et al. 1998. Field determination of colostrum quality by using a novel, practical method, vol 44, pp 206-209. Proceedings of the 44th American Association of Equine Practitioners Convention, Dec 6-9, Baltimore, MD.
  59. Madigan JE. 1997. Method for preventing neonatal septicemia, the leading cause of death in the neonatal foal, vol 43, pp 17-19. Proceedings of the 43rd American Association of Equine Practitioners Convention, Dec 7-10, Phoenix, AZ.
  60. White Paper: Information on Equine Plasma & Serum Products for the Equine Practitioner. www.aaep.org/images/files/Plasma white paper final.pdf.
  61. Riggs MW. 1987. Evaluation of foals for immune deficiency disorders. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 3:515. PUBMED Abstract
  62. Sheoran AS, Timoney JF, Holmes MA, et al. 2000. Immunoglobulin isotypes in sera and nasal mucosal secretions and their neonatal transfer and distribution in horses. Am J Vet Res 62:1099. PUBMED Abstract
  63. Flaminio MJBF, Rush BR, Davis EG, et al. 2000. Characterization of peripheral and pulmonary leukocytes function in healthy foals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 73:267. PUBMED Abstract
  64. Perkins GA, Nydam DV, Flaminio MJBF, et al. 2003. Serum IgM concentrations in normal, fit horses and horses with lymphoma or other medical conditions. J Vet Intern Med 17:337. PUBMED Abstract

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency

  1. McGuire TC, Poppie MJ. 1973. Hypogammaglobulinemia and thymic hypoplasia in horses: a primary combined immunodeficiency disorder. Infect Immun 8:272. PUBMED Abstract
  2. McGuire TC, Poppie MJ, Banks KL. 1974. Combined (B and T lymphocyte) immunodeficiency: a fatal genetic disease in Arabian foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 164:70. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Studdert MJ. 1978. Primary, severe, combined immunodeficiency disease of Arabian foals. Aust Vet J 54:411. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Perryman LE. 2004. Molecular pathology of severe combined immunodeficiency in mice, horses, and dogs. Vet Pathol 41:95. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Bell TG, Butler KL, Sill HB, et al. 2002. Autosomal recessive severe combined immunodeficiency of Jack Russell terriers. J Vet Diagn Invest 14:194. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Ding Q, Bramble L, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, et al. 2002. DNA-PKcs mutations in dogs and horses: allele frequency and association with neoplasia. Gene 283:263. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Leber R, Wiler R, Perryman LE, et al. 1998. Equine SCID: mechanistic analysis and comparison with murine SCID. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 65:1. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Felsburg PJ, Somberg RL, Perryman LE. 1992. Domestic animal models of severe combined immunodeficiency: canine X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency and severe combined immunodeficiency in horses. Immunodefic Rev 3:277. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Larson J, Buechner-Maxwell V, Crisman MV, et al. 2011. Severe combined immunodeficiency in a Caspian filly. J Vet Intern Med 25:954. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Perryman LE, Boreson CR, Conaway MW, et al. 1984. Combined immunodeficiency in an Appaloosa foal. Vet Pathol 21:547. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Perryman LE, Torbeck RL 1980. Combined immunodeficiency of Arabian horses: confirmation of autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:1250. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Mair TS, Taylor FG, Harbour DA, et al. 1990. Concurrent Cryptosporidium and Coronavirus infections in an Arabian foal with combined immunodeficiency syndrome. Vet Rec 126:127. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Don-van't Slot HP, van der Kolk JH. 2000. Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) in the Arabian horse. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 125:577. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Biberstein EL, Jang SS, Hirsch DC. 1985. Nocardia asteroides infection in horses: a review. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:273. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Clark EG, Turner AS, Boysen BG, et al. 1978. Listeriosis in an Arabian foal with combined immunodeficiency. J Am Vet Med Assoc 172:363. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Gibson JA, Hill MW, Huber MJ. 1983. Cryptosporidiosis in Arabian foals with severe combined immunodeficiency. Aust Vet J 60:378. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Thompson DB, Spradborw PB, Studdert M. 1976. Isolation of an adenovirus from an Arabian foal with a combined immunodeficiency disease. Aust Vet J 53:435. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Shin EK, Perryman LE, Meek K. 1997. Evaluation of a test for identification of Arabian horses heterozygous for the severe combined immunodeficiency trait. J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1268. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Kettler MK, Weil MR, Mascotti K, et al. 1994. Serum hypoxanthine and xanthine concentrations in horses heterozygous for combined immunodeficiency. J Anim Breed Genet 111:148. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Lew AM, Hosking CS, Studdert MJ. 1980. Immunologic aspects of combined immunodeficiency disease in Arabian foals. Am J Vet Res 41:1161. PUBMED Abstract
  21. McGuire TC, Banks KL, Poppie MJ. 1975. Combined immunodeficiency in horses: characterization of the lymphocyte defect. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 3:555. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Harvey JW. 1990. Normal hematologic values. In Koterba AM, Drummond WN, Kosch PC (eds), Equine clinical neonatology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
  23. Buening GM, Perryman LE, McGuire TC. 1978. Immunoglobulins and secretory component in the external secretions of foals with combined immunodeficiency. Infect Immun 19:695. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Perryman LE, McGuire TC. 1980. Evaluation for immune system failures in horses and ponies. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:1374. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Perryman LE. 1979. Primary and secondary immune deficiencies of domestic animals. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 23:23. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Tizard I. 1987. Immunity in the fetus and newborn. In Tizard I (ed), Veterinary immunology: an introduction, ed 3. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.
  27. Hodgin EC, McGuire TC, Perryman LE, et al. 1978. Evaluation of delayed hypersensitivity responses in normal horses and immunodeficient foals. Am J Vet Res 39:1161. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Wiler R, Leber R, Moore BB, et al. 1995. Equine severe combined immunodeficiency: a defect in V(D)J recombination and DNA-dependent protein kinase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:11485. PUBMED Abstract
  29. McGuire TC, Banks KL, Davis WC. 1976. Alterations of the thymus and other lymphoid tissue in young horses with combined immunodeficiency. Am J Pathol 84:39. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Shin EK, Perryman LE, Meek K. 1997. A kinase-negative mutation of DNA-PK (CS) in equine SCID results in defective coding and signal joint formation. J Immunol 158(8):3565. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Shin EK, Rijkers T, Pastink A, et al. 2000. Analyses of TCRB rearrangements substantiate a profound deficit in recombination signal sequence joining in SCID foals: implications for the role of DNA-dependent protein kinase in V(D)J recombination. J Immunol 164:1416. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Yilma T, Perryman LE, McGuire TC. 1982. Deficiency of interferon-γ but not interferon-β in Arabian foals with severe combined immunodeficiency. J Immunol 129:931. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Banks KL, McGuire TC. 1975. Surface receptors on neutrophils and monocytes from immunodeficient and normal horses. Immunology 28:581. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Lunn DP, McClure JT, Schobert CS, et al. 1995. Abnormal patterns of equine leucocyte differentiation antigen expression in severe combined immunodeficiency foals suggests the phenotype of normal equine natural killer cells. Immunology 84:495. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Swinburne J, Lockhart L, Scott M, et al. 1999. Estimation of the prevalence of severe combined immunodeficiency disease in UK Arab horses as determined by a DNA-based test. Vet Rec 16:79. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Bernoco D, Bailey E. 1998. Frequency of the SCID gene among Arabian horses in the USA. Anim Genet 29:41. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Piro M, Benjouad A, Tligui NS, et al. 2008. Frequency of the severe combined immunodeficiency disease gene among horses in Morocco. Equine Vet J 40:590. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Poppie MJ, McGuire TC. 1977. Combined immunodeficiency in foals in Arabian breeding: evaluation of mode of inheritance and estimation of prevalence of affected foals and carrier mares and stallions. J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:31. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Wyatt DR, Magnuson NS, Perryman LE. 1987. Defective thymocyte maturation in horses with severe combined immunodeficiency. J Immunol 139:4072. PUBMED Abstract
  40. Perryman LE, McGuire TC, Crawford TB. 1978. Maintenance of foals with combined immunodeficiency: causes and control of secondary infections. Am J Vet Res 39:1043. PUBMED Abstract
  41. Ardans AA, Trommershausen-Smith A, Osburn BI, et al. 1977. Immunotherapy in two foals with combined immunodeficiency, resulting in graft versus host reaction. J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:167. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Perryman LE, Liu IK. 1980. Graft versus host reactions in foals with combined immunodeficiency. Am J Vet Res 41:187. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Bue CM, Davis WC, Magnuson NS, et al. 1986. Correction of equine severe combined immunodeficiency by bone marrow transplantation. Transplantation 42:14. PUBMED Abstract

Selective IgM Deficiency

  1. Perryman LE, McGuire TC, Hilbert BJ. 1977. Selective immunoglobulin M deficiency in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 170:212. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Dopson LC, Reed SM, Roth JA, et al. 1983. Immunosuppression associated with lymphosarcoma in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1239. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Crisman MV, Scarratt WK. 2008. Immunodeficiency disorders in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 24:299. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Weldon AD, Zhang C, Antczak DJ, et al. 1992. Selective IgM deficiency and abnormal B cell response in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1396. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Perryman LE, Wyatt DR, Magnuson NS. 1984. Biochemical and functional characterization of lymphocytes from a horse with lymphosarcoma and IgM deficiency. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 7:53. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Goldstein MF, Goldstein AL, Dunsky EH, et al. 2006. Selective IgM deficiency: retrospective analysis of 36 patients with review of the literature. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 97:717. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Belgeman T, Suskan E, Dogu F, et al. 2009. Selective immunoglobulin M deficiency presenting with recurrent impetigo: a case report and review of the literature. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 149:238. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Goldstein MF, Goldstein AL, Dunsky EH, et al. 2008. Pediatric selective IgM immunodeficiency. Clin Dev Immunol 2008:62480. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Perryman LE, Wyatt CR. 1984. Suppressor lymphocyte activity in normal and immunodeficient horses. Thymus 6:201. PUBMED Abstract

X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia

  1. Perryman LE, McGuire TC. 1980. Evaluation for immune system failures in horses and ponies. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:1374. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Banks KL, McGuire TC, Jerrells TR. 1976. Absence of B lymphocytes in a horse with primary agammaglobulinemia. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 5:282. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Deem DA, Traver DS, Thacker HL, et al. 1979. Agammaglobulinemia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 175:469. PUBMED Abstract
  4. McGuire TC, Banks KL, Evans DR, et al. 1976. Agammaglobulinemia in a horse with evidence of functional T lymphocytes. Am J Vet Res 37:41. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Perryman LE, McGuire TC, Banks KL. 1983. Animal model of human disease. Infantile X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Agammaglobulinemia in horses. Am J Pathol 111:125. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Rosen FS, Janeway CA. 1966. The γ-globulins. III. The antibody deficiency syndromes. N Engl J Med 275:709.
  7. Mattsson PT, Vihinen M, Smith CI. 1996. X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA): a genetic tyrosine kinase (Btk) deficiency. Bioessays 18:825 PUBMED Abstract
  8. Miller J. 1990. Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia. X-linked traits: a catalog of loci in non-human mammals, pp 47. Cambridge University Press, England.
  9. Hines MT, Shott II HC. 1991. Unpublished. Washington State University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Pullman, WA.

Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia

  1. McGuire TC, Poppie MJ, Banks KL. 1975. Hypogammaglobulinaemia predisposing to infection in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 166:71. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Perryman LE, McGuire TC. 1980. Evaluation for immune system failures in horses and ponies. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176:1374. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Perryman LE. 2000. Primary immunodeficiencies of horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:105. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Crisman MV, Scarratt WK. 2008. Immunodeficiency disorders in horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 24:299. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Felippe MJB. 2013. Unpublished. Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY.
  6. Stiehm RE. 2007. The four most common pediatric immunodeficiencies. Adv Exp Med Biol 601:15. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Dorsey MJ, Orange JS. 2006. Impaired specific antibody response and increased B-cell population in transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 97:590. PUBMED Abstract

Foal Immunodeficiency Syndrome

  1. Fox-Clipsham LY, Carter SD, Goodhead I, et al. 2011a. Identification of a mutation associated with fatal foal immunodeficiency syndrome in the Fell and Dales Pony. PLoS Genet 7:e1002133. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Scholes SF, Holliman A, May PD, et al. 1998. A syndrome of anaemia, immunodeficiency and peripheral ganglionopathy in Fell pony foals. Vet Rec 142:128. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Richards AJ, Kelly DF, Knottenbelt DC, et al. 2000. Anaemia, diarrhoea and opportunistic infections in Fell ponies. Equine Vet J 32:386. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Gardner RB, Hart KA, Stokol T, et al. 2006. Fell Pony syndrome in a pony in North America. J Vet Intern Med 20:198. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Tallmadge RL, McLaughlin K, Secor E, et al. 2009. Expression of essential B cell genes and immunoglobulin isotypes suggests active development and gene recombination during equine gestation. Dev Comp Immunol 33:1027. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Flaminio MJ, Rush BR, Davis EG, et al. 2000. Characterization of peripheral blood and pulmonary leukocyte function in healthy foals. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 73:267. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Bell SC, Savidge C, Taylor P, et al. 2001. An immunodeficiency in Fell ponies: a preliminary study into cellular responses. Equine Vet J 33:687. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Thomas GW, Bell SC, Carter SD. 2005. Immunoglobulin and peripheral B-lymphocyte concentrations in Fell pony foal syndrome. Equine Vet J 37:48. PUBMED Abstract
  9. McDonald V, Robinson HA, Kelly JP, et al. 1994. Cryptosporidium muris in adult mice: adoptive transfer of immunity and protective roles of CD4 versus CD8 cells. Infect Immun 62:2289. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Lunn D, Holmes M, Duffus W. 1993. Equine T-lymphocyte MHC II expression: variation with age and subset. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 35:225. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Thomas GW, Bell SC, Phythian C, et al. 2003. Aid to the antemortem diagnosis of Fell pony foal syndrome by the analysis of B lymphocytes. Vet Rec 152:618. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Lavoie JP, Spensley MS, Smith BP, et al. 1989. Absorption of bovine colostral immunoglobulins G and M in newborn foals. Am J Vet Res 50:1598. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Fox-Clipsham LY, Swinburne JE, Papoula-Pereira RI, et al. 2009. Immunodeficiency/anaemia syndrome in a Dales pony. Vet Rec 165:289. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Fox-Clipsham LY, Brown EE, Carter SD, et al. 2011b. Population screening of endangered horse breeds for the foal immunodeficiency syndrome mutation. Vet Rec 169:655. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Butler CM, Westermann CM, Koeman JP, et al. 2006. The Fell pony immunodeficiency syndrome also occurs in the Netherlands: a review and six cases. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 131:114. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Jelinek F, Faldyna M, Jasurkova-Mikutova G. 2006. Severe combined immunodeficiency in a Fell pony foal. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 53:69. PUBMED Abstract

Common Variable Immunodeficiency

  1. Flaminio MJ, Tallmadge RL, Salles-Gomes CO, et al. 2009. Common variable immunodeficiency in horses is characterized by B cell depletion in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues. J Clin Immunol 29:107. PUBMED Abstract
  2. MacLeay JM, Ames TR, Hayden DW, et al. 1997. Acquired B lymphocyte deficiency and chronic enterocolitis in a 3-year-old Quarter Horse. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 57:49. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Pellegrini-Masini A, Bentz AI, Johns IC, et al. 2005. Common variable immunodeficiency in three horses with presumptive bacterial meningitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:114. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Tennent-Brown BS, Navas de Solis C, Foreman JH, et al. 2010. Common variable immunodeficiency in a horse with chronic peritonitis. Equine Vet Educ 22: 393.
  5. Freestone JF, Hietala S, Moulton J, et al. 1987. Acquired immunodeficiency in a seven-year-old horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 190:689. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Flaminio MJ, LaCombe V, Kohn CW, et al. 2002. Common variable immunodeficiency in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 22:1296. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Hao Z, Rajewsky K. 2001. Homeostasis of peripheral B cells in the absence of B cell influx from the bone marrow. J Exp Med 194:1151. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Hagman J, Lukin K. 2006. Transcription factors drive B cell development. Curr Opin Immunol 18:127. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Tallmadge RL, Such KA, Miller KC, et al. 2012. Expression of essential B cell developmental genes in horses with common variable immunodeficiency. Mol Immunol 51:169. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Cobaleda C, Schebesta A, Delogu A, et al. 2007. Pax5: the guardian of B cell identity and function. Nat Immunol 8:463. PUBMED Abstract

Drug-Induced Immunosuppression

  1. Allison AC. 2000. Immunosuppressive drugs: the first 50 years and a glance forward. Immunopharmacol 47:63. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Suthanthiran M, Morris RE, Strom TB. 1996. Immunosuppressants: cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. Am J Kidney Dis 28:159. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Barshes NR, Goodpastor SE, Goss JA. 2004. Pharmacologic immunosuppression. Front Biosci 9:411. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Gummert JF, Ikonen T, Morris RE. 1999. Newer immunosuppressive drugs: a review. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1366. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Sweeney CR, Habecker PL. 1999. Pulmonary aspergillosis in horses: 29 cases (1974-1997). J Am Vet Med Assoc 214:808. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Edington N, Bridges CG, Huckle A. 1985. Experimental reactivation of equid herpesvirus 1 (EHV 1) following the administration of corticosteroids. Equine Vet J 17:369. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Czock D, Keller F, Rasche FM, et al. 2005. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of systemically administered glucocorticoids. Clin Pharmacokinet 44:61. PUBMED Abstract
  8. De Bosscher K, Vanden Berghe W, Haegeman G. 2000. Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action and of immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: negative interference of activated glucocorticoid receptor with transcription factors. Neuroimmunol 109:16. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Franchimont D. 2004. Overview of the actions of glucocorticoids on the immune response: a good model to characterize new pathways of immunosuppression for new treatment strategies. Ann NY Acad Sci 1024:124. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Peroni DL, Stanley S, Kollias-Baker C, et al. 2002. Prednisone per os is likely to have limited efficacy in horses. Equine Vet J 34:283. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Schaffartzik A, Hamza E, Janda J, et al. 2012. Equine insect bite hypersensitivity: what do we know? Vet Immunol Immunopathol 147:113. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Mair TS, Taylor FG, Hillyer MH. 1990. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia in eight horses. Vet Rec 126:51. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Reef VB, Dyson SS, Beech J. 1984. Lymphosarcoma and associated immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184:313. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Lewis SS, Valberg SJ, Nielsen IL. 2007. Suspected immune-mediated myositis in horses. J Vet Intern Med 21:495. PUBMED Abstract
  15. White SD, Affolter VK, Dewey J, et al. 2009. Cutaneous vasculitis in equines: a retrospective study of 72 cases. Vet Dermatol 20:600. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Pusterla N, Watson JL, Affolter VK, et al. 2003. Purpura haemorrhagica in 53 horses. Vet Rec 153:118. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Vandenabeele SI, White SD, Affolter VK, et al. 2004. Pemphigus foliaceus in the horse: a retrospective study of 20 cases. Vet Dermatol 15:381. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Rush BR, Raub ES, Rhoads WS, et al. 1998. Pulmonary function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively. Am J Vet Res 59:1039. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Robinson NE, Jackson C, Jefcoat A, et al. 2002. Efficacy of three corticosteroids for the treatment of heaves. Equine Vet J 34:17. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Giguere S, Viel L, Lee E, et al. 2002. Cytokine induction in pulmonary airways of horses with heaves and effect of therapy with inhaled fluticasone propionate. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 85:147. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Laan TT, Westermann CM, Dijkstra AV, et al. 2004. Biological availability of inhaled fluticasone propionate in horses. Vet Rec 155:361. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Picandet V, Leguillette R, Lavoie JP. 2003. Comparison of efficacy and tolerability of isoflupredone and dexamethasone in the treatment of horses affected with recurrent airway obstruction (“heaves”). Eq Vet J 35:419. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Couroucé-Malblanc A, Fortier G, Pronost S, et al. 2008. Comparison of prednisolone and dexamethasone effects in the presence of environmental control in heaves-affected horses. Vet J 175:227. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Flaminio MJBF, Tallmadge RL, Secor EJ, et al. 2007. The effect of glucocorticoid therapy in the immune system of the horse, p 144. Proceedings 8th International Veterinary Immunology Symposium (IVIS), Aug 15 to 19, 2007, Ouro Preto, Brazil.
  25. Rush BR, Worster AA, Flaminio MJ, et al. 1998. Alteration in adrenocortical function in horses with recurrent airway obstruction after aerosol and parenteral administration of beclomethasone dipropionate and dexamethasone, respectively. Am J Vet Res 59:1044. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Laan TT, Bull S, van Nieuwstadt RA, et al. 2006. The effect of aerosolized and intravenously administered clenbuterol and aerosolized fluticasone propionate on horses challenged with Aspergillus fumigatus antigen. Vet Res Commun 30:623. PUBMED Abstract
  27. Gray BP, Biddle S, Pearce CM, et al. 2013. Detection of fluticasone propionate in horse plasma and urine following inhaled administration. Drug Test Anal 5:306. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Dauvillier J, Felippe MJ, Lunn DP, et al. 2011. Effect of long-term fluticasone treatment on immune function in horses with heaves. J Vet Intern Med 25:549. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Humber KA, Beech J, Cudd TA, et al. 1991. Azathioprine for treatment of immune-mediated thrombocytopenia in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199:591. PUBMED Abstract
  30. White SD, Maxwell LK, Szabo NJ, et al. 2005. Pharmacokinetics of azathioprine following single-dose intravenous and oral administration and effects of azathioprine following chronic administration in horses. Am J Vet Res 66:1578. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Barshes NR, Goodpastor SE, Goss JA. Pharmacologic immunosuppression. Front Biosci 9:411, 2004. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Gilger BC, Wilkie DA, Clode AB, et al. 2010. Long-term outcome after implantation of a suprachoroidal cyclosporine drug delivery device in horses with recurrent uveitis. Vet Ophthalmol 13:294. PUBMED Abstract
  33. Douglas LC, Yi NY, Davis JL, 2008. Ocular toxicity and distribution of subconjunctival and intravitreal rapamycin in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 31:511. PUBMED Abstract
  34. Saulez MN, Schlipf JW Jr, Cebra CK, et al. 2004. Use of chemotherapy for treatment of a mixed-cell thoracic lymphoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:733. PUBMED Abstract
  35. Vandenabeele SI, White SD, Affolter VK, et al. 2004. Pemphigus foliaceus in the horse: a retrospective study of 20 cases. Vet Dermatol 15:381. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Graca L, Le Moine A, Cobbold SP, et al. 2003. Antibody-induced transplantation tolerance: the role of dominant regulation. Immunol Res 28:181. PUBMED Abstract
  37. Sigidin YA, Loukina GV, Skurkovich B, et al. 2001. Randomized, double-blind trial of anti-interferon-gamma antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 30:203. PUBMED Abstract

Immunosuppression Associated with Leukoproliferative Disorders

  1. Perryman LE, Wyatt DR, Magnuson NS. 1984. Biochemical and functional characterization of lymphocytes from a horse with lymphosarcoma and IgM deficiency. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 7:53. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Ahmed SA, Furr M, Chickering WR, et al. 1993. Immunologic studies of a horse with lymphosarcoma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 38:229. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Furr MO, Crisman MV, Robertson J, et al. 1992. Immunodeficiency associated with lymphosarcoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:307. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Biberstein EL, Jang SS, Hirsh DC. 1985. Nocardia asteroides infection in horses: a review. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:273. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Dopson LC, Reed SM, Roth JA, et al. 1983. Immunosuppression associated with lymphosarcoma in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 182:1239. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Buechner-Maxwell V, Zhang C, Robertson J, et al. 1994. Intravascular leukostasis and systemic aspergillosis in a horse with subleukemic acute myelomonocytic leukemia. J Vet Intern Med 8:258. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Kelton DR, Holbrook TC, Gilliam LL, et al. 2008. Bone marrow necrosis and myelophthisis: manifestations of T-cell lymphoma in a horse. Vet Clin Pathol 37:403. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Raidal SL, Clark P, Raidal SR. 2006. Angiotrophic T-cell lymphoma as a cause of regenerative anemia in a horse. J Vet Intern Med 20:1009. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Lester GD, Alleman AR, Raskin RE, et al. 1993. Pancytopenia secondary to lymphoid leukemia in three horses. J Vet Intern Med 7:360. PUBMED Abstract
  10. Edwards DF, Parker JW, Wilkinson JE, et al. 1993. Plasma cell myeloma in the horse. J Vet Intern Med 7:169. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Oken MM. 1984. Multiple myeloma. Med Clin North Am 68:757. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Matus RE, Leifer CE. 1985. Immunoglobulin-producing tumors. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 15:741. PUBMED Abstract
  13. Dasanu CA. 2012. Immune alterations in untreated and treated multiple myeloma. J Oncol Pharm Pract 18:257. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Kent JE, Roberts CA. 1990. Serum protein changes in four horses with monoclonal gammopathy. Equine Vet J 22:373. PUBMED Abstract
  15. Traub-Dargatz J, Bertone A, Bennett D. 1985. Monoclonal aggregating immunoglobulin cryoglobulinemia in a horse with malignant lymphoma. Equine Vet J 17:470. PUBMED Abstract
  16. Ringger NC, Edens L, Bain P, et al. 1997. Acute myelogenous leukemia in a mare. Aust Vet J 75:329. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Searcy GP, Orr JP. 1981. Chronic granulocytic leukemia in a horse. Can Vet J 22:148. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Johansson AM, Skidell J, Lilliehook I, et al. 2007. Chronic granulocytic leukemia in a horse. J Vet Intern Med 21:1126. PUBMED Abstract
  19. Clark P, Cornelisse CJ, Schott HC, et al. 1999. Myeloblastic leukaemia in a Morgan horse mare. Equine Vet J 31:446. PUBMED Abstract
  20. Spier SJ, Madewell BR, Zinkl JG. 1986. Acute myelomonocytic leukemia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:861. PUBMED Abstract
  21. Mori T, Ishida T, Washizu T, et al. 1991. Acute myelomomonocytic leukemia in a horse. Vet Pathol 28:344. PUBMED Abstract
  22. Monteith CN, Cole D. 1995. Monocytic leukemia in a horse. Can Vet J 36:765. PUBMED Abstract
  23. Morris DD, Bloom JC, Roby KA, et al. 1984. Eosinophilic myeloproliferative disorder in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 185:993. PUBMED Abstract
  24. Lester GD, Alleman AR, Raskin RE, et al. 1993. Malignant histiocytosis in an Arabian filly. Equine Vet J 25:471. PUBMED Abstract

Immunosuppression Associated with Infectious Agents/Processes

  1. McGuire TC, Poppie MJ. 1973. Hypogammaglobulinemia and thymic hypoplasia in horses: a primary combined immunodeficiency disorder. Infect Immun 8:272. PUBMED Abstract
  2. Perryman LE. 2000. Primary immunodeficiencies of horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:105. PUBMED Abstract
  3. Wiler R, Leber R, Moore BB, et al. 1995. Equine severe combined immunodeficiency: a defect in V(D)J recombination and DNA-dependent protein kinase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 92:11485. PUBMED Abstract
  4. Weldon AD, Zhang C, Antczak DF, et al. 1992. Selective IgM deficiency and abnormal B-cell response in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1396. PUBMED Abstract
  5. Fox-Clipsham LY, Carter SD, Goodhead I, et al. 2011. Identification of a mutation associated with fatal foal immunodeficiency syndrome in the Fell and Dales pony. PLoS Genet 7:e1002133. PUBMED Abstract
  6. Butler CM, Westermann CM, Koeman JP, et al. 2006. The Fell pony immunodeficiency syndrome also occurs in the Netherlands: a review and six cases. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 131:114. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Perryman LE, McGuire TC, Banks KL. 1983. Animal model of human disease. Infantile X-linked agammaglobulinemia. Agammaglobulinemia in horses. Am J Pathol 111:125. PUBMED Abstract
  8. Deem DA, Traver DS, Thacker HL, et al. 1979. Agammaglobulinemia in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 175:469. PUBMED Abstract
  9. Sellon DC. 2000. Secondary immunodeficiencies of horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 16:117. PUBMED Abstract
  10. McClure JJ, Addison JD, Miller RI. 1985. Immunodeficiency manifested by oral candidiasis and bacterial septicemia in foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186:1195. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Perkins GA, Miller WH, Divers TJ, et al. 2005. Ulcerative dermatitis, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia in neonatal foals. J Vet Intern Med 19:211. PUBMED Abstract
  12. Wilson JH, Cudd TA. 1990. Common gastrointestinal diseases, pp 412-430. In Koterba AM, Drummond WN, Kosch PC (eds), Equine clinical neonatology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
  13. Cohn LA. 1991. The influence of corticosteroids on host defense mechanisms. J Vet Intern Med 5:95. PUBMED Abstract
  14. Schaffner A, Schaffner T. 1987. Glucocorticoid-induced impairment of macrophage antimicrobial activity: mechanisms and dependence on the state of activation. Rev Infect Dis 9 Suppl 5:S620. PUBMED Abstract
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  16. Mair TS. 1996. Bacterial pneumonia associated with corticosteroid therapy in three horses. Vet Rec 138:205. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Olsen RG. 1984. Immune dysfunctions associated with viral infections. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 6:422.
  18. Begg AP, Reece RL, Hum S, et al. 2007. Pathological changes in horses dying with equine influenza in Australia. Aust Vet J 89 Suppl 1:19. PUBMED Abstract
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  22. Bryans JT, Swerczek TW, Darlington RW, et al. 1977. Neonatal foal disease associated with perinatal infection by equine herpesvirus 1. J Equine Med Surg 1:20.
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  24. Wong M, Belgrave RL, Williams KJ, et al. 2008. Equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis in five horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 15:898. PUBMED Abstract
  25. Hart KA, Barton MH, Williams KJ, et al. 2008. Multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, pancytopenia and equine herpesvirus-5 infection in a Thoroughbred gelding. Equine Vet Educ 20:470.
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Immunosuppression Associated with Immune-Mediated Disorders

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Immunosuppression Associated with Autoimmune Disorders

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  9. Rajagopalan S. 2005. Serious infections in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus. Clin Infect Dis 40:990. PUBMED Abstract

Immunosenescence in Horses

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  26. Chopra RK, Powers DC, Kendig NE, et al. 1989. Soluble interleukin 2 receptors released from mitogen stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes bind interleukin 2 and inhibit IL2 dependent cell proliferation. Immunol Invest 18:961. PUBMED Abstract
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  28. Song L, Kim YH, Chopra RK, et al. 1993. Age-related effects in T cell activation and proliferation. Exp Gerontol 28:313. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Horohov DW, Dimock A, Guirnalda P, et al. 1999. Effect of exercise on the immune response of young and old horses. Am J Vet Res 60:643. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Leng SX, Yang H, Walston JD. 2004. Decreased cell proliferation and altered cytokine production in frail older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 16:249. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Eylar EH, Molina F, Quinones C, et al. 1989. Comparison of mitogenic responses of young and old rhesus monkey T cells to lectins and interleukins 2 and 4. Cell Immunol 121:328. PUBMED Abstract
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Diseases Caused by Allogeneic Incompatibilities (Horses and Ruminants)

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  13. Bailey E, Henney PJ. 1984. Comparison of ELY-2.1 with blood group and ELY-1 markers in the horse. Anim Blood Groups Biochem Genet 15:117. PUBMED Abstract
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  25. Bailey E. 1982. Prevalence of anti-red blood cell antibodies in the serum and colostrum of mares and its relationship to neonatal isoerythrolysis. Am J Vet Res 43:1917. PUBMED Abstract
  26. Brumpt E. 1947. Considerations defavorables a l'hypothese de l'etiologie parasitaire de la jaunisse des muletons: jaundice in the newly born mule foals not caused by babesia infections. Ann Parasit Hum Comp 22:5.
  27. Traub-Dargatz JL, McClure JJ, Koch C, et al. 1995. Neonatal isoerythrolysis in mule foals. J Am Vet Med Assoc 206:67. PUBMED Abstract
  28. Becht JL, Page EH, Morter RL, et al. 1983. Experimental production of neonatal isoerythrolysis in the foal. Cornell Vet 73:380. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Polkes AC, Giguere S, Lester GD, et al. 2008. Factors associated with outcome in foals with neonatal isoerythrolysis (72 cases, 1988-2003). J Vet Intern Med 22:1216. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Kallfelz FA, Whitlock RH, Schultz RD. 1978. Survival of Fe-labeled erythrocytes in cross-transfused equine blood. Am J Vet Res 39:617. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Smith JE, Dever M, Smith J, et al. 1992. Post-transfusion survival of 50Cr-labeled erythrocytes in neonatal foals. J Vet Intern Med 6:183. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Elfenbein JR, Giguere S, Meyer SK, et al. 2010. The effects of deferoxamine mesylate on iron elimination after blood transfusion in neonatal foals. J Vet Intern Med 24:1475. PUBMED Abstract
  33. McClure JJ. 1997. Strategies for prevention of neonatal isoerythrolysis in horses and mules. Equine Vet Educ 9:118.
  34. Blackmer JM, Paccamonti D, Eilts B, et al. 2002. Strategies for preventing neonatal isoerythryolysis. Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet 24:562.
  35. Bailey E, Albright AG, Henney PJ. 1988. Equine neonatal isoerythrolysis: evidence for prevention by maternal antibodies to the Ca blood group antigen. Am J Vet Res 49:1218. PUBMED Abstract
  36. Boyle AG, Magdesian KG, Ruby RE. 2005. Neonatal isoerythrolysis in horse foals and a mule foal: 18 cases (1988-2003). J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1276. PUBMED Abstract
  37. MacLeay JM. 2001. Neonatal isoerythrolysis involving the Qc and Db antigens in a foal. J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:79. PUBMED Abstract
  38. Zaruby JF, Hearn P, Colling D. 1992. Neonatal isoerythrolysis in a foal, involving anti-Pa alloantibody. Equine Vet J 24:71. PUBMED Abstract
  39. Noda H, Watanabe Y. 1975. Relationships between groups and hemolytic disease of newborn foal. Jap J Zootech Sci 46:180.
  40. Buechner-Maxwell V, Scott MA, Godber L, et al. 1997. Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia in a Quarter Horse foal. J Vet Intern Med 11:304. PUBMED Abstract
  41. Ramirez S, Gaunt SD, McClure JJ, et al. 1999. Detection and effects of platelet function of anti-platelet antibody in mule foals with experimentally induced neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. J Vet Intern Med 13:534. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Wong DM, Alcott CJ, Clark SK, et al. 2012. Alloimmune neonatal neutropenia and neonatal isoerythrolysis in a Thoroughbred colt. J Vet Diagn Invest 24:219. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Davis EG, Rush B, Bain F, et al. 2003. Neonatal neutropenia in an Arabian foal. Equine Vet J 35:517. PUBMED Abstract
  44. Bailey E, Conboy HS, McCarthy PF. 1987. Neonatal isoerythrolysis of foals; an update on testing. Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract 33:341.
  45. Blackmer JM, Costa LRR, Koch C. 2002. The jaundiced foal agglutination test. Vet Technician 23:577.

Ruminant Immunodeficiency Diseases

Failure of Colostral Passive Immunity

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  18. Larson BL. 1958. Transfer of specific blood serum protein to lacteal secretions near parturition. J Dairy Sci 41:1033.
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  26. Barrington GM, Besser TE, Gay CC, et al. 1999. Regulation of the immunoglobulin G1 receptor: effect of prolactin on in vivo expression of the bovine mammary immunoglobulin G1 receptor. J Endocrinol 163:25. PUBMED Abstract
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  28. Stott GH, Marx DB, Menefee BE, et al. 1979. Colostral immunoglobulin transfer in calves. II. Rate of absorption. J Dairy Sci 62:1766. PUBMED Abstract
  29. Bush LJ, Staley TE. 1980. Absorption of colostral immunoglobulins in newborn calves. J Dairy Sci 63:672. PUBMED Abstract
  30. Besser TE, Garmendia AE, McGuire TC, et al. 1985. Effect of colostral immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin M concentrations on immunoglobulin absorption in calves. J Dairy Sci 8:2033. PUBMED Abstract
  31. Logen EF. 1974. Colostral immunity to colibacillosis in the neonatal calf. Br Vet J 130:405. PUBMED Abstract
  32. Gay CC. 1983. Failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins and neonatal disease in calves: a review, p 346. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Neonatal Diarrhea, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization.
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  41. Shell TM, Early RJ, Carpenter JR, et al. 1995. Prepartum nutrition and solar radiation in beef cattle. II. Residual effects on post-partum milk yield, immunoglobulin, and calf growth. J Anim Sci 73:1303. PUBMED Abstract
  42. Stott GH, Fleemor WA, Kleese WC. 1981. Colostral immunoglobulin concentration in fractions of first milking postpartum and five additional milkings. J Dairy Sci 64:459. PUBMED Abstract
  43. Besser TE, Gay CC, Pritchett L. 1991. Comparison of three methods of feeding colostrum to dairy calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:419. PUBMED Abstract
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  45. Chigerwe M, Tyler JW, Summers MK, et al. 2008. Factors affecting serum IgG concentrations in bottle fed Holstein heifer calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 234:785. PUBMED Abstract
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Lethal Trait A46

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  6. Renshaw HW, Davis WC, Fudenberg HH, et al. 1974. Leukocyte dysfunction in the bovine homologue of the Chediak-Higashi syndrome of humans. Infect Immun 10:928. PUBMED Abstract
  7. Hagemoser WA, Roth JA, Lofstedt J, et al. 1983. Granulocytopathy in a Holstein heifer. J Am Vet Med Assoc 183:1093. PUBMED Abstract
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Immunosuppression during Pregnancy and Postpartum Periods

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  10. Galvao KN, Santos NR, Galvao JS, et al. 2011. Association between endometritis and endometrial cytokine expression in postpartum Holstein cows. Theriogenol 76:290. PUBMED Abstract
  11. Van De Weyer LM, Hendrick SH, Waldner CL, et al. 2011. Associations between prebreeding serum micro-nutrient concentrations and pregnancy outcome in beef cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 238:1323. PUBMED Abstract
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  16. Perry GA, Zimmerman AD, Daly RF, et al. 2013. The effects of vaccination on serum hormone concentrations and conception rates in synchronized naive beef heifers. Theriogenology 79:200. PUBMED Abstract
  17. Sanderson MW, Gnad DP. 2002. Biosecurity for reproductive diseases. Vet Clin North Am Food Animal Prac 18:279. PUBMED Abstract
  18. Kinsil ML. 2002. An epidemiologic approach to investigating abortion problems in dairy herds. Compend Cont Educ Pract Vet 24:543.
  19. Dinsmore RP. 2002. Biosecurity for mammary disease in dairy cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Animal Pract 18:115. PUBMED Abstract